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LTE Workshop

This document summarizes an LTE workshop held in September 2015. The workshop agenda included 5 sessions on introducing LTE features and objectives, LTE architecture and components, technical aspects of LTE, the continual evolution of LTE, and new services and experiences. Session 1 introduced the evolution of mobile technologies and growing mobile data traffic. It also covered LTE features, objectives, frequency bands, and device availability.

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September 2015 LTE Workshop Mohammad Hajizadeh LTE Technical Manager mr.hajizade@gmail.com
LTE Workshop Agenda  This is part of comprehensive workshop, include:  Session 1: Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives  Session 2: Architecture & Components  Session 3: Technical Aspects of LTE  Session 4: LTE; Continual Evolution  Session 5: New Services and Better Experiences
September 2015 Session 1: Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Standards availability
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives The Evolution of Mobile Technologies Mobile 1G Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives The Evolution of Mobile Technologies  2G: GSM, Mainly voice, First Digital Standard, Add Packet Services: GPRS, EDGE  3G: Designed for voice with some data consideration, First Mobile Broadband  4G: Designed primarily for data, full IP-based protocols, true mobile broadband
Growing Mobile Data Traffic ● Mobile data traffic will grow 12 times by the end of 2018 Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data Increased Device Capability ● Larger and higher quality screens ● More memory and processing capability 12×
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data LTE New Services Video Content Data Explosion
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data 9.5 BILLION Mobile subscriptions by the end of 2020 ~ 90% Of mobile subscriptions will be for mobile broadband by the end of 2020 6.1 BILLION Smartphone subscriptions by the end of 2020 Q4 2010: traffic generated for mobile data is twice that for voice X2 55% growth in data traffic between Q4 2013 and Q4 2014 Total(uplink+downlink)monthlytraffic(PetaBytes)
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Features  All-IP Network → New all-IP mobile core network introduced with LTE  Needs at the access level for LTE  Key Features of LTE → Multiple access scheme, Adaptive modulation and coding, Bandwidth scalability,…  3GPP LTE objectives → Spectrum efficiency, Capacity, Mobility
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Frequency Bands CoverageCapacity Device Availability Regulation Capex/Opex Geographical status Cost Capacity Coverage Sub 1 GHz 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz Lower Higher
 312 Operators launched FDD mode only  31 Operators launched TDD mode only  17 Operators launched FDD & TDD modes  = 360 commercially launched LTE networks Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Frequency Bands 1 12 7 8 10 10 36 55 68 91 158 450 MHz 1900 MHz 850 MHz APT 700 900 MHz 2100 MHz AWS 700 MHz 800 MHz 2600 MHz 1800 MHz No. of NetworkFrequencyBand 212.3 GHz40 122.6 GHz38 102.6 GHz41 93.5 GHz42 11.9 GHz39 Commercially launched LTE networks (Jan 2015) TDD Networks
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Device Availability
Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Primary motivation for LTE 6% 10% 15% 22% 18% 29% to enter mobile data market for the first time Modernizing legacy radio network architecture build brand value through technology leadership create new revenue streams based on LTE Reduce the cost of mobile data Current networks do not offer sufficient capacity
September 2015 Session 2: Architecture & Components
Architecture & components LTE Architecture •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components The E-UTRAN •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components eNodeB •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components eNodeB •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane •Mobility Management •Bearer handling •Security settings •User plane tunnels for UL and DL data delivery •Inter eNodeB handovers •Forwarding of DL data during handovers •Radio Resource Management •Mobility management •Bearer handling •User plane data delivery •Securing and optimizing radio interface delivery
Architecture & components Evolved Packet Core (EPC) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components Evolved Packet Core (EPC) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane S1-U eNB
Architecture & components Mobility Management Entity (MME) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components Mobility Management Entity (MME) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Authentication and Security •Location management • User profiles • Control of user plane tunnels • Inter eNodeB handovers • State transitions • Bearer management • Paging • Handovers between MMEs • Idle state mobility between MMEs eNB S1-U
Architecture & components Serving Gateway (SGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components Serving Gateway (SGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Control of GTP tunnels and IP service flows • SGW Mobility control • User Plane tunnels for DL and UL data delivery •Indirect forwarding of DL data during handovers (in S1-U) when direct (X2) inter-eNodeB connection is not available •Control of GTP tunnels •GTP tunnels for UL and DL data delivery S1-U
Architecture & components Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Control of User Plane tunnels • UP tunnels for UL and DL data delivery • IP flows of user data • Policy and Charging Control requests • PCC rules S1-U eNB
Architecture & components Home Subscriber Server (HSS) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
Architecture & components Home Subscriber Server (HSS) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Contains users’ subscription data S1-U eNB
Architecture & components LTE Architecture •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
September 2015 Session 3: Technical Aspects of LTE
LTE air-interface and radio network OFDM Why OFDM?  To overcome the effect of multi path fading problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink.  OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data.
LTE air-interface and radio network OFDM Pros & Cons of OFDM + Good performance in frequency selective fading channels; + Good+ Low complexity of base-band receiver; + Robust against inter-symbol interference (ISI) + Less sensitivity to timing-offsets + Ease of implementation in terms of architecture (i.e. FFT & IFFT blocks) - High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) - Lower data-rate efficiency due to CP overhead - High sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets
LTE air-interface and radio network Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI)  Overlap of neighboring subcarriers → Inter Carrier Interference (ICI).
LTE air-interface and radio network inter-symbol interference (ISI)  In telecommunication, inter-symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols.
LTE air-interface and radio network Cyclic Prefix  The Cyclic Prefix represents a guard period at the start of each OFDMA symbol which provides protection against multi-path delay spread.  Cyclic Prefix guarantees the suppression of ISI and ICI!
LTE air-interface and radio network Length of CP
LTE air-interface and radio network SC-FDMA  LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC- FDMA) in the uplink.  For uplink transmissions, OFDM is not ideal due to high PAPR  High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.
Symbols, slots, radio blocks & frame structure in OFDM Frame Structure  Two radio frame structures defined: 1. Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD. 2. Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.  A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.  A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms.  One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180 kHz per RB.
Symbols, slots, radio blocks & frame structure in OFDM FDD frame structure  Subcarrier spacing is set to 15 KHz regardless of overall channel BW.  To reduce the overhead of resource assignment, 7 consecutive symbols on 12 successive subcarriers are  grouped into an Resource Block(RB).  An RB occupies 1 slot of a duration of 0.5 milliseconds.  A Subframe consists of 2 RBs (i.e., 2 slots)and hence is of a duration of 1 millisecond.  Each frame has a duration of 10 milliseconds consisting of 10 subframes
Symbols, slots, radio blocks & frame structure in OFDM TDD frame structure  Two
Symbols, slots, radio blocks & frame structure in OFDM Resource Grid
Uplink and Downlink Channels FDD  In FDD mode (Operation in paired spectrum) all subframes of a carrier either used for uplink or in downlink
Uplink and Downlink Channels TDD  Using time division duplex (TDD), the base station and mobile transmit and receive on the same carrier frequency but at different times.  Advantages of using LTE TDD: it is possible to dynamically change the up and downlink balance and characteristics to meet the load conditions.
Uplink and Downlink Channels TDD  7 up / downlink configurations have been defined.  In TDD mode, The first and sixth subframes (subframes 0 and 5) are always allocated to the DL and The other sub-frames can be allocated to UL or DL  The 1st and 6th subframes contain synchronization signals.
Uplink and Downlink Channels FDD vs. TDD  FDD and TDD modes have different advantages and disadvantages.  In FDD mode, the bandwidths of the uplink and downlink are fixed and are usually the same. This makes it suitable for voice communications, in which the uplink and downlink data rates are very similar.  In TDD mode, the system can adjust how much time is allocated to the uplink and downlink. This makes it suitable for applications such as web browsing, in which the downlink data rate can be much greater than the rate on the uplink.  TDD mode can be badly affected by interference if, for example, one base station is transmitting while a nearby base station is receiving.
Modulation Enhanced Bits/Symbol 8-PSK (3 Bits per symbol)
MIMO Advantages:  Improve capacity (Spectral Efficiency)  Extended Coverage  No allocation of extra spectrum  High peak data rates
MIMO Beamforming
MIMO Transmission Mode (TM)
MIMO Transmission Mode (TM)
MIMO Utilization of TM
QoS QoS parameters  A bearer has two or four QoS parameters, depending on whether it is a real-time or best effort service: 1. QoS Class Indicator (QCI) 2. Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) 3. Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) ; (real-time services only) 4. Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) ; (real-time services only)
QoS QoS Class Indicator (QCI)  The 3GPP has defined a series of standardized QCI types.  For first deployments, a majority of operators will likely start with three basic service classes: voice, control signaling, and best-effort data.
QoS Guaranteed Bit Rate & Non-GBR Bearers  There are two major types of bearers: 1. Guaranteed Bit Rate  A GBR bearer has a minimum amount of bandwidth that is reserved by the network  GBR bearers are used for real-time services, such as conversational voice and video.  If implemented properly, GBR bearers should not experience packet loss on the radio link or the IP network due to congestion.  GBR bearers will also be defined with the lower latency and jitter tolerances that are typically required by real-time services. 2. Non-Guaranteed Bit Rate.  Non-GBR bearers, do not have specific network bandwidth allocation.  Non-GBR bearers are for best-effort services, such as file downloads, email, and Internet browsing.  These bearers will experience packet loss when a network is congested.
September 2015 Session 4: LTE; Continual Evolution
LTE: continual evolution LTE Release overview Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10 Rel-11 Rel-12 Rel-8 (2008) • High spectral efficiency • Very low latency • variable bandwidth • Simple Architecture • FDD and TDD mode • SON Support • HeNB /CSG support Rel-9 (2009) • eMBMS • LTE MIMO: dual layer • Enhanced Home eNodeB • Positioning Rel-10 (2011) • Relays • HetNet • MBMS enhancement • enhanced SON Rel-11 (2013) • Carrier Aggregation • E-PDCCH • Network based positioning • enhanced SON Rel-12 (2014) • small cell enhancements • WiFi offload & interworking • Public safety • Enhanced Carrier Aggregation • D2D
Important features of LTE Release 1. Self Organizing Networks Self organizing network functionalities are commonly divided into three major sub functional groups, each containing a wide range of decomposed use cases. 1. Self Configuration functions 2. Self Optimization functions 3. Self healing functions SON Optimization Configurationhealing
Important features of LTE Release 1. Self Organizing Networks Optimization ConfigurationHealing Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO) Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) Mobility Load Balancing (MLO) Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Random Access Channel (RACH) Energy Savings Base station self configuration Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) Cell Outage Detection and Compensation Automated Fault Identification
Important features of LTE Release 2. Relays The types of relays can be roughly separated by the layers within the protocol architecture that are involved in the relay transmission: • Layer 1 (L1) Relay. Also called Amplify-and-Forward Relay, Layer 1 (L1) Relay is simple and easy to implement through RF amplification with relatively low latency. • Layer 2 (L2) Relay. Layer 2 (L2) Relay performs the decode-and-forward operation and has more freedom to achieve performance optimization. • Layer 3 (L3) Relay. Also called Self-Backhauling, Layer 3 (L3) Relay has less impact to eNB design and it may introduce more overhead compared with L2 Relay.
Important features of LTE Release 3. Carrier Aggregation Carrier aggregation across:  multiple carriers,  multiple bands,  and across licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Advantages:  Higher peak data rates  Higher user data rate and lower latencies for all users  More capacity for typical ‘bursty’ usage (such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Skype…)  Leverages all spectrum assets
Important features of LTE Release 3. Carrier Aggregation  Three different modes being defined for carrier aggregation:
Important features of LTE Release 4. Heterogeneous Network The heterogeneous network can be characterized by deployments where low power nodes are placed as an underlay throughout a macrocell deployment. These low power nodes include micro, pico, Remote Radio Heads (RRH), relay and femto nodes. The most challenging aspect in the deployment of heterogeneous networks is the interference issues generated by sharing the carrier with the overlaid macro nodes.
September 2015 Session 5: New Services and Better Experiences
VoLTE Why Voice over LTE? VoLTE is necessary because:  Voice is still dominant source of revenue  To provide better experiment of service  Competing with OTT players
VoLTE Method to provide Voice in LTE CSFB: Fallback to CS domain when voice service is requested •Pros - Service Consistency - Using existing CS Infrastructure •Cons - Call setup delay - Heavy signaling - MSC Upgrade( for SGs interface) - No LTE during voice
VoLTE Method to provide Voice in LTE SV-LTE: Allows UE to access both to LTE and WCDMA/GSM/CDMA simultaneously •Pros -No new modification is required -Using existing CS Infrastructure -Simultaneous service available between voice and data • Cons -Cost of Handset increase due to dual modem chip -High battery utilization
VoLTE Method to provide Voice in LTE SR-VCC: Allows UE with active call to switch to CS network when LTE Coverage is lost •Pros -Service Consistency -Lower Call Setup times than CSFB • Cons -Requirement of an IMS core network ( SCC-AS ) -Session transfer and remote UE update need time -MSC Upgrade ( for Sv interface )
VoLTE Method to provide Voice in LTE VoLTE: IMS based voice over LTE services • Pros -Provide Rich Communication Suite -Fast call setup time -Fixed and Mobile Convergence • Cons -Need ecosystem to support interoperation with legacy services & roaming.
VoLTE HD Voice & Video Calls  2.2 times wider bandwidth for voice signal Bandwidth for 3G : 300 ~ 3,400Hz Bandwidth for VoLTE : 50 ~ 7,000Hz  Up to 20 times faster call setup time Call Setup time in 3G : 5 sec Call Setup time in VoLTE : 0.25 ~ 2.5 sec  12 times improved resolution for video call Resolution in 3G Video call : QCIF 176 x 144 Resolution in VoLTE Video call : VGA 640 x 480
VoLTE QoS ( Quality of Service ) Support  Provide Quality of Service by separating default bearer channel and dedicated bearer channel in priority – Service differentiation with OTT Players.
VoLTE VoLTE vs OTT Comparison OTT mVoIPVoLTEParameter Application ProviderNetwork OperatorProvider Non IMSIMSCore Network QoS not supportedQoS supportedQoS Depends on network environmentHD VoiceQuality
LTE Broadcast introduction  LTE Broadcast offers MNOs a profitable business proposition through service differentiation, new revenue opportunities, and more efficient distribution of live and other digital media.  Subscribers like to be able to consume content anytime, anywhere. As a result, new business models are emerging in which the line between fixed and mobile is becoming indistinct.  Mobile data traffic is expected to grow 12-fold by the end of 2018 , driven mainly by video.  LTE Broadcast is supported for all defined bandwidths and formats of LTE, including FDD, TDD, and carrier aggregation (CA).
LTE Broadcast Broadcast & Unicast Broadcast: • One data channel per content • Limited data channels and unlimited number of users • Offer popular services over dense areas Unicast: • One data channel per user • Unlimited channels and limited number of users • Any content, any time, anywhere
LTE Broadcast Use cases Overview 1. Premium Event Service o National live events, Seasonal sports event, Venue casting 2. Media Services o Popular TV and video service, Podcasting – Publishing, … 3. OTT Optimization o “Netflix” or “Hulu” type services, Breaking news (National broadcast), Advertising service 4. Data Offload 5. Complementing Emergency Services o Public Safety
Data Streaming Mobile video in general is forecast to grow by around 45% annually through to 2020, when it will account for around 55% of all mobile data traffic. In many mobile networks today, 40–60 percent of video traffic is fro YouTube!
Data Data Growth 20202014 Share of total mobile traffic 55%45%Video 15%15%Social networking 5%10%Web browsing 2%2%Audio Display pixels and average data consumption Increasing screen size and resolution, as well as the availability of high-speed networks fuel the demand for mobile video.
Data New Apps In each country, two-thirds of all app traffic on smart devices is from its top five apps
M2M Connected World  Globally, almost 80 percent of M2M devices are GSM-only. will decrease to around 25 percent in 2020.  In 2018, it is expected that 3G/4G will represent over 50 percent of all active M2M subscriptions.  LTE M2M device penetration is expected to increase from around 3 percent today to around 20–30 percent in 2020.
September 2015 Thanks for your attention! Mohammad Hajizadeh LTE Technical Manager mr.hajizade@gmail.com

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LTE Workshop

  • 1.
    September 2015 LTE Workshop MohammadHajizadeh LTE Technical Manager mr.hajizade@gmail.com
  • 2.
    LTE Workshop Agenda  Thisis part of comprehensive workshop, include:  Session 1: Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives  Session 2: Architecture & Components  Session 3: Technical Aspects of LTE  Session 4: LTE; Continual Evolution  Session 5: New Services and Better Experiences
  • 3.
    September 2015 Session 1: Introductionof LTE; Features & Objectives
  • 4.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives Standards availability
  • 5.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives The Evolution of Mobile Technologies Mobile 1G Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G
  • 6.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives The Evolution of Mobile Technologies  2G: GSM, Mainly voice, First Digital Standard, Add Packet Services: GPRS, EDGE  3G: Designed for voice with some data consideration, First Mobile Broadband  4G: Designed primarily for data, full IP-based protocols, true mobile broadband
  • 7.
    Growing Mobile DataTraffic ● Mobile data traffic will grow 12 times by the end of 2018 Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data Increased Device Capability ● Larger and higher quality screens ● More memory and processing capability 12×
  • 8.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data LTE New Services Video Content Data Explosion
  • 9.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives LTE subscribers consume more & more data 9.5 BILLION Mobile subscriptions by the end of 2020 ~ 90% Of mobile subscriptions will be for mobile broadband by the end of 2020 6.1 BILLION Smartphone subscriptions by the end of 2020 Q4 2010: traffic generated for mobile data is twice that for voice X2 55% growth in data traffic between Q4 2013 and Q4 2014 Total(uplink+downlink)monthlytraffic(PetaBytes)
  • 10.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives Features  All-IP Network → New all-IP mobile core network introduced with LTE  Needs at the access level for LTE  Key Features of LTE → Multiple access scheme, Adaptive modulation and coding, Bandwidth scalability,…  3GPP LTE objectives → Spectrum efficiency, Capacity, Mobility
  • 11.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives Frequency Bands CoverageCapacity Device Availability Regulation Capex/Opex Geographical status Cost Capacity Coverage Sub 1 GHz 1.8 GHz 2.6 GHz Lower Higher
  • 12.
     312 Operatorslaunched FDD mode only  31 Operators launched TDD mode only  17 Operators launched FDD & TDD modes  = 360 commercially launched LTE networks Introduction of LTE; Features & Objectives Frequency Bands 1 12 7 8 10 10 36 55 68 91 158 450 MHz 1900 MHz 850 MHz APT 700 900 MHz 2100 MHz AWS 700 MHz 800 MHz 2600 MHz 1800 MHz No. of NetworkFrequencyBand 212.3 GHz40 122.6 GHz38 102.6 GHz41 93.5 GHz42 11.9 GHz39 Commercially launched LTE networks (Jan 2015) TDD Networks
  • 13.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives Device Availability
  • 14.
    Introduction of LTE;Features & Objectives Primary motivation for LTE 6% 10% 15% 22% 18% 29% to enter mobile data market for the first time Modernizing legacy radio network architecture build brand value through technology leadership create new revenue streams based on LTE Reduce the cost of mobile data Current networks do not offer sufficient capacity
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Architecture & components LTEArchitecture •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 17.
    Architecture & components TheE-UTRAN •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 18.
    Architecture & components eNodeB •Externalnetworks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 19.
    Architecture & components eNodeB •Externalnetworks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane •Mobility Management •Bearer handling •Security settings •User plane tunnels for UL and DL data delivery •Inter eNodeB handovers •Forwarding of DL data during handovers •Radio Resource Management •Mobility management •Bearer handling •User plane data delivery •Securing and optimizing radio interface delivery
  • 20.
    Architecture & components EvolvedPacket Core (EPC) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 21.
    Architecture & components EvolvedPacket Core (EPC) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane S1-U eNB
  • 22.
    Architecture & components MobilityManagement Entity (MME) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 23.
    Architecture & components MobilityManagement Entity (MME) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Authentication and Security •Location management • User profiles • Control of user plane tunnels • Inter eNodeB handovers • State transitions • Bearer management • Paging • Handovers between MMEs • Idle state mobility between MMEs eNB S1-U
  • 24.
    Architecture & components ServingGateway (SGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 25.
    Architecture & components ServingGateway (SGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Control of GTP tunnels and IP service flows • SGW Mobility control • User Plane tunnels for DL and UL data delivery •Indirect forwarding of DL data during handovers (in S1-U) when direct (X2) inter-eNodeB connection is not available •Control of GTP tunnels •GTP tunnels for UL and DL data delivery S1-U
  • 26.
    Architecture & components PacketData Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 27.
    Architecture & components PacketData Network (PDN) Gateway (PGW) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Control of User Plane tunnels • UP tunnels for UL and DL data delivery • IP flows of user data • Policy and Charging Control requests • PCC rules S1-U eNB
  • 28.
    Architecture & components HomeSubscriber Server (HSS) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 29.
    Architecture & components HomeSubscriber Server (HSS) •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRFS1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane • Contains users’ subscription data S1-U eNB
  • 30.
    Architecture & components LTEArchitecture •External networks •Operator Services •Applications •Internet SGW PGW MME eNB UE PSRF S1-U S1-MME S11 S6a Rx Gx S1-U S5/S8 X2 HSS SGi User Plane Control Plane eNB
  • 31.
  • 32.
    LTE air-interface andradio network OFDM Why OFDM?  To overcome the effect of multi path fading problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink.  OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data.
  • 33.
    LTE air-interface andradio network OFDM Pros & Cons of OFDM + Good performance in frequency selective fading channels; + Good+ Low complexity of base-band receiver; + Robust against inter-symbol interference (ISI) + Less sensitivity to timing-offsets + Ease of implementation in terms of architecture (i.e. FFT & IFFT blocks) - High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) - Lower data-rate efficiency due to CP overhead - High sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets
  • 34.
    LTE air-interface andradio network Inter-Carrier-Interference (ICI)  Overlap of neighboring subcarriers → Inter Carrier Interference (ICI).
  • 35.
    LTE air-interface andradio network inter-symbol interference (ISI)  In telecommunication, inter-symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols.
  • 36.
    LTE air-interface andradio network Cyclic Prefix  The Cyclic Prefix represents a guard period at the start of each OFDMA symbol which provides protection against multi-path delay spread.  Cyclic Prefix guarantees the suppression of ISI and ICI!
  • 37.
    LTE air-interface andradio network Length of CP
  • 38.
    LTE air-interface andradio network SC-FDMA  LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC- FDMA) in the uplink.  For uplink transmissions, OFDM is not ideal due to high PAPR  High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.
  • 39.
    Symbols, slots, radioblocks & frame structure in OFDM Frame Structure  Two radio frame structures defined: 1. Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD. 2. Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.  A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.  A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms.  One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180 kHz per RB.
  • 40.
    Symbols, slots, radioblocks & frame structure in OFDM FDD frame structure  Subcarrier spacing is set to 15 KHz regardless of overall channel BW.  To reduce the overhead of resource assignment, 7 consecutive symbols on 12 successive subcarriers are  grouped into an Resource Block(RB).  An RB occupies 1 slot of a duration of 0.5 milliseconds.  A Subframe consists of 2 RBs (i.e., 2 slots)and hence is of a duration of 1 millisecond.  Each frame has a duration of 10 milliseconds consisting of 10 subframes
  • 41.
    Symbols, slots, radioblocks & frame structure in OFDM TDD frame structure  Two
  • 42.
    Symbols, slots, radioblocks & frame structure in OFDM Resource Grid
  • 43.
    Uplink and DownlinkChannels FDD  In FDD mode (Operation in paired spectrum) all subframes of a carrier either used for uplink or in downlink
  • 44.
    Uplink and DownlinkChannels TDD  Using time division duplex (TDD), the base station and mobile transmit and receive on the same carrier frequency but at different times.  Advantages of using LTE TDD: it is possible to dynamically change the up and downlink balance and characteristics to meet the load conditions.
  • 45.
    Uplink and DownlinkChannels TDD  7 up / downlink configurations have been defined.  In TDD mode, The first and sixth subframes (subframes 0 and 5) are always allocated to the DL and The other sub-frames can be allocated to UL or DL  The 1st and 6th subframes contain synchronization signals.
  • 46.
    Uplink and DownlinkChannels FDD vs. TDD  FDD and TDD modes have different advantages and disadvantages.  In FDD mode, the bandwidths of the uplink and downlink are fixed and are usually the same. This makes it suitable for voice communications, in which the uplink and downlink data rates are very similar.  In TDD mode, the system can adjust how much time is allocated to the uplink and downlink. This makes it suitable for applications such as web browsing, in which the downlink data rate can be much greater than the rate on the uplink.  TDD mode can be badly affected by interference if, for example, one base station is transmitting while a nearby base station is receiving.
  • 47.
  • 48.
    MIMO Advantages:  Improve capacity(Spectral Efficiency)  Extended Coverage  No allocation of extra spectrum  High peak data rates
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
    QoS QoS parameters  Abearer has two or four QoS parameters, depending on whether it is a real-time or best effort service: 1. QoS Class Indicator (QCI) 2. Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) 3. Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) ; (real-time services only) 4. Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) ; (real-time services only)
  • 54.
    QoS QoS Class Indicator(QCI)  The 3GPP has defined a series of standardized QCI types.  For first deployments, a majority of operators will likely start with three basic service classes: voice, control signaling, and best-effort data.
  • 55.
    QoS Guaranteed Bit Rate& Non-GBR Bearers  There are two major types of bearers: 1. Guaranteed Bit Rate  A GBR bearer has a minimum amount of bandwidth that is reserved by the network  GBR bearers are used for real-time services, such as conversational voice and video.  If implemented properly, GBR bearers should not experience packet loss on the radio link or the IP network due to congestion.  GBR bearers will also be defined with the lower latency and jitter tolerances that are typically required by real-time services. 2. Non-Guaranteed Bit Rate.  Non-GBR bearers, do not have specific network bandwidth allocation.  Non-GBR bearers are for best-effort services, such as file downloads, email, and Internet browsing.  These bearers will experience packet loss when a network is congested.
  • 56.
    September 2015 Session 4: LTE;Continual Evolution
  • 57.
    LTE: continual evolution LTERelease overview Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10 Rel-11 Rel-12 Rel-8 (2008) • High spectral efficiency • Very low latency • variable bandwidth • Simple Architecture • FDD and TDD mode • SON Support • HeNB /CSG support Rel-9 (2009) • eMBMS • LTE MIMO: dual layer • Enhanced Home eNodeB • Positioning Rel-10 (2011) • Relays • HetNet • MBMS enhancement • enhanced SON Rel-11 (2013) • Carrier Aggregation • E-PDCCH • Network based positioning • enhanced SON Rel-12 (2014) • small cell enhancements • WiFi offload & interworking • Public safety • Enhanced Carrier Aggregation • D2D
  • 58.
    Important features ofLTE Release 1. Self Organizing Networks Self organizing network functionalities are commonly divided into three major sub functional groups, each containing a wide range of decomposed use cases. 1. Self Configuration functions 2. Self Optimization functions 3. Self healing functions SON Optimization Configurationhealing
  • 59.
    Important features ofLTE Release 1. Self Organizing Networks Optimization ConfigurationHealing Coverage and Capacity Optimization (CCO) Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) Mobility Load Balancing (MLO) Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Random Access Channel (RACH) Energy Savings Base station self configuration Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) Cell Outage Detection and Compensation Automated Fault Identification
  • 60.
    Important features ofLTE Release 2. Relays The types of relays can be roughly separated by the layers within the protocol architecture that are involved in the relay transmission: • Layer 1 (L1) Relay. Also called Amplify-and-Forward Relay, Layer 1 (L1) Relay is simple and easy to implement through RF amplification with relatively low latency. • Layer 2 (L2) Relay. Layer 2 (L2) Relay performs the decode-and-forward operation and has more freedom to achieve performance optimization. • Layer 3 (L3) Relay. Also called Self-Backhauling, Layer 3 (L3) Relay has less impact to eNB design and it may introduce more overhead compared with L2 Relay.
  • 61.
    Important features ofLTE Release 3. Carrier Aggregation Carrier aggregation across:  multiple carriers,  multiple bands,  and across licensed and unlicensed spectrum. Advantages:  Higher peak data rates  Higher user data rate and lower latencies for all users  More capacity for typical ‘bursty’ usage (such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Skype…)  Leverages all spectrum assets
  • 62.
    Important features ofLTE Release 3. Carrier Aggregation  Three different modes being defined for carrier aggregation:
  • 63.
    Important features ofLTE Release 4. Heterogeneous Network The heterogeneous network can be characterized by deployments where low power nodes are placed as an underlay throughout a macrocell deployment. These low power nodes include micro, pico, Remote Radio Heads (RRH), relay and femto nodes. The most challenging aspect in the deployment of heterogeneous networks is the interference issues generated by sharing the carrier with the overlaid macro nodes.
  • 64.
    September 2015 Session 5: NewServices and Better Experiences
  • 65.
    VoLTE Why Voice overLTE? VoLTE is necessary because:  Voice is still dominant source of revenue  To provide better experiment of service  Competing with OTT players
  • 66.
    VoLTE Method to provideVoice in LTE CSFB: Fallback to CS domain when voice service is requested •Pros - Service Consistency - Using existing CS Infrastructure •Cons - Call setup delay - Heavy signaling - MSC Upgrade( for SGs interface) - No LTE during voice
  • 67.
    VoLTE Method to provideVoice in LTE SV-LTE: Allows UE to access both to LTE and WCDMA/GSM/CDMA simultaneously •Pros -No new modification is required -Using existing CS Infrastructure -Simultaneous service available between voice and data • Cons -Cost of Handset increase due to dual modem chip -High battery utilization
  • 68.
    VoLTE Method to provideVoice in LTE SR-VCC: Allows UE with active call to switch to CS network when LTE Coverage is lost •Pros -Service Consistency -Lower Call Setup times than CSFB • Cons -Requirement of an IMS core network ( SCC-AS ) -Session transfer and remote UE update need time -MSC Upgrade ( for Sv interface )
  • 69.
    VoLTE Method to provideVoice in LTE VoLTE: IMS based voice over LTE services • Pros -Provide Rich Communication Suite -Fast call setup time -Fixed and Mobile Convergence • Cons -Need ecosystem to support interoperation with legacy services & roaming.
  • 70.
    VoLTE HD Voice &Video Calls  2.2 times wider bandwidth for voice signal Bandwidth for 3G : 300 ~ 3,400Hz Bandwidth for VoLTE : 50 ~ 7,000Hz  Up to 20 times faster call setup time Call Setup time in 3G : 5 sec Call Setup time in VoLTE : 0.25 ~ 2.5 sec  12 times improved resolution for video call Resolution in 3G Video call : QCIF 176 x 144 Resolution in VoLTE Video call : VGA 640 x 480
  • 71.
    VoLTE QoS ( Qualityof Service ) Support  Provide Quality of Service by separating default bearer channel and dedicated bearer channel in priority – Service differentiation with OTT Players.
  • 72.
    VoLTE VoLTE vs OTTComparison OTT mVoIPVoLTEParameter Application ProviderNetwork OperatorProvider Non IMSIMSCore Network QoS not supportedQoS supportedQoS Depends on network environmentHD VoiceQuality
  • 73.
    LTE Broadcast introduction  LTEBroadcast offers MNOs a profitable business proposition through service differentiation, new revenue opportunities, and more efficient distribution of live and other digital media.  Subscribers like to be able to consume content anytime, anywhere. As a result, new business models are emerging in which the line between fixed and mobile is becoming indistinct.  Mobile data traffic is expected to grow 12-fold by the end of 2018 , driven mainly by video.  LTE Broadcast is supported for all defined bandwidths and formats of LTE, including FDD, TDD, and carrier aggregation (CA).
  • 74.
    LTE Broadcast Broadcast &Unicast Broadcast: • One data channel per content • Limited data channels and unlimited number of users • Offer popular services over dense areas Unicast: • One data channel per user • Unlimited channels and limited number of users • Any content, any time, anywhere
  • 75.
    LTE Broadcast Use casesOverview 1. Premium Event Service o National live events, Seasonal sports event, Venue casting 2. Media Services o Popular TV and video service, Podcasting – Publishing, … 3. OTT Optimization o “Netflix” or “Hulu” type services, Breaking news (National broadcast), Advertising service 4. Data Offload 5. Complementing Emergency Services o Public Safety
  • 76.
    Data Streaming Mobile video ingeneral is forecast to grow by around 45% annually through to 2020, when it will account for around 55% of all mobile data traffic. In many mobile networks today, 40–60 percent of video traffic is fro YouTube!
  • 77.
    Data Data Growth 20202014 Share oftotal mobile traffic 55%45%Video 15%15%Social networking 5%10%Web browsing 2%2%Audio Display pixels and average data consumption Increasing screen size and resolution, as well as the availability of high-speed networks fuel the demand for mobile video.
  • 78.
    Data New Apps In eachcountry, two-thirds of all app traffic on smart devices is from its top five apps
  • 79.
    M2M Connected World  Globally,almost 80 percent of M2M devices are GSM-only. will decrease to around 25 percent in 2020.  In 2018, it is expected that 3G/4G will represent over 50 percent of all active M2M subscriptions.  LTE M2M device penetration is expected to increase from around 3 percent today to around 20–30 percent in 2020.
  • 80.
    September 2015 Thanks foryour attention! Mohammad Hajizadeh LTE Technical Manager mr.hajizade@gmail.com