This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Embedded Systems at 60 GHz Millimeter-W...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Globally, there is a burning desire for a communication system that provides high quality, high capacity and
high speed information exchange and we need to develop an extremely spectrum-efficient transmission technology for the
same. This paper describes a realistic capacity and BER comparison of a robust and secured multiple access schemes and
develops a wireless embedded system at 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave using WiMAX waveform. The system is tested at the
laboratory with multimedia transmission and reception but yet to be tested after mounting on the vehicles. Technical
expertise are developed towards Simulink programming, methods of poring to VSG, IF and millimeter wave hardware, RTSA
use, Data Acquisition and DSP. With proper deployment of this 60 GHz system on vehicles, the existing commercial
products for 802.11P will be required to be replaced or updated soon. Simulation and implementation of the results will
elucidate that a significant amelioration in the spectral efficiency parameter can be achieved using the proposed WiMAX at
60GHz which provides both frequency diversity and spectral efficiency to yield a powerful and affordable solution for superhigh speed/4G transmission and ever-increasing requirement of high throughput in wideband multimedia communications
and ITS in vehicular communication.
Keywords: AWG, C2C-CC, MC-CDMA, VSA, WiMAX and WMAN, 4G
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Embedded Systems at 60 GHz Millimeter-W...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Globally, there is a burning desire for a communication system that provides high quality, high capacity and
high speed information exchange and we need to develop an extremely spectrum-efficient transmission technology for the
same. This paper describes a realistic capacity and BER comparison of a robust and secured multiple access schemes and
develops a wireless embedded system at 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave using WiMAX waveform. The system is tested at the
laboratory with multimedia transmission and reception but yet to be tested after mounting on the vehicles. Technical
expertise are developed towards Simulink programming, methods of poring to VSG, IF and millimeter wave hardware, RTSA
use, Data Acquisition and DSP. With proper deployment of this 60 GHz system on vehicles, the existing commercial
products for 802.11P will be required to be replaced or updated soon. Simulation and implementation of the results will
elucidate that a significant amelioration in the spectral efficiency parameter can be achieved using the proposed WiMAX at
60GHz which provides both frequency diversity and spectral efficiency to yield a powerful and affordable solution for superhigh speed/4G transmission and ever-increasing requirement of high throughput in wideband multimedia communications
and ITS in vehicular communication.
Keywords: AWG, C2C-CC, MC-CDMA, VSA, WiMAX and WMAN, 4G
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
This report spotlights telco's' strategies regarding backhauling and fixed mobile convergence, how the transport network is evolving within the migration to all-IP and which choices telcos take to meet the increasing demand of bandwidth. The study analyses the evolution of backhaul networks, its investment control and the necessary implementation with the legacy infrastructure. Key questions' How high are the Capex and Opex related to the mobile backhaul infrastructure' What are the technologies used and which one can be a cost-effective alternative'' What are the stakes for operators' How can they improve their mobile backhaul infrastructure '' What are the upcoming trends for backhhaul upgrade' How are the major MNOs deploying their backhaul strategy'' Is optical fibre the unique answer to rising mobile data traffic due to LTE deployment'> This report ships with a complementary slideshow.
Security system with RFID control using E-KTP and internet of thingsjournalBEEI
Crimes against property without using violence, in this case, are theft and burglary is the type of crime that is most common every year. However, home security needs a security system that is more efficient and practical. To overcome this, an internet of things (IoT) is needed. This research evaluated the performance prototype by reading distance from the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader using E-KTP and quality of service performance (i.e throughput and delay) from application android. This research design smart door lock using RFID sensor, passive infrared sensor (PIR), solenoid as door locks, buzzer, led, E-KTP as RFID tags and also android application to controlling and monitoring made with android studio is connected to NodeMCU V3 ESP8266 as storage data and connect with firebase realtime database instead of conventional keys. This research focuses on performance prototype and quality of service from features application is work well. Related to previous works, our evaluation shows that the performance prototype can read identity card (E-KTP) with a maximum distance is 4 cm, and performance quality of service for an application show that throughput and delay with a perfect index according to standardization telecommunications and internet protocol harmonization over network (TIPHON) depending on what features are being evaluated.
Ericsson Technology Review: Designing for the future: the 5G NR physical layerEricsson
More than a simple evolution of today’s 4G (LTE) networks, 5G will also include a new, globally standardized radio access technology known as New Radio (NR). 5G NR is well suited to meet the complex and sometimes contradictory requirements within the areas of enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. All the 5G NR physical layer technology components are flexible, ultra-lean and forward compatible.
Green Future Networks: Network Energy EfficiencyIPLOOK Networks
Focusing on improving the network energy efficiency to lower the energy consumption of mobile network, the white paper comprehensively analyzes the energy-saving solutions for 5G mobile network.
The release of Green Future Networks not only indicates a direction towards the green development of global mobile network, but also enlarges the global influence of China 's telecom industry.
Learn more:
https://www.iplook.com/info/green-future-networks-network-energy-efficiency-was-officially-released-on-ngmn-i00110i1.html
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to
fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with dierent Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of ecient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.
This report spotlights telco's' strategies regarding backhauling and fixed mobile convergence, how the transport network is evolving within the migration to all-IP and which choices telcos take to meet the increasing demand of bandwidth. The study analyses the evolution of backhaul networks, its investment control and the necessary implementation with the legacy infrastructure. Key questions' How high are the Capex and Opex related to the mobile backhaul infrastructure' What are the technologies used and which one can be a cost-effective alternative'' What are the stakes for operators' How can they improve their mobile backhaul infrastructure '' What are the upcoming trends for backhhaul upgrade' How are the major MNOs deploying their backhaul strategy'' Is optical fibre the unique answer to rising mobile data traffic due to LTE deployment'> This report ships with a complementary slideshow.
Security system with RFID control using E-KTP and internet of thingsjournalBEEI
Crimes against property without using violence, in this case, are theft and burglary is the type of crime that is most common every year. However, home security needs a security system that is more efficient and practical. To overcome this, an internet of things (IoT) is needed. This research evaluated the performance prototype by reading distance from the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader using E-KTP and quality of service performance (i.e throughput and delay) from application android. This research design smart door lock using RFID sensor, passive infrared sensor (PIR), solenoid as door locks, buzzer, led, E-KTP as RFID tags and also android application to controlling and monitoring made with android studio is connected to NodeMCU V3 ESP8266 as storage data and connect with firebase realtime database instead of conventional keys. This research focuses on performance prototype and quality of service from features application is work well. Related to previous works, our evaluation shows that the performance prototype can read identity card (E-KTP) with a maximum distance is 4 cm, and performance quality of service for an application show that throughput and delay with a perfect index according to standardization telecommunications and internet protocol harmonization over network (TIPHON) depending on what features are being evaluated.
Ericsson Technology Review: Designing for the future: the 5G NR physical layerEricsson
More than a simple evolution of today’s 4G (LTE) networks, 5G will also include a new, globally standardized radio access technology known as New Radio (NR). 5G NR is well suited to meet the complex and sometimes contradictory requirements within the areas of enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. All the 5G NR physical layer technology components are flexible, ultra-lean and forward compatible.
Green Future Networks: Network Energy EfficiencyIPLOOK Networks
Focusing on improving the network energy efficiency to lower the energy consumption of mobile network, the white paper comprehensively analyzes the energy-saving solutions for 5G mobile network.
The release of Green Future Networks not only indicates a direction towards the green development of global mobile network, but also enlarges the global influence of China 's telecom industry.
Learn more:
https://www.iplook.com/info/green-future-networks-network-energy-efficiency-was-officially-released-on-ngmn-i00110i1.html
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
Mpls tp as packet platform for critical services in power transmissionHughCab
Beyond the trend of using IP as the “up to date technology” for SCADA (IEC
60870-5-104) and protections scheme integrated to a centralized management
of the load (Sinchrophasors PMU), there is the need to approach the automatic
switching and intrinsic autonomy of routing algorithms to provide smart
capability to the communications network [1]. For long time IP equipment
manufacturers have been trying to penetrate the electrical utilities with partial
success, they were able to support only added value services as IP Video, VoIP
and corporate IP traffic which is are not “critical” or essential to the electrical
power system operation.
On this paper is presented a theoretical-practical evaluation of the MPLS-TP
protocol which offers an IP platform according to the complimentary services
requirements (high bandwidth) as well for reliable channels features through
the emulation of TDM systems with delay, symmetry and self-healing switching
in order to warrant the correct operation of critical services as Teleprotection,
Differential Relays and Sinchrophasors.
Key time measurements will be presented which certifies the theoretical
reliability of MPLS-TP as main IP communication platform in electrical
transmission systems.
Mpls tp as packet platform for critical services in power transmissionHughCab
Beyond the trend of using IP as the “up to date technology” for SCADA (IEC 60870-5-104) and protections scheme integrated to a centralized management of the load (Sinchrophasors PMU), there is the need to approach the automatic switching and intrinsic autonomy of routing algorithms to provide smart capability to the communications network [1]. For long time IP equipment manufacturers have been trying to penetrate the electrical utilities with partial success, they were able to support only added value services as IP Video, VoIP and corporate IP traffic which is are not “critical” or essential to the electrical power system operation.
On this paper is presented a theoretical-practical evaluation of the MPLS-TP protocol which offers an IP platform according to the complimentary services requirements (high bandwidth) as well for reliable channels features through the emulation of TDM systems with delay, symmetry and self-healing switching in order to warrant the correct operation of critical services as Teleprotection, Differential Relays and Sinchrophasors.
Key time measurements will be presented which certifies the theoretical reliability of MPLS-TP as main IP communication platform in electrical transmission systems.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
Similar to Practical aspects of lte design and deployment (20)
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
A novel low computational complexity robust adaptive blind multiuser detector, based on the minimum output energy (MOE) detector with multiple constraints and a quadratic inequality (QI) constraint is developed in this paper. Quadratic constraint has been a widespread approach to improve robustness against mismatch errors, uncertainties in estimating the data covariance matrix, and random perturbations in detector parameters. A diagonal loading technique is compulsory to achieve the quadratic constraint where the diagonal loading level is adjusted to satisfy the constrained value. Integrating the quadratic constraint into recursive algorithms seems to be a moot point since there is no closed-form solution for the diagonal loading term. In this paper, the MOE detector of DS/CDMA system is implemented using a fast recursive steepest descent adaptive algorithm anchored in the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure with multiple constraints and a QI constraint on the adaptive portion of the GSC structure. The Lagrange multiplier method is exploited to solve the QI constraint. An optimal variable loading technique, which is capable of providing robustness against uncertainties and mismatch errors with low computational complexity is adopted. Simulations for several mismatch and random perturbations scenarios are conducted in a rich multipath environment with near–far effect to explore the robustness of the proposed detector.
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
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Practical aspects of lte design and deployment
1. Practical Aspects of LTE Network Design and
Deployment
Ayman Elnashar
Abstract
This paper covers the practical aspects of commercial
long term evolution (LTE) network design and
deployment. The end-to-end architecture of the LTE
network and different deployment scenarios are presented.
Moreover, the LTE coverage and link budget aspects are
discussed in details. Theoretical and practical
throughputs of LTE system are analyzed. In addition,
capacity dimensioning of LTE system is explained in
details and compared with the evolved high-speed packet
access (HSPA+) system. Additionally, the quality of
service (QoS) of the LTE system and the end-to-end
implementation scenarios along with testing results are
presented. Finally, the latency of the LTE system is
analyzed and compared with the HSPA+ system. This
paper can be used as a reference for best practices in LTE
network design and deployment.
Keywords: LTE, OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA,
HSPA+, WCDMA, latency, QoS.
I.Introduction
The LTE is the next major evolution step in mobile
radio communication, introduced by 3GPP in Release 8 and
provides initially downlink (DL) peak data rates of
100 Mbps, an uplink (UL) data rate of 50 Mbps compared
to 42Mbps/11Mbps (DL/UL) peak throughputs of HSPA+
R8 3GPP standard [1]-[9]. The LTE system brings flat
network architecture with improved data rates and less
latency that provide best mobile data browsing experience
[2]-[6]. The LTE system brings two new multiple access
techniques: orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA) on the DL and the single carrier frequency
division multiple access (SC-FDMA) on the UL [2]-[6],
[10]. Both of these access schemes are based on orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission
technique. The main advantage of OFDM, as is for SC-
FDMA, is its robustness against multipath signal
propagation, which makes it suitable for broadband
systems, compared to wideband code division multiple
access (WCDMA) technique [5], [6]. The SC-FDMA
brings additional benefit of low peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) compared to the OFDMA technique making it
suitable for uplink transmission of user equipment (UE) to
extend the battery backup time [7].
Even though, the WCDMA system can be extended to
a broadband system, its complexity increases where it
requires more number of rake receiver fingers since its
channel is a frequency selective fading channel [8], [9].
Therefore, extension of WCDMA system with high speed
packet access (HSPA) evolution to a 20 MHz broadband
system requires extension of similar factor on the number
of fingers in rake receiver, and thus its complexity [8], [9].
Adding multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to the
HSPA system on top of the above complexity in receiver
design limits the anticipated gain from it [8], [9]. 3GPP
adopted other ways of extending HSPA system to
broadband systems, based on multi-carrier HSPA with
added complexity as well in terms of power amplifier (PA)
design, network cost, and network optimization [8], [9].
OFDM can also be viewed as a multi-carrier system but
each subcarrier is usually narrow enough that multipath
channel response is flat over the individual subcarrier
frequency range, i.e. frequency non-selective channel (flat
fading) and hence receiver design is very simple. More
specifically, OFDM symbol time is much larger than the
typical channel dispersion [5]. Hence, OFDM is inherently
susceptible to channel dispersion due to multipath
propagation. OFDM symbol detection requires that the
entire symbol duration be free of interference from its
previous symbols i.e., Inter-Symbol-Interference (ISI) spill-
over. However, ISI spill-over at the beginning of each
symbol can be tackled by adding a cyclic prefix (CP) to
each transmit symbol [5].
The aim of this paper is to provide the key practical
aspects of design and deployment of a commercial LTE
network. The analysis in this paper is presented in a
comparative manner with reference to the HSPA+ network
to benchmark and evaluate the LTE network performance.
The remaining of the paper is organized as follows: Section
II provides LTE network architecture and typical
implementation scenarios. LTE coverage and link budget
(LB) analysis are presented in Section III. Network
dimensioning and design exercise are introduced in Section
IV. LTE QoS and practical implementation exercises are
introduced in Section V. The LTE network latency and a
comparison with the HSPA+ network are presented in
section VI. Finally, conclusions and key findings are
summarized in section VII.
II.LTE Network Architecture
LTE system brings flat all IP architecture [2], [3], [11],
[12]. This flat architecture offers saving in CAPEX and
OPEX thanks to eliminating the radio network controller
(RNC) and the circuit switch (CS) core while introducing
IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) [11], [12]. Moreover, the
LTE system offers higher network performance and
increased efficiency. This is achieved by reducing the
latency since the eNB is directly connected via S1 interface
to the EPC and also faster handover thanks to direct
connectivity between eNBs via X2 interface. The EPC
consists of the serving gateway (S-GW, SGW, or SAE
GW), the mobility management entity (MME), and the
2. packed data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) [11], [12]. The
SGW is responsible for handovers with neighboring eNB,
data transfer in terms of all packets across user plane,
mobility anchor to other 3GPP systems (i.e., 2G and 3G).
The MME is the centralized control unit for key operations
on access network and core network. The PGW is
responsible to act as an anchor of mobility between 3GPP
and non-3GPP technologies [11], [12]. The PGW provides
connectivity from the UE to external packet data networks
by being the point of entry/exit of traffic for the UE. In
addition, LTE brings the always-on connected concept with
less than 100ms transition from idle state to connected
state. This concept tackles the impact of the signaling storm
generated from smartphones due to the transition from idle
state to connected state. Finally, LTE system offers
increased throughput with 100Mbps/50Mbps DL/UL peak
throughputs with category 3 (i.e., CAT3) modem and with
seamless evolution to 150Mbps/75Mbps peak DL/UL
throughputs with the introduction of category 4 (CAT 4)
modem [2], [7].
A typical commercial LTE network high-level topology
is depicted in Figure 2. The network consists of four
domains as follows:
1- Access Network Domain: consists of eNBs that
provides the evolved universal terrestrial radio access
(E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol
terminations towards the UE and IP access layer that
carry the traffic of eNB towards the core network
domain. Each eNB may have one S1 connectivity with
one EPC node and it can have two S1 connectivities
with two EPC nodes if geo-redundancy is adopted
similar to the scenario in Figure 2. The S1 consists of
user plane and control plane. The S1 user plane (S1-U)
is routed to the S-GW and the control plane (S1-MME)
is routed to the MME. The control plane capacity is ~
1%-3% of the user plane capacity. Moreover, X2
connects neighbor eNBs to support UE handover. The
X2 capacity is estimated to be around 3-5% of S1
capacity. As per [3], 10ms delay is recommended for S1
and 20ms for X2. Therefore, if the latency requirement
is met for S1 then, X2 shall be met accordingly. It is
important to mention that, X2 connectivity can be made
in the IP security gateway (IPSec GW), which is part of
the security domain, or in the IP access routers or even
in the IP core cloud. The selection of X2 cross connect
node depends on the latency requirement, network
topology, and security requirement. The recommended
node to terminate the X2 is the IPSec GW to meet
security requirement, reduce the latency, and maintain
consistent network topology. The S1 latency is divided
into two parts; access network delay and transport
network delay where the 10ms can be divided 5ms for
each network. The maximum latency of the transport
network limits the number of cascaded transmission
links between the eNB and EPC.
2- Core network domain: This is the main domain that
includes IP core network cloud that carries the access
network traffic to core network elements. It is to be
noted that, the EPC nodes can have local redundancy
and/or geo-redundancy for high reliability and high
availability. Also, the home subscriber server (HSS) is a
new functionality that can be added as a separate entity
or via upgrade to the existing home location register
(HLR). The service profile of each LTE subscriber is
defined in the HSS [11], [12].
3- Security domain: in addition to the well known firewall
nodes, two new network elements are introduced as part
of the LTE system:
i. IPSec Gateway (IPSec GW): it is responsible for
encryption and for terminating the IPSec tunnels
with eNBs. All traffic and signals are encapsulated
inside IPSec tunnel for security purpose and to
prevent any attack to the EPC nodes. The
deployment of IPSec GW can be in cluster fashion
for reliability and simplicity. Therefore, the network
can be divided into several clusters (i.e., regions)
and eNBs traffic within certain cluster is
encapsulated towards an IPSec GW pair with 1+1
hot standby. Furthermore, a feature such as X1-flex
can allow the eNB to create two IPSec tunnels with
two different IPSec GW nodes in two clusters (i.e.,
two different regions or locations) for reliability and
in this case the traffic can be distributed based on
load sharing or hot standby fashions.
ii. Certificate Authority (CA): responsible for allowing
eNB to access the network by issuing, managing,
and validating the digital authentication certificates.
4- Operation and management (O&M) domain: this
domain includes O&M functionalities and NMS for all
network elements.
III.LTE Link Budget and Coverage Analysis
The aim of the link budget (LB) is to identify the
maximum allowable path loss (MAPL) between the
transmitter and receiver for UL and DL and therefore the
cell radius can be calculated for different terrain
morphologies (i.e., dense urban, urban, suburban, and rural)
based on the propagation model. A tuned version of
COST231-Hata model is used to estimate the pathloss. LTE
Release 8 is a data centric technology; therefore the critical
coverage constraint when designing an LTE network would
be the expected data rate at cell edge rather than the
received signal level. The outcome of the LB calculations
enables the network designer to determine the expected
coverage calculated in theory and compare it with the
measured values in the field. Table 1 provides the
theoretical link budgets for typical LTE system at
1800MHz band (i.e., 3GPP band 3) with 20MHz channel
bandwidth. The link budgets are calculated at different
morphologies and for UL and DL. The cell radius of each
terrain is determined based on the smallest cell radius from
UL and DL. The theoretical link budgets for all
morphologies demonstrate that the LTE system is uplink
limited (i.e., MAPL of UL < MAPL of DL) and there is ~3-
4 dB between the MAPLs for UL and DL at typical cell
edge throughputs (i.e., DL at 512Kbps and UL at 128Kbps).
3. Figure 1 Typical LTE network end-to-end topology
Table 1: LTE Link Budgets
* Subcarrier power is estimated assuming that the TX power is equally distrusted across the total bandwidth.
Morphology Formulas
Data Channel Type PUSCH PDSCH PUSCH PDSCH PUSCH PDSCH PUSCH PDSCH Physical UL/DL Shared Channel
Duplex Mode FDD: Frequency Division Duplexing
User Environment
System Bandwidth (MHz)
Channel Model
MIMO Scheme 1×2 2×2 SFBC 1×2 2×2 SFBC 1×2 2×2 SFBC 1×2 2×2 SFBC SFBC: Space-Frequency Block coding
Cell Edge Rate (kbps) 128.00 512.00 128.00 512.00 128.00 512.00 128.00 512.00
MCS QPSK 0.20 QPSK 0.12 QPSK 0.20 QPSK 0.12 QPSK 0.20 QPSK 0.12 QPSK 0.20 QPSK 0.12 QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Max Total Tx Power (dBm) 23.00 46.00 23.00 46.00 23.00 46.00 23.00 46.00 A
Allocated RB 3 19 3 19 3 19 3 19 B
RB to Distribute Power 3 100 3 100 3 100 3 100 C
Subcarriers to Distribute Power 36 1200 36 1200 36 1200 36 1200 D = 12*C
Subcarrier Power (dBm) * 7.44 15.21 7.44 15.21 7.44 15.21 7.44 15.21 E = A-10*Log10(D)
Beamforming Gain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 F
Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 G
Tx Cable Loss (dB) 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 H
Tx Body loss (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 I
EIRP per Subcarrier (dBm) 7.44 31.71 7.44 31.71 7.44 31.71 7.44 31.71 J = E+F+G-H-I
SINR (dB) -4.19 -5.37 -4.19 -5.37 -2.33 -4.94 -2.20 -4.43 K
Rx Noise Figure (dB) 2.30 7.00 2.30 7.00 2.30 7.00 2.30 7.00 L
Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) -134.13 -130.61 -134.13 -130.61 -132.26 -130.18 -132.14 -129.67 M = K+L-174+10*Log10(15000)
Rx Antenna Gain (dBi) 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 N
Rx Cable Loss (dB) 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 O
Rx Body loss (dB) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P
Target Load 75.00% 90.00% 75.00% 90.00% 75.00% 90.00% 75.00% 90.00%
Interference Margin (dB) 0.89 2.72 0.89 2.72 1.46 3.13 2.71 3.74 Q
Min. Signal Reception Strength (dBm) -149.74 -127.89 -149.74 -127.89 -147.31 -127.05 -145.93 -125.93 R = M-N+O+P+Q
Indoor Penetration Loss (dB) 19.00 19.00 15.00 15.00 11.00 11.00 8.00 8.00 S
Std. Dev. of Shadow Fading (dB) 11.70 11.70 9.40 9.40 7.20 7.20 6.20 6.20
Area Coverage Probability 95.00% 95.00% 95.00% 95.00% 95.00% 95.00% 90.00% 90.00%
Shadow Fading Margin (dB) 9.43 9.43 8.04 8.04 5.99 5.99 1.87 1.87 T
Maximum Allowable Path Loss (dB) 128.74 131.16 134.13 136.56 137.76 141.77 143.50 147.77 U = J-R-S-T
Propagation Model
eNodeB/UE Antenna Height (m) 25.00 1.50 30.00 1.50 40.00 1.50 50.00 1.50
Frequency (MHz) 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800
Cell Radius (km) 0.47 0.55 0.87 1.02 2.13 2.78 5.64 7.54
LTE Link Budget
Path Loss & Cell Radius
Rx
Tx
Dense Urban Urban Suburb Rural
Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor
FDD FDD FDD FDD
ETU 3 ETU 3 ETU 120 EVA 120
20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
Modified Cost231-Hata Modified Cost231-Hata Modified Cost231-Hata Modified Cost231-Hata
4. In order to validate the theoretical LB, a field
measurement is obligatory. Figure 2illustrates the UL and
DL throughputs versus the pathloss from field results for
LTE system at dense urban terrain with similar parameters
as in Table 1 [13]. It is evident that the LTE system is UL
link limited and the difference in path losses is almost
similar to the theoretical one (3-4 dB). After validating the
LB, the cell dimensioning process can be conducted as
illustrated in the next section.
One of the important factors that may impact the cell
radius is the loading. Unlike the legacy universal mobile
telecommunications system (UMTS) system, it is not
expected that the LTE system will be severely degraded
with the increase of the loading thanks to OFDM technique.
Since the LB has been validated, we can estimate the cell
radius based on different loading scenarios to analyze the
impact of the loading on the cell radius. Figure 4, provides
the theoretical DL/UL cell radii versus loading for an LTE
system at urban terrain with same parameters of Table 1.
The figure reconfirms that the LTE is UL limited. The UL
cell radius reduction is about 10% at 100% load and it is
5% at 50% load (i.e., typical practical UL load), which is a
very graceful degradation compared to HSPA+ system as
illustrated later.
Figure 2 Average layer DL/UL throughputs for LTE system
versus pathloss
Figure 3 Impact of cell loading on cell radius for LTE system at
1800MHz band with urban indoor scenario at 128kbps/512kbps
cell edge throughputs for UL/DL, respectively.
For the sake of comparative analysis, the same exercise
is conducted with HSPA+ system at 2.1GHz band (i.e., the
most popular band for UMTS system) [8], [9]. Figure 4
illustrates the loading impact on the cell radius for UL and
DL of HSPA+ system. The figure indicates that the DL is
the limiting link in HSPA+ as long as the UL loading is less
than 90%. The DL cell radius get decreased by 45% at
100% load while the UL cell radius goes close to 0 at 100%
UL load [14]. This illustrates the well know cell breathing
drawback of the UMTS system. To further analyze the cell
breathing, the cell radius is estimated versus the allocated
power of the PA per user to guarantee 512Kbps DL
throughput at cell edge. Figure 5 demonstrates the cell
radius and number of users with 512Kbps at cell edge
versus power allocation per user. The figure indicates that
the cell radius shrinks as a function of number of users at
cell edge with 512 Kbps throughput and only max of 6
users can achieve 512 Kbps throughput at cell edge while
the cell radius shrunk to 200m. Therefore, one native
HSDPA carrier (i.e., only HSDPA data) with 40 watt power
amplifier (PA) can serve only six users with 512kbps at cell
edge, which is only 200 meter away from the cell center
[8], [9]. This limitation is a major differentiator for the LTE
system thanks to the OFDM technique.
Figure 4 Impact of cell loading on cell radius for HSPA+ at
2.1GHz in urban indoor scenario at 128kbps/512kbps cell edge
throughputs for UL/DL, respectively
Figure 5 Cell radius and number of users with 512Kbps DL
thrghouput at cell edge versus power allocation per user
0.00##
0.10##
0.20##
0.30##
0.40##
0.50##
0.60##
0.70##
0.80##
0.90##
1.00##
1.10##
1.20##
1.30##
10# 20# 30# 40# 50# 60# 70# 80# 90# 100#
Cell#Radius(Km)
Cell#Radius#versus#Cell#Loading
UL#
DL#
Cell#Loading#(%)
HSPA Cell Radius as a function of Loading
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell Loading(%)
Cell
Radius(km)
UL
DL
5. IV.LTE Throughput Analysis
For a TCP/IP application and using the generalized
protocol parameters in [2], [13], the expected peak
theoretical DL and UL throughputs of LTE are provided in
Figure 6 for MIMO 2x2 and for single-input single output
(SISO) [2]. The SISO throughputs are the expected peak
throughputs to be seen in the indoor distributed antenna
solution (DAS) that deployed inside tall buildings or
underground stations/tunnels to enhance the coverage.
Unfortunately, the deployed legacy DAS systems do not
support MIMO configuration as only one antenna is
deployed and therefore, it is difficult and very costly to
upgrade the legacy DAS systems to support MIMO as a
complete parallel set of RF feeders and antenna system
need to be installed. Considering the throughput gain of
MIMO, an alternative solution to deploy MIMO with DAS
system based on hotspot approach could be an efficient
interim strategy. Another alternative solution is by
alternatively feeding the two RF ports of the MIMO 2x2 to
feed neighbor DAS antennas, which would provide less
degraded MIMO performance. However, DAS design can
be revisited to improve MIMO performance by maintaining
multiple of half wavelength separation distance between
MIMO antennas.
Figure 6 Theoretical LTE UL and DL throughputs for MIMO
2x2 and SISO
The most important factor during network design is
the average sector throughput. In this paper we have
estimated the average throughput for LTE system based
on a commercially deployed LTE network with CAT 3
UE. Figure 7 provides drive test throughput
performance of LTE system from a commercially
deployed LTE network with same simulation
parameters used to estimate the peak throughputs in
Figure 6 using MIMO 2x2 configuration. The average
throughput is estimated to be around 33Mbps over the
entire route with mobility at 80Km/hour. Without losing
the generality, we assume the average sector throughput
equals the average user throughput (i.e., 33Mbps).
Figure 7 LTE network DL throughput using CAT 3 Modem
V.LTE Network Dimensioning
Following the average sector throughput estimation as
provided in the previous section, the capacity of a single
LTE site can be calculated. Figure 8 provides LTE
dimensioning exercise and a comparison with DC-HSPA+
system. The key input to the dimensioning exercise is the
average sector throughput and the outcome is the number of
the subscriber based on the provided traffic profile. The
average sector throughput of LTE is 33Mbps as estimated
in the previous section. The average sector throughput of
the HSPA+ system is estimated using a similar manner to
be 12.3Mbps based on collocated LTE/HSPA+ sites and
testing same route depicted in Figure 7. A complete
comparative comparison between the collocated LTE and
HSPA+ systems for the route in Figure 7 is summarized in
Table 2 [13]. A typical DL loading of 70% is used in the
dimensioning exercise in Figure 8 and the traffic profile of
the user is 50kbps during busy hour (i.e., typical user
throughput if all users accessed the system at the same
time). For sake of comparative analysis, the HSPA+ system
is considered with two native HSPA+ carriers (i.e., no R99
traffic) and using the DC-HSPA+ feature where two
carriers are aggregated to provide 42Mbps peak throughput.
A peak to average margin of 20% is considered to
accommodate burst traffic. Figure 8 indicates that the LTE
system offers capacity improvement of 34%, which is
directly reflected by the average sector throughput gain
depicted in Table 2 and thus the spectrum efficiency gain.
The complete network dimension exercise is summarized in
Figure 9. The full coverage and capacity dimensioning
exercise of LTE system is demonstrated in Figure 9 which
provides the total number of the required eNBs to meet the
coverage and capacity requirements.
6. Figure 8 LTE and HSPA+ networks dimensioning
Table 2: Comparison between LTE and HSPA+ based on commercially deployed networks
Criteria DC-HSPA+ (2.1GHz) LTE (1800MHz)
Mobility average throughput 9 Mbps with DC (2x5MHz) 33 Mbps with 20MHz channel BW
Average scheduling rate 73%* 100%
Normalized mobility average
Throughput
12.3 Mbps with DC (2x5MHz) Same as above
Mobility spectrum efficiency 1.23 (i.e., 12.3Mbps/10MHz) 1.65 (i.e., 33 Mbps/20Mhz)
Throughput % 2.1% of the route > 21Mbps 50% of the route > 28Mbps
Number of serving cells 100 67
Estimated cell radius (meter) 390 500 (28% improvement)
64QAM utilization % 8% of the route 40% of the route
MIMO usage % MIMO +DC is not available yet 62% of the route
* Estimated from the number of successful high speed-shared control channel (HS-SCCH) decoded by the UE
Figure 9 LTE network dimensioning flowchart
Cell Average
Throughput Calculation
Subscribers Supported
per Cell
Traffic Model
Analysis
eNodeB Number
Configuration
Analysis
Start
End
eNodeB Number
(initialized by Coverage Dimensioning)
Adjust eNodeB
Number
No
Satisfy Capacity
Requirement?
Total Subscribers
Yes
MAPL of
Downlink
(MAPLDL)
MAPL of
Uplink
(MAPLUL)
MAPL =
Min (MAPLDL , MAPLUL)
Cell Count per
Morphology
Cell Area per
Morphology
Cell Radius per
Morphology
LTE Link Budget
7. VI. LTE QoS Aspects
The quality of service (QoS) indicates the expected
service class in terms of packet delay tolerance, acceptable
packet loss rates, and required minimum bit rates during
network communication. QoS ensures that request and
response of a user (i.e., inter-user QoS) or application (i.e.,
intra-user QoS) correspond to a certain predictable service
class. The QoS is a general term that used on various
conditions with service supplies and demands to assess the
capability of meeting customer service requirements. The
assessment is not based on accurate scoring, but on analysis
of service quality in different conditions instead. Then,
specific measures can be taken to improve service quality.
The most common problems of the IP-based transmission
networks are packet delay, jitter, and packet loss.
Additionally, different applications require different
bandwidths. Therefore, the problem becomes more severe
and a robust QoS mechanism is mandatory. The QoS
provides a comprehensive solution in such situation. Figure
10 illustrates the end-to-end bearer service architecture.
An evolved packet system (EPS) bearer uniquely
identifies packet flows that receive a common QoS
treatment between the UE and the PGW (i.e., same
scheduling, queue, management/rate, shaping, and
policy). As shown in Figure 10, the EPS bearer consists of
the radio bearer between the UE and the eNB, the S1-bearer
between the eNB and the SGW, and the S5/S8 bearer
between the SGW and PGW. An EPS bearer can be a
guaranteed bit rate (GBR) or non-guaranteed bit rate (Non-
GBR) [2]. Table 3 provides the 3GPP QoS class identifiers
(QCI) for different applications with corresponding QoS
requirements. The QCI is further used within the LTE
access network to define the control packet-forwarding
treatment from an end-to-end perspective [11], [12]. It also
ensures a minimum standard level of QoS to ease the
interworking between the LTE networks mainly in roaming
cases and in multi-vendor environments. The packet delay
budget (PDB) defines an upper bound delay that a packet is
allowed to experience between the UE and the PGW.
The key QoS parameters attached to a bearer are
outlined as follows:
1. QoS Class Identifier (QCI): (for inter/intra-user QoS) is
used to control packet-forwarding treatment (e.g.
scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue
management thresholds, link layer protocol
configuration, etc.), and typically pre-configured by the
operator.
2. Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP) (for Inter-user
QoS): the ARP is stored in the subscriber profile in HSS
on a per access point name (APN) basis (at least one
APN must be defined per subscriber) and it can take
value between 1 – 15 based on the user priority (i.e.,
gold, silver, and bronze). The primary purpose of the
ARP is to decide if a bearer establishment/modification
request can be accepted or rejected (i.e., admission
control) in case of resource limitation.
3. Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Maximum Bit Rate (MBR)
– this parameter is defined for GBR bearer only.
4. Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR) sums all non-GBR
bearers per terminal/APN.
The eNB guarantees the downlink GBR associated with
a GBR bearer and enforces the downlink AMBR associated
with a group of Non-GBR bearers [2]. In order to maintain
the same priority of the QCI over end-to-end
implementation, the QCI should be mapped to the IP
transport network. A key QoS parameter that used for this
purpose is the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) that
encapsulated with each IP packet. A typical mapping
between QCI and DSCP is also shown in Table 3. The
signaling is mapped to the highest priority (i.e., DSCP =
46) while other applications with different QCIs are
mapped accordingly. Furthermore, the QCI/DSCP need to
be mapped to the transmission network such as the
microwave (MW) links air interface. The mapping to the
MW air interface is based on queuing technique and the
number of queues depends on the MW manufacturer. If we
assumed MW with 8 queues, then the mapping is illustrated
also in Table 3. It is recommended to reduce the number of
queues and number of DSCP values to reduce the
complexity during the implementation and later during
network expansion or upgrade.
Figure 10 End-to-end SAE bearer service architecture
8. Table 3. QCI mapping to DSCP and MW queuing
Traffic
type
GBR/
Non-
GBR
QCI Priority Packet
Delay
Budget
Packet
loss
rate
DSCP MW
Queuing
Service Sample
Signaling
(SCTP)
N/A 46 7 Stream Transmission Control Protocol
Sync
(1588V2)
46 7 Synchronization Signal
O&M 46 7 Operation and maintenance
User Data GBR 1 2 100 10-2
46 7 Conversational voice
2 4 150 10-3
26 4 Conversational video (Live Streaming)
3 3 50 10-3
34 5 Real time gaming
4 5 300 10-6
26 4 Non-conversational video (Buffer streaming)
Non-
GBR
5 1 100 10-6
46 7 IMS signaling
6 6 300 10-6
18 2 Video (buffer steaming) TCP based (www. e-
mail, chat, ftp)
7 7 100 10-3
18 2 Voice, Video (live streaming) interactive
streaming.
8, 9 8, 9 300 10-6
0 0 Video (buffer steaming) TCP based (www. e-
mail, chat, ftp)
The deployment scenario in Table 3 is for application-
based QoS (i.e., provide different treatment for different
applications). This scenario consumes almost all MW
capability in terms of queues and therefore, there is no
room to accommodate other technologies on the same MW
network. Another interesting scenario to deploy QoS is the
inter-user QoS by providing differentiated treatment for
users based on their importance, for example, gold, silver,
and bronze users. This approach will allow the operator to
offer differentiated services to their customers while
maximizing the utilization efficiency of the scarce
resources in air interface and transport network. Table 4
provides a practical deployment scenario for the inter-user
QoS in commercial LTE network. In this exercise, QCI 6,
8, and 9 are used to represent gold, silver, and bronze users,
respectively. The user priority (i.e., ARP) is stored in the
HSS profile of the user and the PGW can map the QCI
values to DSCP values as per table 4. The PGW cannot
map the ARP to DSCP. The scheduling weight for each
user category is defined in the eNB and it is associated with
each ARP/QCI. The throughput testing results of this
exercise is shown in Figure 11. In this exercise, one LTE
cell with 20MHz channel bandwidth is used and three users
(gold, silver, and bronze) are accessing the LTE cell at the
same time. The demonstrated throughput is obtained using
FTP download.
Table 4: Inter-user QoS deployment scenario in commercial LTE
network
User
Category
DSCP Values in
Transport Network
User
Priority
(ARP) in
HSS
QCI
Allocation/
Priority
Weight in
eNB
Signaling Voice
Data
Traffic
GOLD 46 46 34 5 6 100
Silver 46 46 18 7 8 50
Bronze 46 46 0 9 9 20
Figure 11 FTP download throughput for three users with different
QoS as per Table 4.
As shown in Table 5, the actual average users throughputs
are well presented by the allocation/priority weight. The
allocation/priority weight is operator adjustable value and it
depends on operator strategy and pricing scheme for each
user category or the data bundle.
Table 5: Throughput Analysis for the scenario in Table 4
Total Cell Throughput (Mbps)
User Priority Gold Silver Copper
Allocation/ Priority Weight in eNB 100 50 20
Number of Online Users 1 1 1
Expected Average User Throughput (Mbps) 32.2 16.1 6.4
Expected Throughput Percentage (%) 59% 29% 12%
Achieved Average Throughput (Mbps) 32.9 14.7 7.1
Achieved Throughput Percentage (%) 60% 27% 13%
54.7
9. VII.LTE network Latency
The latency is one of the most critical factors that can
impact the performance of the LTE network. Therefore, a
special attention should be given to the latency at designing
phase of the LTE network to meet the X1 and S2 latency
requirements and also to maintain the gain of the reduced
latency that offered by the LTE system. A latency
comparison is conducted between the LTE simplified
topology (termed as LTE trial) where the eNB is directly
connected to the EPC without IPSec GW via one
transmission media (i.e., fiber network in this case) and a
full commercial LTE network similar to the topology in
Figure 2. Also, for sake of comparative analysis, the latency
of the collocated HSPA+ network is presented. The latency
is measured in terms of round trip time (RTT) which is
estimated by sending packets of different sizes (i.e., 10,
100, 1000, 1460 Bytes) using ping command to a local FTP
server directly connected to the EPC in case of LTE
network and to the packet core of the HSPA+ network (i.e.,
GGSN; gateway GPRS support node). As demonstrated in
Figure 12, the simplified LTE network offers significant
latency reduction. Moreover, the LTE system can maintain
the same latency even with bigger packet size. The full
commercial LTE network introduces higher latency
compared to the simplified LTE network due to the
introduction of the IPSec GW, firewall, and other IP routers
in access and core clouds. Despite this, the full commercial
LTE network yields a reduced latency compared to the
collocated HSPA+ network that uses the same backhauling.
More specifically, the full commercial LTE network offers
average reduction of 40% in latency compared to HSPA+
network. Furthermore, with HSPA+ network, the latency is
significantly increased with the packet size increase where
the difference in latency between the smallest and biggest
packets is 21ms versus 12ms with the full commercial LTE
network and only 1ms for the simplified LTE network.
Figure 12 Latency comparison among LTE simplified network,
full LTE network, and collocated HSPA+ network
VIII.Conclusions
In this paper, we have provided the key practical
aspects and the best practices for design and
deployment of a commercial LTE network. The end-to-
end LTE network topology is presented along with key
network domains. The theoretical LB of the LTE system
is analyzed and validated using field test results. It has
been validated that the LTE system is UL link limited
and the difference between UL and DL path losses is
around 3-4 dB. On the other side, the DL is the limiting
link in HSPA+ system as long as the UL loading is less
than 90%. Moreover, with LTE system, the UL cell
radius is reduced by 10% at 100% load, which is a very
graceful degradation compared to the HSPA+ system
where the DL cell radius is decreased by 45% at 100%
load. We have conducted an end-to-end dimensioning
exercise for LTE system including coverage and
capacity planning. In addition, we have presented the
key practical aspects of the QoS deployment and the
end-to-end deployment scenario for a commercial LTE
network for both application-based QoS and inter-user
QoS. Also, a practical throughput testing results from
live LTE network is presented for inter-user QoS.
Finally, latency of the LTE network is compared with
the HSPA+ network. It has been demonstrated that the
full commercial LTE network offers average reduction
of 40% in latency compared to HSPA+ network.
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my appreciation to the wireless
broadband team for their cooperative support. Many thanks
to Huawei and Qualcomm teams who supported this work
with a lot of resources and practical results.
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Ayman Elnashar was born in Egypt in 1972. He received the
B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Alexandria University,
Alexandria, Egypt, in 1995 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical communications engineering from Mansoura University,
Mansoura, Egypt, in 1999 and 2005, respectively. He has more
than 15 years of practical experience in telecoms industry
including GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA+/LTE, WiMax,
WiFi, and transport/backhauling technologies. Currently, he is Sr.
Director of Wireless Broadband with the Emirates Integrated
Telecommunications Co. “du“, UAE. He is in charge of mobile
and fixed wireless broadband networks.
Prior to this, he was with Mobily, Saudi Arabia, from June 2005 to
Jan 2008 and with mobinil (orange), Egypt, from March 2000 to
June 2005. He has managed several large-scale networks and
mega projects with approximate capital of one billion USD
including start-up, networks expansion, and swap projects. He
obtained his PhD degree in multiuser interference cancellation and
smart antennas for cellular systems. He published 18 papers in
wireless communications arena in highly ranked journals such as
IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, IEEE
Transactions Vehicular technology, and IEEE Transactions
Circuits and Systems and international conferences. His research
interests include digital signal processing for wireless
communications, performance analysis of cellular systems,
CDMA, OFDM, mobile network planning and design, multiuser
detection, smart antennas, beamforming, and robust adaptive
detection.