This document discusses the benefits of LTE technology for consumers that Verizon Wireless will provide by implementing LTE. Key benefits include higher data rates of 5-12 Mbps download and 2-5 Mbps upload, improved coverage especially indoors using 700MHz spectrum, better performance in high-mobility and multipath environments through OFDMA and SC-FDMA, lower latency enabling richer applications, support for multiple simultaneous users, enhanced security, simplified international roaming, and support for mass machine-to-machine deployments through IPV6 and identifiers. These benefits will allow new innovative multimedia applications and services beyond traditional wireless.
Lte mtc - optimizing lte advanced for machine-type communicationsSatya Harish
LTE MTC optimizes LTE Advanced to better support machine-to-machine communications by increasing battery life, reducing device complexity, and enhancing coverage while co-existing with existing mobile broadband services. These optimizations are part of the upcoming Release 13 of the 3GPP standard and will benefit the growing market of connected devices and machines.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
Recent Advances in Wireless Small Cell Networks
This document provides an overview of small cell networks and associated challenges. It discusses:
1) The need for small cell networks to address exponentially increasing mobile data demand. Mobile traffic is expected to grow 1000x by 2020 due to more devices, higher data rates, and video.
2) Characteristics of small cell networks including heterogeneous deployment of different types of small cells (e.g. femtocells, picocells), various access policies, and backhaul challenges.
3) Key challenges for small cell networks including interference management, mobility management, self-organization, energy efficiency, and integration with existing cellular networks. Modeling and analysis of small cell networks is important
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
This document discusses opportunities for network sharing in LTE mobile networks. It describes how network sharing can help mobile service providers address challenges of rapidly increasing data usage while generating limited additional revenue. The document outlines how LTE network standards support infrastructure sharing and analyzes different sharing models used by customers, including a wholesale LTE network and a joint venture sharing multiple radio access networks. Key challenges of quality, regulation, commercial agreements, and cost sharing are also reviewed.
CDMA Based Secure Cellular Communication via Satellite LinkIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed CDMA-based cellular communication system using a satellite link between the base station transceiver (BTS) and base station controller (BSC) to enable communication during natural disasters when the terrestrial link may be damaged. Specifically:
1) A portable/compact BTS integrated with core and radio network functions would connect via satellite to the BSC, allowing instant restoration of the communication link when the normal BTS-BSC link is disrupted, such as during floods, cyclones, or tsunamis.
2) The system would use commercially available CDMA mobile handsets within a limited coverage area provided by a micro/pico BTS connected to a portable satellite terminal like
Lte mtc - optimizing lte advanced for machine-type communicationsSatya Harish
LTE MTC optimizes LTE Advanced to better support machine-to-machine communications by increasing battery life, reducing device complexity, and enhancing coverage while co-existing with existing mobile broadband services. These optimizations are part of the upcoming Release 13 of the 3GPP standard and will benefit the growing market of connected devices and machines.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
Recent Advances in Wireless Small Cell Networks
This document provides an overview of small cell networks and associated challenges. It discusses:
1) The need for small cell networks to address exponentially increasing mobile data demand. Mobile traffic is expected to grow 1000x by 2020 due to more devices, higher data rates, and video.
2) Characteristics of small cell networks including heterogeneous deployment of different types of small cells (e.g. femtocells, picocells), various access policies, and backhaul challenges.
3) Key challenges for small cell networks including interference management, mobility management, self-organization, energy efficiency, and integration with existing cellular networks. Modeling and analysis of small cell networks is important
This document summarizes key aspects of practical LTE network design and deployment. It describes the end-to-end LTE network architecture including the evolved NodeB (eNB), Evolved Packet Core (EPC), and interfaces. It then analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets for different deployment scenarios. Dimensioning and design considerations are discussed including throughput, capacity, and quality of service (QoS). Latency is analyzed and compared to HSPA+. The document provides guidance on commercial LTE network planning and implementation.
This document discusses opportunities for network sharing in LTE mobile networks. It describes how network sharing can help mobile service providers address challenges of rapidly increasing data usage while generating limited additional revenue. The document outlines how LTE network standards support infrastructure sharing and analyzes different sharing models used by customers, including a wholesale LTE network and a joint venture sharing multiple radio access networks. Key challenges of quality, regulation, commercial agreements, and cost sharing are also reviewed.
CDMA Based Secure Cellular Communication via Satellite LinkIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed CDMA-based cellular communication system using a satellite link between the base station transceiver (BTS) and base station controller (BSC) to enable communication during natural disasters when the terrestrial link may be damaged. Specifically:
1) A portable/compact BTS integrated with core and radio network functions would connect via satellite to the BSC, allowing instant restoration of the communication link when the normal BTS-BSC link is disrupted, such as during floods, cyclones, or tsunamis.
2) The system would use commercially available CDMA mobile handsets within a limited coverage area provided by a micro/pico BTS connected to a portable satellite terminal like
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
3G networks provide faster data transmission speeds and a wider range of services compared to previous 2G networks. 3G allows data transfer rates up to 2Mbps and introduces technologies like UMTS that support transmission speeds of up to 300Mbps. It enables advanced applications and multimedia services on mobile devices through improved spectral efficiency and network capacity.
3G networks faced issues accommodating mobile internet demand, including high costs of expanding networks. Performance was also low in densely populated and dead spot areas. IMT-Advanced networks were developed to address these issues by providing higher data rates, better mobility support, improved indoor coverage, and more compatible international roaming compared to 3G networks. WiMAX is a telecommunications technology that can provide wireless broadband internet over wide areas as an alternative to DSL and cable. It uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and can transmit data at distances of up to 30 miles.
This document provides a regulatory framework for mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in Malaysia. It defines MVNOs and outlines four business models for MVNOs - full MVNO, enhanced service provider, enhanced reseller, and reseller. It discusses proposals from Telekom Malaysia and UMTS to provide airtime capacity to MVNOs. The document also covers licensing requirements, numbering allocation, and the MCMC's limited regulatory intervention approach to ensure MVNO sustainability and competitiveness.
Network Configuration Example: Configuring Service Provider Wi-FiJuniper Networks
This document presents configuration examples for mobile and fixed-line service providers
to use wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) 802.11 to offload mobile data traffic from the macro cellular
network. It also presents step-by-step procedures for configuring the Juniper Networks’
service provider Wi-Fi solution and individual network elements to simultaneously deliver
both open Wi-Fi access (with a captive portal) as well as secure Wi-Fi access (with
EAP-based authentication).
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile network technology providing broadband Internet access to devices like smartphones and laptops. It allows for applications like high-definition mobile TV and video calling. Two commercially deployed 4G standards are Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE), although their early versions may not meet all technical 4G requirements. True 4G is expected to provide peak speeds over 1 gigabit per second for stationary users.
A novel adaptive schema to facilitates playback switching technique for video...IJECEIAES
The services of the video on demand (VoD) are currently based on the developments of the technology of the digital video and the network’s high speed. The files of the video are retrieved from many viewers according to the permission, which is given by VoD services. The remote VoD servers conduct this access. A server permits the user to choose videos anywhere/ anytime in order to enjoy a unified control of the video playback. In this paper, a novel adaptive method is produced in order to deliver various facilities of the VoD to all devices that are moving within several networks. This process is performed via mobility modules within the produced method since it applies a seamless playback technique for retrieving the facilities of the VoD through environments of heterogeneous networks. The performance of the simulation is tested for checking clients’ movements through different networks with different sizes and speeds, which are buffered in the storage. It is found to be proven from the results that the handoff latency has various types of rapidity. The method applies smooth connections and delivers various facilities of the VoD. Meantime, the mobile device transfers through different networks. This implies that the system transports video segments easily without encountering any notable effects.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone communications standards that provides high-speed internet access to devices like laptops and smartphones. In 2008, the International Telecommunications Union specified requirements for 4G standards, called IMT-Advanced, which include peak data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. Key technologies that enable 4G include LTE, WiMAX, OFDMA, and MIMO.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
The project manages to derive the range of operation of a user in interference based scenarios between Femtocells and Macrocells, in terms of Signal to Noise and Interference ratios. The simulation was carried out for both the uplink and the downlink scenario. It could be successfully concluded that the environment that the user is in plays an important part in performance evaluation of the user.
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND FUTURE OF CELLULAR MA...cscpconf
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the progression from GSM to GPRS/EDGE and UMTS networks, which improved data transmission rates. LTE networks using OFDMA are described as an important evolutionary step providing higher spectral efficiency and end user data rates exceeding 100 Mbps. The future of 4G mobile systems is predicted to focus on seamlessly integrating existing wireless technologies like GSM, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
This document discusses Wi-Fi data offloading and its impacts on network infrastructure costs (CAPEX and OPEX). It describes modeling traffic patterns to determine optimal offload strategies. Wi-Fi offloading can reduce costs compared to densifying the macro cell network through additional sites and carriers. The document examines trade-offs between Wi-Fi, femtocells, and macro cell densification for offloading data. It also outlines considerations for a successful carrier Wi-Fi offload solution.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
The document discusses telecommunications networks and applications. It covers topics like major developments in telecommunications technologies, the business value of the internet, intranets and extranets. Components of telecommunications networks are identified as terminals, telecommunications processors, channels and computers. Types of networks explained are WAN, LAN, VPN, client/server, network computing and peer-to-peer. The document also discusses telecommunications media like twisted-pair wire and coaxial cable. Case studies on wireless business applications and using mobile technologies for emergency services are presented.
This document discusses a new app called SmartNote that records lectures and converts them to organized text that can be accessed on phones or computers. It aims to free students from exhaustingly writing down every word during lectures so they can better focus on what is being said. Currently, taking notes and paying full attention is difficult. SmartNote offers a solution by automatically transcribing audio recordings of lectures into text notes that are easy to access. The app costs $4.99 and is positioned as providing quick and convenient access to lecture notes.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
The document discusses driverless vehicle technologies, including how they detect traffic lights and sense their surroundings. It describes sensors like radar, lidar, cameras and GPS that provide input to control systems. The control systems analyze sensor data to identify paths and obstacles. Technologies like automatic braking, electronic stability control and cruise control help control the vehicle. The processor makes sense of sensor data to guide actuators that control the vehicle without driver assistance.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
3G networks provide faster data transmission speeds and a wider range of services compared to previous 2G networks. 3G allows data transfer rates up to 2Mbps and introduces technologies like UMTS that support transmission speeds of up to 300Mbps. It enables advanced applications and multimedia services on mobile devices through improved spectral efficiency and network capacity.
3G networks faced issues accommodating mobile internet demand, including high costs of expanding networks. Performance was also low in densely populated and dead spot areas. IMT-Advanced networks were developed to address these issues by providing higher data rates, better mobility support, improved indoor coverage, and more compatible international roaming compared to 3G networks. WiMAX is a telecommunications technology that can provide wireless broadband internet over wide areas as an alternative to DSL and cable. It uses the IEEE 802.16 standard and can transmit data at distances of up to 30 miles.
This document provides a regulatory framework for mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) in Malaysia. It defines MVNOs and outlines four business models for MVNOs - full MVNO, enhanced service provider, enhanced reseller, and reseller. It discusses proposals from Telekom Malaysia and UMTS to provide airtime capacity to MVNOs. The document also covers licensing requirements, numbering allocation, and the MCMC's limited regulatory intervention approach to ensure MVNO sustainability and competitiveness.
Network Configuration Example: Configuring Service Provider Wi-FiJuniper Networks
This document presents configuration examples for mobile and fixed-line service providers
to use wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) 802.11 to offload mobile data traffic from the macro cellular
network. It also presents step-by-step procedures for configuring the Juniper Networks’
service provider Wi-Fi solution and individual network elements to simultaneously deliver
both open Wi-Fi access (with a captive portal) as well as secure Wi-Fi access (with
EAP-based authentication).
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile network technology providing broadband Internet access to devices like smartphones and laptops. It allows for applications like high-definition mobile TV and video calling. Two commercially deployed 4G standards are Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE), although their early versions may not meet all technical 4G requirements. True 4G is expected to provide peak speeds over 1 gigabit per second for stationary users.
A novel adaptive schema to facilitates playback switching technique for video...IJECEIAES
The services of the video on demand (VoD) are currently based on the developments of the technology of the digital video and the network’s high speed. The files of the video are retrieved from many viewers according to the permission, which is given by VoD services. The remote VoD servers conduct this access. A server permits the user to choose videos anywhere/ anytime in order to enjoy a unified control of the video playback. In this paper, a novel adaptive method is produced in order to deliver various facilities of the VoD to all devices that are moving within several networks. This process is performed via mobility modules within the produced method since it applies a seamless playback technique for retrieving the facilities of the VoD through environments of heterogeneous networks. The performance of the simulation is tested for checking clients’ movements through different networks with different sizes and speeds, which are buffered in the storage. It is found to be proven from the results that the handoff latency has various types of rapidity. The method applies smooth connections and delivers various facilities of the VoD. Meantime, the mobile device transfers through different networks. This implies that the system transports video segments easily without encountering any notable effects.
4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone communications standards that provides high-speed internet access to devices like laptops and smartphones. In 2008, the International Telecommunications Union specified requirements for 4G standards, called IMT-Advanced, which include peak data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility. Key technologies that enable 4G include LTE, WiMAX, OFDMA, and MIMO.
A computer network connects devices through communication channels to allow for resource sharing. An enterprise network integrates systems across departments to eliminate isolated users. A telecommunication network transmits information electronically over long distances. It consists of terminals, computers, transmission media, and software. Benefits of telecommunication networks include overcoming barriers of time, distance, and costs. Components include devices, connecting hardware, software protocols, and security measures. Network topologies determine how devices are arranged and connected, with common examples being bus, star, ring, and hybrid configurations. Major trends impacting telecommunications include growth of internet technologies, digital networks, and increased business applications.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
The project manages to derive the range of operation of a user in interference based scenarios between Femtocells and Macrocells, in terms of Signal to Noise and Interference ratios. The simulation was carried out for both the uplink and the downlink scenario. It could be successfully concluded that the environment that the user is in plays an important part in performance evaluation of the user.
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND FUTURE OF CELLULAR MA...cscpconf
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the progression from GSM to GPRS/EDGE and UMTS networks, which improved data transmission rates. LTE networks using OFDMA are described as an important evolutionary step providing higher spectral efficiency and end user data rates exceeding 100 Mbps. The future of 4G mobile systems is predicted to focus on seamlessly integrating existing wireless technologies like GSM, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
This document discusses Wi-Fi data offloading and its impacts on network infrastructure costs (CAPEX and OPEX). It describes modeling traffic patterns to determine optimal offload strategies. Wi-Fi offloading can reduce costs compared to densifying the macro cell network through additional sites and carriers. The document examines trade-offs between Wi-Fi, femtocells, and macro cell densification for offloading data. It also outlines considerations for a successful carrier Wi-Fi offload solution.
Future Technologies and Testing for Fixed Mobile Convergence,SAE and LTE in C...Going LTE
This white paper discusses future technologies for fixed-mobile convergence including LTE and SAE. It defines fixed-mobile convergence as providing consistent services via any fixed or mobile access point. The paper describes the motivation for convergence including mobility and consistent services. It outlines the LTE/SAE introduction and technologies including the evolved packet core and all-IP architecture. Key aspects of LTE such as physical layer channels and protocols are also summarized. The purpose is to support an integrated network through the IP Multimedia Subsystem for high-speed mobile experiences comparable to fixed broadband.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
The document discusses telecommunications networks and applications. It covers topics like major developments in telecommunications technologies, the business value of the internet, intranets and extranets. Components of telecommunications networks are identified as terminals, telecommunications processors, channels and computers. Types of networks explained are WAN, LAN, VPN, client/server, network computing and peer-to-peer. The document also discusses telecommunications media like twisted-pair wire and coaxial cable. Case studies on wireless business applications and using mobile technologies for emergency services are presented.
This document discusses a new app called SmartNote that records lectures and converts them to organized text that can be accessed on phones or computers. It aims to free students from exhaustingly writing down every word during lectures so they can better focus on what is being said. Currently, taking notes and paying full attention is difficult. SmartNote offers a solution by automatically transcribing audio recordings of lectures into text notes that are easy to access. The app costs $4.99 and is positioned as providing quick and convenient access to lecture notes.
Eye tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze or the motion of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement.
The document discusses driverless vehicle technologies, including how they detect traffic lights and sense their surroundings. It describes sensors like radar, lidar, cameras and GPS that provide input to control systems. The control systems analyze sensor data to identify paths and obstacles. Technologies like automatic braking, electronic stability control and cruise control help control the vehicle. The processor makes sense of sensor data to guide actuators that control the vehicle without driver assistance.
This document describes a patient monitoring system using GSM technology. The system was developed under the guidance of K. Rajesh Kumar and associates to remotely monitor patient parameters like temperature, heart rate, and panic button presses. It uses a microcontroller, sensors, ADC, LCD, buzzer and GSM modem. The system measures vital signs, sounds an alarm for emergencies, and sends SMS alerts to caregivers. Its goal is to provide remote monitoring over a wide area with fewer caregivers. Potential applications include hospitals where large numbers of patients must be constantly observed.
This document discusses automated or driverless cars. It describes how driverless cars use sensors like LIDAR and radar along with artificial intelligence, GPS, and Google Maps to navigate without human intervention. The car's AI software is connected to all sensors and controls systems like steering and brakes based on input from sensors and maps. Major companies developing driverless car technology include Google, GM, Ford, Audi, BMW, Volkswagen and Volvo. Benefits include eliminating accidents from human error, improving traffic flow, and allowing passengers to work or rest while the car drives itself.
RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify objects. RFID tags attached to objects are scanned by an RFID reader to transmit data wirelessly. A basic RFID system consists of an antenna that emits radio signals, a transceiver that controls data acquisition and communication, and a transponder tag that contains identifying information transmitted to the reader. The document discusses applications of RFID technology including tracking objects and automating processes like access control and parking systems.
The document discusses SIM cards, including their history and technology. Some key points:
- SIM cards were first produced in 1991 and allow users to switch phones without re-registering. They contain identification information and network authentication data.
- SIM card sizes have decreased over time from mini to micro to nano. Standards like GSM and CDMA use different SIM card technologies.
- SIM cards allow flexibility for prepaid or postpaid service plans. A survey found that most users prefer Airtel network and prepaid plans.
This document describes a vehicle accident detection system that uses GPS and GSM technology. When a vehicle accident is detected by a vibration sensor, the sensor sends a signal to an ARM controller. The controller then sends an alert message through a GSM modem to emergency services, including the location from the GPS modem. This allows emergency services to quickly locate the accident site based on the GPS coordinates received after an accident is detected.
The document summarizes optical computing and optical computers. It discusses the components of an optical computer like VCSEL, SLM, WDM and optical memory. It explains that an optical computer uses visible light or infrared beams rather than electric current to perform computations. Some advantages are that optical computing is simple but it has drawbacks like imperfections or dust causing interference. The future trends discuss the Indian government initiating photonic development.
mart note taker It uses special pen that comprises of sensors, memory, processor, battery and display. When we write it try to detect the shape and capture the motion and then display on the monitor. Now this information can be send to other We will vanish this time lag by using a technology that the data will be sent to PC directly not by stored
Copying the identity of one phone or SIM to another phone or SIM is known as sim or mobile phone cloning.
The bill for usage goes to legitimate subscriber.
The document describes a smart note taker product that allows users to take notes by writing in the air. The notes are sensed and stored digitally. Key features include allowing blind users to write freely, and enabling instructors to write notes during presentations that are broadcast to students. It works using sensors to detect 3D writing motions, which are processed, stored, and can be viewed on a display or sent to other devices. An applet program and database are used to recognize words written in the air and print them. The smart note taker offers advantages over digital pens like ease of use and time savings.
The seminar discusses a smart note taker pen that allows users to write notes in thin air that are then digitally stored. It recognizes handwriting in 22 languages and instantly converts notes to editable text files. The pen contains sensors to detect 3D shapes and motions and stores information in an onboard memory chip. When docked, the pen transmits the handwritten notes via an internet connection to computers or mobile devices for viewing and sharing. Key features include its usefulness for note taking, presentations, phone calls where figures are needed, and its compatibility with graphics software after conversion to digital text.
This document describes an RFID vehicle tracking system that uses transmitters and receivers to track vehicles within a 10 meter range and deduct toll amounts by searching a database when a vehicle's turn arrives.
The document discusses the Eye Gaze system, which allows people with physical disabilities to control devices with their eyes. It describes how the system works by tracking a user's eye movements to select on-screen options. The document outlines who can benefit from the system, its various components and menus, applications, and future advancements like improved portability and tracking for limited eye control. It concludes that eye tracking interfaces can aid application control if used sensibly given the voluntary and involuntary nature of eye movements.
Automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using gsm and gps m...mahesh_rman
This document summarizes an automatic vehicle accident detection and messaging system using GSM and GPS technology. The system uses a microcontroller, GSM modem, and GPS modem to detect if an accident occurs and send an SMS message with the vehicle's location to alert contacts. Some key advantages are providing security while traveling by detecting accident locations and notifying others. The system could also be expanded to track stolen vehicles or interface with other vehicle security systems.
The document discusses Google's driverless car project. It describes how the car uses sensors like LIDAR and video cameras along with Google Maps and artificial intelligence software to navigate roads safely without human intervention. The AI analyzes sensor data to determine speed, steering, and navigation. Google has tested the technology extensively, logging over 140,000 miles. The conclusion suggests driverless vehicles could be commercially available within 5 years.
The document discusses Huawei's LTE technology and products. It outlines Huawei's leadership in LTE development, including being the first to achieve key milestones like LTE field trials, commercial contracts, and commercial releases. It highlights Huawei's innovative LTE solutions that deliver excellent performance with high data rates and efficiency. Huawei provides a full package of end-to-end LTE solutions including base stations, terminals, transport and management systems to enable a smooth upgrade from 2G/3G networks to LTE.
LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine Type CommunicationsQualcomm Research
LTE MTC optimizes LTE Advanced for machine-type communications by significantly increasing battery life, reducing device complexity, and enhancing coverage. As part of 3GPP Release 13, LTE MTC allows for narrowband operation, extended sleep cycles, and new power saving modes. It plays a key role in connecting the billions of devices that make up the Internet of Everything by co-existing with mobile broadband networks.
This document discusses the deployment of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks and the importance of in-building solutions to handle increasing mobile data traffic indoors. It notes that LTE will see its first deployments this year and will reinforce the "islands of life" concept by providing continuity of voice and data services in locations like workplaces, homes, malls and train stations. Providing quality in-building coverage presents challenges around architecture, design, installation, optimization and operations that require well-considered solutions. The document outlines best practices for selecting the right in-building LTE solution.
1) The document discusses new services and technologies that will evolve LTE networks in Releases 12-14 to pave the way for 5G, including support for the Internet of Things, public safety, broadcast services, and vehicular communication.
2) It describes how LTE will be enhanced through improved radio capabilities like carrier aggregation, interference cancellation, and deployment on new spectrum bands up to 5.4GHz.
3) Separate radio networks were previously needed for different uses but LTE will provide a single network solution for smartphones, IoT devices, public safety services, and broadcast TV through features introduced in 3GPP Releases 12-14.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE and VoLTE technologies. It discusses the history and development of LTE by 3GPP as the 4th generation mobile network standard. Key features of LTE include OFDM transmission, spectrum flexibility to operate on various bandwidths, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, and support for IP-based voice and data services. The document also outlines services, applications, technologies used in 4G networks and their advantages over 3G, as well as challenges in deploying 4G.
The second phase of lte advanced lte-b 30-fold capacity boosting to ltessk
Whitepaper by Huawei on the LTE Advanced Key work-items focusing on the seconds phase (termed as LTE-B). Document found through google search on Huawei's website
Radio Link Analysis for 4G TD- LTE Technology at 2.3 GHz FrequencySukhvinder Singh Malik
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems.
In this paper, authors show interest on the link budgeting the information presented here will help readers understand how the budgeting will be done in LTE. This paper provides
dimensioning of LTE for particular city.
This will provides the number of cell count. Here we tell about a GUI MATLAB System for calculation of no. of resources required to provide services in particular area with optimum cost and better quality.
The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE), the leading 4G mobile broadband technology. It discusses the key drivers behind the evolution to 4G including increasing user demands for speed and bandwidth. It then summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 4G LTE. Key features of LTE that make it superior include peak download speeds of 300Mbps, low latency, support for flexible bandwidths and large cell sizes. The document outlines the LTE network architecture consisting of the radio access network with eNodeBs and the core network known as the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the functions of various core network nodes like the MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW.
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
This document provides an introduction to using millimeter wave technology for 5G cellular networks. It discusses the limitations of current cellular spectrum and the need for higher bandwidth. Millimeter wave spectrum from 30-300GHz is proposed as a solution due to the large amounts of unused spectrum available. However, propagation characteristics and device technologies present challenges at these frequencies that must be addressed. The document outlines some of these challenges and argues that millimeter wave mobile broadband could enable gigabit-per-second data rates at distances up to 1 km in urban mobile environments.
The document discusses LTE technology developments and the vision for 2020. It notes that Release 12 of LTE, expected in 2014, will significantly extend mobile broadband availability, improve service quality, and help meet exponentially growing data demands through approaches like using 3x more spectrum, achieving 6x greater spectral efficiency, and deploying small cells for 56x higher average cell density. LTE is positioned as the dominant air interface standard moving forward for both existing operators and new deployments worldwide. Release 12 aims to not only satisfy current users but facilitate new usage profiles and applications through enhancements.
A Novel Approach for Cell Selection and Synchronization in LTE-AdvancedT. L. Singal
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
The expanding role of LTE Advanced, delivering new, transformative technologies that go well beyond faster peak data rates. These new technologies include introducing LTE-M for efficient machine-type communications, expanding LTE Direct device-to-device capabilities and use cases, empowering new services-such as LTE Ultra-Low Latency, and also driving convergence of traditionally disparate networks, spectrum types, and deployment models-such as LTE and Wi-Fi Convergence. Realizing a new connectivity paradigm with LTE Advanced-trailblazing the path to 5G!
4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards that provides significantly higher bandwidth than 3G. 4G standards, known as IMT-Advanced, require minimum bandwidth of 100 Mbps to support high quality streaming content. Existing 3G technologies like WiMAX and LTE fall short of this requirement. Two competing 4G standards were submitted in 2009: LTE Advanced from 3GPP and 802.16m from IEEE. Both aim to be spectrally efficient and support seamless handovers and high quality of service over all-IP networks. Present implementations of WiMAX and LTE are considered interim solutions until WiMAX 2 and LTE Advanced are finalized to fully meet 4G standards.
LTE is an emerging mobile network technology that offers faster data speeds and increased network capacity compared to 3G. It is being widely adopted internationally, with over 80 commercial LTE networks expected by the end of 2012. Early country adopters include Sweden, Norway, and South Korea. Mobile operators are investing heavily in LTE networks to handle rapidly growing mobile data traffic and meet consumer demand for bandwidth-intensive applications. LTE is available in different spectrum bands depending on the country and is projected to accelerate the growth of mobile broadband subscribers and data usage worldwide.
Private LTE networks use localized cellular towers to establish private LTE services for areas like factories and stadiums. They offer benefits like coverage, capacity, security and user control compared to public LTE and Wi-Fi. A report predicts the private LTE market will triple by 2025 as 5G and IoT technologies increase demand. Private LTE can be used across industries for applications ranging from manufacturing equipment to airport security and digital signage in smart cities.
LTE describes standardization work by 3GPP to define a new high-speed radio access method for mobile communications systems. Key features of LTE include significantly higher data rates of up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink, lower latency, flexible spectrum usage, and an evolution to an all-IP core network. LTE will enable rich new mobile broadband services like high-quality video streaming and sharing, as well as applications in areas like machine-to-machine communication.
The document discusses regulatory spectrum management challenges and actions needed for cellular IoT deployment in Suriname. It notes that some frequency bands assigned for mobile coverage have technology restrictions, and the regulator lacks visibility into spectrum usage. It recommends incentivizing IoT within existing licensing frameworks, following international harmonization, conducting spectrum monitoring, studying IoT technical aspects, and setting up a working group to facilitate IoT innovation. Actions include making spectrum provisions for licensed and unlicensed IoT, preparing for deployment, and identifying future demand bands.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
1. LTE Benefits v 3.3
PREPARED BY:
LTE PRODUCT DESIGN
MAY 14, 2009
2. LTE Benefits v 3.3
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
LTE Benefits for the Consumer ............................................................................................................................................................................................................2
1. Higher Data Rates ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
2. Coverage ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
3. Better Multipath, Mobility, and Power Performance ................................................................................................................................................4
3.1. OFDMA Downlink Transmission ...............................................................................................................................................................................4
3.2. SC-FDMA Uplink Transmission...................................................................................................................................................................................5
4. Lower Latency ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
5. Greater Simultaneous Use Support.....................................................................................................................................................................................5
6. Security .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
7. Simplified Worldwide Roaming .............................................................................................................................................................................................6
8. Mass M2M Deployment .............................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
References........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
Appendix B: Acronyms.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
1
3. Executive Summary
Verizon Wireless has selected 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) as its technology for
Fourth Generation (4G) wireless services. LTE represents the next big step in the evolution to an all-IP wireless network
that not only provides advanced mobile broadband capabilities, but also enables the enhancement of existing services
and the introduction of new rich multimedia services. The Verizon Wireless LTE network will co-exist and integrate with
its current Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) Rev. A network. It will also support handover to existing mobile networks,
thereby providing seamless coverage to Verizon Wireless subscribers from the time of its deployment.
LTE Benefits for the Consumer
LTE will be providing Verizon Wireless consumers with significant benefits that extend beyond traditional day to day
wireless communications. Consumers will benefit from access to a wide gamut of new and rich innovative multimedia
applications. LTE opens the doors for innovative applications, products, services, and solutions targeted not only to today’s
handheld mobile devices, but also to other non-traditional devices. LTE will facilitate the introduction of new services in
areas that have not yet been fully explored for wireless services interaction; these include consumer electronics and
appliances, health care, public utilities, and telematics.
What makes the Verizon Wireless LTE network best suited to support the needs of these new, rich, and exciting solutions
is a multitude of factors—significantly increased data rates, much lower latency, and better coverage. LTE’s more efficient
use of bandwidth, as compared to existing 3G wireless technologies, makes high bit rate applications more viable for
consumer use.
The following section summarizes the technical advantages that the Verizon Wireless implementation of LTE will provide:
1. Higher data rates: With the Verizon Wireless 10 + 10 MHz implementation, LTE will be supporting average data rates
per user of 5 to 12 Mbps in the forward link, and 2 to 5 Mbps in the reverse link. The maximum and average LTE data
rates are significantly greater in magnitude in the reverse and forward link correspondingly, than those supported by
existing 3G technology. In addition, LTE has much better edge-of-cell data rates—over two to three times better than
the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6. LTE will truly enable video application on the downlink as well as uplink—
including, but not limited, to video-sharing, surveillance, conferencing, and streaming in higher definition than is
possible with existing 3G technology today.
2. Coverage: Verizon Wireless’ deployment of LTE in the beachfront 700 MHz spectrum provides coverage and in-building
penetration advantages over existing 3G technologies (and other 4G competitive implementations) deployed at higher
frequency bands. This enhanced in-building coverage/penetration will make indoor applications even more powerful.
3. Better multipath, mobility, and power performance: The advanced radio characteristics of LTE address several issues
that have traditionally crippled cellular wireless, including multipath and multiuser interference. LTE’s use of orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) in the downlink
transmission effectively eliminates intra-cell multiuser interference and minimizes inter-cell multiuser interference,
thereby maximizing performance. Similarly, the single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink
transmission allows for user equipment to transmit low power signals without the need for expensive power amplifiers.
Improvement in battery power consumption in end-user devices (UEs) is a side-benefit of the coverage and multipath/
power performance advantages offered by LTE.
4. Latency: The user plane latency achieved in LTE is approximately one-fourth of the corresponding latency in existing 3G
technologies. This provides a direct service advantage for highly immersive and interactive application environments,
such as multiplayer gaming and rich multimedia communications.
5. Simultaneous user support: LTE provides the ability to perform two-dimensional resource scheduling (in time
and frequency), allowing support of multiple users in a time slot; in contrast, existing 3G technology performs one-
dimensional scheduling, which limits service to one user for each timeslot. This capability of LTE results in a much better
always-on experience, and also enables the proliferation of embedded wireless applications/systems.
2
4. 6. Security: LTE provides enhanced security through the implementation of UICC Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and
the associated robust and non-invasive key storage and symmetric key authentication using 128-bit private keys. LTE
additionally incorporates strong mutual authentication, user identity confidentiality, integrity protection of all signaling
messages between UE and Mobility Management Entity (MME), and optional multi-level bearer data encryption.
7. Simplified worldwide roaming: The Verizon Wireless chosen migration path to LTE, the widely adopted next-
generation 3GPP standard, will provide greater opportunities for seamless international roaming and for global device
economies of scale as well.
8. Mass deployment: LTE’s inherent support for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPV6) addressing and IMSI-based identifiers
makes mass deployments of machine-to-machine (M2M) applications over LTE possible.
1. Higher data rates
The channel bandwidth supported by LTE has a significant impact on the advantages it provides. LTE is flexible and
scalable, and can accommodate multiple channel bandwidths—1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. However, the performance
of LTE in terms of user data rates, sector data rates, and higher spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) is significantly better as the
channel bandwidth goes over 5 MHz. In addition, LTE supports and takes advantage of MIMO (multiple antennas at
transmitter and receiver) to allow transmission of two or more parallel streams of data simultaneously. This also has a
multiplicative effect on throughput. Verizon Wireless is implementing the 10 + 10 MHz (downlink and uplink separated by
FDD) channel bandwidth for the deployment of LTE services.
The expected characteristics of the Verizon Wireless LTE network are:
Attribute Expected LTE Performance
Peak Rates over 2x10 MHz
Peak Data Rates DL (2x2): 86 Mbps;
UL (1x2): 28 Mbps
DL: 5 to 12 Mbps
Average User Throughputs UL: 2 to 5 Mbps
DL 2x2: 15 Mbps
(Average) Sector Throughput UL 1x2: 5 to 6 Mbps
Latency (one-way) 15 ms
There is over a 50% improvement in spectral efficiency with LTE versus EV-DO Rev. A.
In addition, use of standardized compression (ROHC—Robust Header compression) for overhead reduction supplements
the end-user throughput experience.
The data rate benefits of LTE are amplified in marginal and cell-edge coverage. LTE has much better cell-edge data rates—
over two to three times better than the previous benchmark, HSPA Release 6.
As a result of its support of high peak and average data rates in uplink and downlink, LTE enables a host of high-quality
video uplink and downlink applications, including but not limited to, surveillance, streaming, sharing, and conferencing.
2. Coverage
Due to the use of the upper C-band (700 MHz range) for LTE, and the acquisition of a coast-to-coast spectrum license
in this band, the Verizon Wireless LTE Network will have better coverage than existing 3G technologies (and other 4G
competitive implementations) deployed at higher frequency bands—specifically the PCS (1900 MHz) and AWS (2100
MHz) bands. The use of 700 MHz provides increased penetration and better attenuation characteristics, resulting in an
in-building performance advantage. The coast-to-coast license will ensure seamless coverage and minimize hard-handoff
scenarios attributed to channel frequency changes.
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5. Verizon Wireless uses a combination of 850 MHz and 1900 MHz spectrum in the current EV-DO Rev. A deployment, and the
700 MHz range has about 1db better propagation characteristics than 850 MHz. The propagation/penetration advantage
is significantly higher when comparing 700 MHz with 1900 MHz (PCS) and/or 2100 MHz (AWS) or higher bands (such as
2500 MHz)—because the received power is inversely proportional to the square of frequency.
Note that network design (including factors such as: cell sector placement/spacing, antenna center line selection, antenna
downtilt, and azimuth optimization, among others) will also influence coverage/penetration. Verizon Wireless is designing
LTE to be a “performance-optimized” network (including, but not limited to, implementing the best-of-breed designs in
antennas/coax/fiber/etc)—this will further the native advantage provided by the Verizon Wireless use of the 700 MHz
spectrum for LTE.
The enhanced coverage and penetration afforded by the Verizon Wireless implementation of LTE in the 700 MHz spectrum
will make indoor and in-car applications more powerful.
3. Better multipath, mobility, and power performance
Careful consideration was given to the selection of the RF downlink and uplink transmission for LTE. Multipath delay
spread and user equipment power consumption were two important areas of focus, in addition to speed improvement
and latency reduction. LTE implements OFDMA for downlink transmission and SC-FDMA for uplink transmission. Due to
multiple lower-bandwidth subcarriers, the symbol time is larger, and hence multipath spread (Inter-Symbol Interference)
is not nearly as much an issue as in CDMA. This leads to better performance (lower bit error rate and therefore lower
retransmissions) in high delay-spread environments (dense urban scenarios). LTE is also optimized to yield better
performance at the cell sector edge.
The combination of better coverage, the 700 MHz advantage, better cell-edge performance, and reduced adverse impact
of multipath will reduce battery drain on the end-user device, making it more power-efficient.
3.1. OFDMA downlink transmission
LTE uses multicarrier OFDMA technology rather than single carrier modulation schemes used in traditional cellular
systems. The selection of OFDMA provides an efficient method for addressing the issue of multipath delay spread,
which can account for several microseconds. The delay spread is the amount of time delay at the user equipment side
from a signal traveling from the transmitter via different paths. The delay spread can cause a symbol received along
a delayed path to bleed into a subsequent symbol arriving at the user equipment via a more direct path, leading to
a condition called Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). At high data rates, it is feasible for ISI to exceed a symbol period and
even spill into subsequent symbols. OFDM does not depend on increased symbol rates to deliver high data rates, but
instead divides the available bandwidth into narrow sub-carriers and transmits data in parallel streams. Each OFDM
symbol is therefore a linear combination of the instantaneous signals on each of the subcarriers in the channel.
In addition to the lower bandwidth subcarriers, each OFDMA symbol is preceded by a cyclic prefix (a guard interval
used to separate symbols), thus reducing/eliminating the ISI.
LTE also incorporates Inter-channel Interference (ICI) resistance, which keeps its performance near consistent even in
high-mobility scenarios.
FDMA has subcarriers very tightly spaced (overlapping yet not interfering because of orthogonality) to make efficient
use of available bandwidth; subcarrier spacing is 15 KHz with a maximum number of 600 carriers in 10 MHz bandwidth.
The carriers carry symbols for multiple users. The relatively high number of low bandwidth subcarriers enhances OFDM’s
multi-path capabilities, which strengthens its resistance to interference, and improves spectral efficiency. By contrast,
single-carrier systems do not scale well with bandwidth and are impractical at much above 5 MHz in real-world path
delay environments.
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6. 3.2. SC-FDMA uplink transmission
A variation of the OFDMA, the SC-FDMA was selected for the uplink transmission in LTE. SC-FDMA was selected to
compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). A high
PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers, increasing the cost of the terminal, and draining the end
user’s battery more quickly.
SC-FDMA addresses the issue by grouping together the resource blocks in a way that reduces the need for linearity,
and power consumption. A low PAPR also improves coverage.
4. Lower latency
Lower latency in LTE contributes to a better user experience. In the control plane, LTE supports a transition time of less
than 100 ms from a camped state (idle mode) to an active state, such that a user plane is established. LTE also supports a
transition time of less than 50 ms between dormant state and active state.
In the user plane, the delay is defined as the one-way transit time between a packet being available at the IP layer in the
UE/evolved Node B (eNB) and the availability of the packet at IP layer in the eNB/UE. LTE enables a user plane latency of
about 15 ms.
A significant improvement has been achieved in LTE for latency; EV-DO Rev. A supports a user plane latency of
approximately 60 to 80 ms.
Additional factors that contribute to lower latency are:
a. Flat network model in bearer path—fewer network elements need to be traversed from device to Internet/application.
Specifically, there is no separate Radio Network Controller (RNC) element in the bearer path. This separation of control
and bearer plane also enables separate optimization of the control plane network (for signaling Busy Hour Call Attempt
[BHCA] handling) versus the data plane network (for throughput and high-speed switching).
b. All-IP network—fewer expensive protocol translations and packet segmentations/reassembly operations need to occur
due to the use of the all-IP network over Multiprotocol Level Switching (MPLS) backbone. In addition, the core network
switching operation is closer to line-speed.
The lower latency provides a direct service advantage for highly immersive or interactive application environments, such
as multiplayer gaming or rich multimedia communications.
5. Greater simultaneous use support
In EV-DO Rev. A (pure TDM-based scheduling), there is only one user being actively serviced on the downlink in any
given timeslot (one-dimensional resource scheduling on the time axis). As a result, in order to engineer to a given latency
budget (especially for real-time services), there is limited scheduling flexibility.
In LTE, in addition to higher data rates, the ability to perform two-dimensional resource scheduling (on the time and
frequency axes) enhances the ability to support multiple simultaneous users (up to 50 users can be scheduled in the
same timeslot). This lends support to always-on applications with need for session persistence with minimal latency and
enables the “enhanced idle mode” concept as well as more granular/real-time multi-user support.
With EV-DO Rev. A, there is an upper-limit of 114 on the simultaneously active users (MAC-indices) per cell-sector. These are
users actively assigned to the scheduler and a traffic channel—although not receiving transmissions in the same timeslot.
In LTE, this equivalent number (engineered for 10 ms bearer latency) is 1,000.
In addition to the better simultaneous access for multiple users afforded at the RAN/RF layer, LTE also provides
“simultaneous multiple network access” benefits to a single user at the IP-network layer.
For a single UE, LTE provides the ability to have multiple simultaneous Packet Data Network (PDN) connections—this
means a single end-user can be assigned multiple IP-addresses for simultaneous IP connectivity to multiple public and/
or private and/or enterprise networks. LTE does this while maintaining complete logical separation of data across these
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7. multiple networks, to ensure differential treatment can be provided as required. This adds another dimension to single user
functionality. EV-DO Rev. A does not have this ability to maintain multiple simultaneous PDN connections. Additionally,
LTE will have full support IPV6 addressing from day one.
The increased simultaneous user support is a significant advantage over existing 3G implementations. This is key to
enabling the proliferation of embedded wireless applications/systems.
6. Security
LTE incorporates multiple elements of security—including, but not limited, to:
a. Symmetric key mutual authentication using 128-bit private keys and the EAP-AKA scheme.
b. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) well-known methods of robust and non-invasive key storage.
c. RAN encryption of bearer data using derived keys post-full-authentication to prevent eavesdropping.
d. Integrity protection of all messages between UE and MME using covering codes to prevent alteration/snooping
of sensitive subscriber ID (IMSI/IMEI) information in the signaling messages.
e. Additional identity protection/confidentiality to prevent snooping/tracking of specific users (by use of aliases and
minimal unencrypted use of real user/device identifiers).
f. Replay protection using encrypted counter values and nonces.
g. Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) granular authentication/authorization per service.
h. Use of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) (mandatory in IPv6) for secure tunneled mode between the IP
communication endpoints.
7. Simplified worldwide roaming
Because LTE will be the unified 4G standard for most 3GPP and 3GPP2 carriers worldwide, LTE devices will be fundamentally
easier to set up for worldwide roaming. The caveat is that the actual frequency band used by different carriers will be
different (thereby retaining the need for multiband devices).
As a result, the Verizon Wireless migration path to LTE will provide greater opportunities for seamless international roaming
and for global device economies of scale as well.
8. Mass M2M deployment
LTE’s inherent support for IPV6 addressing and IMSI-based identifiers makes mass deployments of machine-to-machine
applications over LTE possible.
This is in contrast to EV-DO Rev. A’s current use of IPv4 addressing and MIN/MDN identifiers (which have smaller addressing
length, thereby limiting the total number of devices that can be simultaneously addressed).
IPV6’s increased addressing space advantage over IPV4 (128 versus 32 bits) is clear. IPv4 addresses are a scarce resource.
Although the use of private-addressing and NAT (Network Address Translation) have extended the IPv4’s lifetime, the
complexity and error conditions introduced by such IPv4 public-address-conservation techniques make them undesirable.
LTE’s use of the 15-digit IMSI as the primary identifier of the subscriber allows a much larger subscriber penetration. This
is especially important for M2M/embedded wireless applications that will need a much larger numbering space, which
is currently limited by technologies that require primarily-MDN-based-identification (10-digits). Although several LTE
device implementations will use both IMSI and MDN/MSISDN identifiers, LTE opens up the possibility of MDN/MSISDN-
less identification for M2M devices, thereby alleviating any issues due to scarcity of these “telephone number” identifiers.
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8. Conclusion
LTE will provide Verizon Wireless subscribers with significant advantages in traditional and non-traditional wireless
communication, over those currently provided via existing 3G technologies. LTE will also enable Verizon Wireless business
opportunities in new areas, due to its advanced mobile broadband capabilities.
We expect that LTE will allow the development and deployment of a new generation of innovative applications, products,
and solutions for Verizon Wireless consumers extending beyond the handset model, into the areas of consumer electronics,
appliances, health care, telematics, cloud-computing, entertainment, utilities, security, education, and the M2M world.
All of the aforementioned benefits of the Verizon Wireless LTE implementation, including high uplink and downlink data
rates, lower latency, better coverage and in-building performance, greater simultaneous access, security, and simplified
worldwide roaming, will play an important role in the new services that will be supported by 4G.
The Verizon Wireless deployment of LTE is poised to change the landscape of today’s consumer and enterprise wireless
communications experience and expectations.
References
1. 3GPP TS 36.101. Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); User Equipment radio transmission and reception. Release 8. March 2009.
2. 3GPP TS 36.104. Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception. Release 8. March 2009.
3. 3GPP TR 25.913. Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). Release 8. December 2008.
4. 3GPP TS 36.211. Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation. Release 8. March 2009.
5. Agilent Technologies. 3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview, Product Development and Test Challenges.
May 2008.
Appendix B: Acronyms
3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
4G—Fourth Generation
APN—Access Point Name
AWS—Advanced Wireless Services
BHCA—Busy Hour Call Attempt
EAP–AKA—Extensible Authentication Protocol Method for 3rd Generation
Authentication and Key Agreement
eNB—Evolved Node B
EV-DO—Evolution Data Optimized
FDD—Frequency Division Duplexing
ICI—Inter-channel Interference
IMS—Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI—International Mobile Subscriber Identity
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