Timber refers to wood that can be used for construction, whether standing as trees or cut into boards. It is classified into three classes based on elasticity and durability. Timber is identified by features like color, grain, texture, and moisture content. It can be converted through various sawing methods. Timber defects include knots, shakes, cracks, and defects from seasoning or manufacturing. Proper treatment and prevention methods can increase timber's durability and lifespan.

2. INTRODUCTION
Timber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the
form of trees or felled and turned into boards for construction.
Some people may also refer to it as lumber, or differentiate
between unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged
for commercial sale. The timber industry around the world is
huge, providing wood for a variety of products from paper to
particleboard.

3. CLASSIFICATION
Timber is divided into 3 classes:-
Class- A(Elasticity-12.5Gpa)
+ High Durability
+Class- B(Elasticity-9.8 to 12.5Gpa)
+ Moderate Durability
+Class- C(Elasticity-5.6 to 9.8Gpa)
+ Low Durability

4. IDENTIFICATION OF TIMBER
Color , Order(smell) , Hardness , Density , Grain
(depending on actual alignment the grain may be
straight, spiral, interlocked, wavy or irregular) , textures
, Luster , Workability , Warping , Moisture content ,
Specific Gravity

5. COLOR , TEXTURES , GRAIN
IDENTIFICATION OF TIMBER

6. CONVERSION OF TIMBER
By Methods of Sawing :-
• Ordinary or Flat Sawing
• Tangential Sawing
• Radial Sawing
• Quarter or Rift Sawing
• Combination Sawing

7. DEFECTS OF TIMBER
Defects in Timber Defects caused in timber may
be basically classified into two categories:
Internal Defects – due to factors affecting the
growing tissue or the tree.
External Defects – due to external agents or
subsequent treatment of timber.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS IN
TIMBER
Knots , According to form
KNOT

9. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS IN TIMBER
Shakes-
• Star Shakes
• Heart Shakes
• Cups Shakes
• Ring Shakes
• Radial Shakes

10. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS IN TIMBER
Rind Galls , Upsets , Wind Cracks
Defects Due to Seasoning
- Bow , Cup , Twist , Spring , Case Hardening ,
Split , Honey Combing , Collapse

11. DEFECTS DURING MANUFACTURING-
Chipped or Torn Grain- a defect caused by the breaking
away of timber below the surface of the dressing by the
action of the planning tool.
• Chip Mark- indentation on the finished surface of the
timber caused by the chips or other small pieces of the
timber being carried around on the planning knife edges.
• Wane- the original round surface of a tree which remains
on finished plank.
• Boxed Heart- the pith at the center fully enclosed within
one piece in the process of conversion.

12. DECAY OF TIMBER

13. AVAILABILITY OF TIMBER
• Availability of Timber - Teak , Deodar , Chir , Kail , Sisso
, Sal , Mango.
• Uses of Timber- Timber can be used for both load
bearing structures and non-load bearing instruments. It
can be easily converted to any shape and size. The
wastage in timber construction is less because all
wastes can be put one use or the other. Durability of
timber can be very high, if properly seasoned and
preserved. Timber constructions are light in weight and
can be made economical. For aesthetic and decorative
appearance.

14. Identical
trees

15. PRODUCTS USE FOR PREVENTION ON
TIMBER

16. TRANPORTATION OF WOOD

17. WOOD BASED PRODUCTS

18. With the reference of slide share, Wikipedia…