IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
The relay stations are widely used in major wireless technologies such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and LTE (Long term evolution) which provide cost effective service to the operators and end users. It is quite challenging to provide guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks in cost effective manner.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme wit...ijtsrd
The last few decades, there has been a incredible growth in the wireless communication technology. The growing demand of multimedia services and the growth of Internet related contents lead to increasing interest to high speed communications. The Wireless communication technology, affordable wireless service has become a reality. In wireless communication, radio propagation refers to the behavior of radio waves when they are propagated from transmitter to receiver. In the course of propagation, radio waves are mainly affected by three different modes of physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering. In this paper, we analysis of MIMO-OFDM system employing different Modulation scheme is analysed using AWGN channel. The Simulation results show that this is a novel technique for next generation wireless systems using MATLAB toll R2013a. Arvind Yadav | Er. Praveen Kumar Patidar"Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme with AWGN Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11662.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11662/review-and-analysis-of-wimax-technology-using-different-modulation-scheme-with-awgn-channel/arvind-yadav
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Abstract: With the expanding requests in the field of versatile and information interchanges, the sole point is to associate clients as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. 4G gives high portability fast information rates furthermore underpins high limit IP-based administrations and applications while it too keeps up full in reverse similarity. It is additionally in light of remote correspondence that is IP construct and is slated in light of Advanced MIMO innovation. WiMAX, LTE, Advanced LTE Technologies, and so forth are part of 4G. In this paper, we depict what the 4G innovation really is counting its Technical perspectives, Key Features, Challenges, and so forth and how simple it is to execute 4G demonstrating its Cost viability. A few suggestions has been made with a specific end goal to comprehend the best possible focal points and difficulties of 4G System for powerful usage, for e.g.: 4G Network access requires expansive number of Transmitters and Collectors in the Device which bring about substantial utilization of battery. This paper underscores on such obliges and its evacuation. Further, use of multimode programming is clarified by which diverse systems can be kept up. Another proposition of Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks if there should be an occurrence of Video is specified in the paper. At last, a depiction of Future Technologies, for example, 5G, 6G and 7G has been given which has monstrous degree for creative examination and improvement.
Green Future Networks: Network Energy EfficiencyIPLOOK Networks
Focusing on improving the network energy efficiency to lower the energy consumption of mobile network, the white paper comprehensively analyzes the energy-saving solutions for 5G mobile network.
The release of Green Future Networks not only indicates a direction towards the green development of global mobile network, but also enlarges the global influence of China 's telecom industry.
Learn more:
https://www.iplook.com/info/green-future-networks-network-energy-efficiency-was-officially-released-on-ngmn-i00110i1.html
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Netw...Naresh Biloniya
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Networks
* Features of Millimeter wave
* Architecture of 5G cellular network
* Challenges and Scope of 5G network
5G Wireless Technology- An overview of the current TrendsEditor IJCATR
5G Wireless technology networks or 5th Generation wireless systems which is used for videos and audios
communication announcement the next major time period of mobile telecommunications Criterions time the current next
Generation mobile networks confederated .in this paper we are studying different Technologies in 5G The handover of 5G the
Models of 5G its architecture, its different components and METIS Task Force Networks. 2-Day video recording is available. Its
components access/backhaul integration, direct device-to-device communication, flexible duplex, flexible spectrum usage multiantenna
transmission, ultra-lean design, user/control separation architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and
various terminals are characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can implement the advance
technology to adopt the value-added services easily.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
COMPARATIVE AND QOS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL-AERIAL PLATFORMS-SATE...IJCNCJournal
Wireless communications, nowadays, becomes a vital element of people’s daily life. Providing global connectivity in future communication systems via the heterogeneous network opens up many research topics to investigate potentialities, enabling technologies, and challenges from the perspective of the
integrated wireless systems. This paper aims to drive a comprehensive and comparative study on terrestrial-aerial platforms- satellite wireless communications systems, includes their characteristics and unravelling challenges. The comparison focuses on issues that reportedly can evaluate any wireless
systems for temporary events. These issues are altitude and coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) propagation, interference, handover, power supply constraints, deployment and maintenance challenges, reliability on special events or disaster relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. Last, Quality of service (QoS) performance is analysed for the four wireless communication systems from the temporary events
perspective using the OPNET Modeller simulation tool. Results infer that space-based wireless systems outperform terrestrial ones.
Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme wit...ijtsrd
The last few decades, there has been a incredible growth in the wireless communication technology. The growing demand of multimedia services and the growth of Internet related contents lead to increasing interest to high speed communications. The Wireless communication technology, affordable wireless service has become a reality. In wireless communication, radio propagation refers to the behavior of radio waves when they are propagated from transmitter to receiver. In the course of propagation, radio waves are mainly affected by three different modes of physical phenomena: reflection, diffraction, and scattering. In this paper, we analysis of MIMO-OFDM system employing different Modulation scheme is analysed using AWGN channel. The Simulation results show that this is a novel technique for next generation wireless systems using MATLAB toll R2013a. Arvind Yadav | Er. Praveen Kumar Patidar"Review and Analysis of WiMAX Technology using different Modulation scheme with AWGN Channel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11662.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11662/review-and-analysis-of-wimax-technology-using-different-modulation-scheme-with-awgn-channel/arvind-yadav
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
Abstract: With the expanding requests in the field of versatile and information interchanges, the sole point is to associate clients as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. 4G gives high portability fast information rates furthermore underpins high limit IP-based administrations and applications while it too keeps up full in reverse similarity. It is additionally in light of remote correspondence that is IP construct and is slated in light of Advanced MIMO innovation. WiMAX, LTE, Advanced LTE Technologies, and so forth are part of 4G. In this paper, we depict what the 4G innovation really is counting its Technical perspectives, Key Features, Challenges, and so forth and how simple it is to execute 4G demonstrating its Cost viability. A few suggestions has been made with a specific end goal to comprehend the best possible focal points and difficulties of 4G System for powerful usage, for e.g.: 4G Network access requires expansive number of Transmitters and Collectors in the Device which bring about substantial utilization of battery. This paper underscores on such obliges and its evacuation. Further, use of multimode programming is clarified by which diverse systems can be kept up. Another proposition of Coding Strategies for 4G Wireless Networks if there should be an occurrence of Video is specified in the paper. At last, a depiction of Future Technologies, for example, 5G, 6G and 7G has been given which has monstrous degree for creative examination and improvement.
Green Future Networks: Network Energy EfficiencyIPLOOK Networks
Focusing on improving the network energy efficiency to lower the energy consumption of mobile network, the white paper comprehensively analyzes the energy-saving solutions for 5G mobile network.
The release of Green Future Networks not only indicates a direction towards the green development of global mobile network, but also enlarges the global influence of China 's telecom industry.
Learn more:
https://www.iplook.com/info/green-future-networks-network-energy-efficiency-was-officially-released-on-ngmn-i00110i1.html
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Netw...Naresh Biloniya
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Networks
* Features of Millimeter wave
* Architecture of 5G cellular network
* Challenges and Scope of 5G network
5G Wireless Technology- An overview of the current TrendsEditor IJCATR
5G Wireless technology networks or 5th Generation wireless systems which is used for videos and audios
communication announcement the next major time period of mobile telecommunications Criterions time the current next
Generation mobile networks confederated .in this paper we are studying different Technologies in 5G The handover of 5G the
Models of 5G its architecture, its different components and METIS Task Force Networks. 2-Day video recording is available. Its
components access/backhaul integration, direct device-to-device communication, flexible duplex, flexible spectrum usage multiantenna
transmission, ultra-lean design, user/control separation architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and
various terminals are characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can implement the advance
technology to adopt the value-added services easily.
2009 EuCAP-Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent WLAN APSaou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Antenna Details for iPhone 5 and iPhone 4GWillie LU
Antenna performance in mobile phone is much more important than antenna design due to the very small size of antenna RF in a compact mobile phone device. Through near 20 years' research and development in RF, transceiver and antenna technology, Prof. Willie W. Lu carefully analyzed and evaluated each patent which Apple filed with USPTO on the antenna technology for iPhone and iPad, and pointed out that the major problem of iPhone antenna is the lack of optimal antenna optimization and calibration technology which result in the poor performance of its radio transmission between the iPhone and the basestation. Prof. Lu has writen a 500-pages report to address this technical issue based on the iPhone antenna patents Apple filed with USPTO. For more, please contact Prof. Lu at wwlu@ieee.org or visit http://4Gsummit.com to join our technical discussions.
This presentation gives an insight about various antennas that were in use in cell phones and are being used in today's smartphones. Images of various phone models showing antenna used are included to give pictorial view of internal antennas
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless communication has motivated the exploration of the unutilized frequencies present in the frequency spectrum; this exploration has lead to the use of millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks
5 G SYSTEMS IS THE FUTURE WILL BE FAST WITH UNIMAGINABLE SPEED AND WITH LOTS OF SERVICES.Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.
Radio Link Analysis for 4G TD- LTE Technology at 2.3 GHz FrequencySukhvinder Singh Malik
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems.
In this paper, authors show interest on the link budgeting the information presented here will help readers understand how the budgeting will be done in LTE. This paper provides
dimensioning of LTE for particular city.
This will provides the number of cell count. Here we tell about a GUI MATLAB System for calculation of no. of resources required to provide services in particular area with optimum cost and better quality.
We have seen all the mobile broadband technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G and most recent 4G and upcoming is 5G. And they were very successful and motivated by the need to meet the requirement of the mobile users.
A presentation made at A 2-day Annual Symposium, organized by Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, FUTO, at School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET) Complex Auditorium, FUTO, Imo State. (August 18, 2016)
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
Introduction and Evolution of 4G
System key components of 4G
Applications of 4G
Introduction and Evolution of 5G
Key Concepts & Features of 5G
Application of 5G
5G Technology Seminar presentation in depth with best illustrations and data from many sources at one place.
Please follow me on social media for more such slides.
DM For any slides preparation.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. III (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 67-72
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless
Applications
B.G.Gopal1
, P.G.Kuppusamy2
,
1,2
Professors, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Veltech Multitech Dr.Rangarajan
Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College Avadi, Chennai, India
Abstract: The 5G wireless technology is based upon modified 4G, which at present is facing many problems to
meet its performance goals. The comparison between 4G and 5G wireless technology in relation to its speed,
frequency band, switching design basis and forward error correction is studied. The 5G wireless technology
helps to solve the problems of poor coverage, bad interconnectivity, poor quality of service and flexibility. An
ideal 5G wireless technology to accommodate the challenges and shortfalls of 4G deployments is discussed as
well as the significant system improvements on the earlier wireless technologies. The importance of the
comparative study is estimated for a speed and effective connection and communication of devices like wireless
devices and other hardware.
Keywords: 5G, MIMO Antenna, Wireless communication, PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), FR4 (Fire
Retard 4)
I. Introduction
Mobile network technology is moving at a relentless pace, and it‟s being built around not one, but two
industry juggernauts: Fourth-generation wireless and fifth-generation wireless. The assimilation of the Internet
of Things (IoT) world into both 4G and 5G technologies makes this wireless labyrinth even harder to get
around.
5G is the coming fifth-generation wireless broadband technology based on the IEEE 802.11ac
standard. 5G will provide better speeds and coverage than the current 4G. 5G operates with a 5 GHz signal and
is set to offer speeds of up to 1 Gb/s for tens of connections or tens of Mb/s for tens of thousands of connections.
4G is synonymous with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, which is an evolution of the existing
3G wireless standard. In fact, LTE is an advanced form of 3G that marks an audacious shift from hybrid data
and voice networks to a data-only IP network.
There are two key technologies that enable LTE to achieve higher data throughput than predecessor 3G
networks: MIMO and OFDM. Orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) is a transmission technique
that uses a large number of closely-spaced carriers that are modulated with low data rates. It is a spectral
efficiency scheme that enables high data rates and permits multiple users to share a common channel.
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique further improves data throughput and spectral
efficiency by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver. It uses complex digital signal processing to
set up multiple data streams on the same channel..
The LTE standard uses both forms of duplex operations: Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time
division duplex (TDD).
Finally, a quick note about the LTE categories. There are different categories of LTE networks, and
from a consumer perspective, they mainly differ in terms of theoretical speed under ideal conditions.
LTE-Advanced: The bridge between 4G and 5G
LTE Advanced or LTE-A is the evolution of the original LTE technology toward even higher
bandwidths. LTE-A promises nearly three times greater speed than the basic LTE network and comprises of the
following five building blocks:
1. Carrier Aggregation
2. Increased MIMO
3. Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
4. Relay Station
5. Heterogeneous Network or HetNet
6. s Network or HetNet
2. A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Figure-1. LTE building blocks
Carrier aggregation or channel aggregation is a transmission scheme that allows up to 20 channels from
different spectrums to be combined into a single data stream.
Next, LTE-A raises the MIMO bar to 8×8 antenna configurations to increase the number of radio
streams using the beamsteering technique.
Third, CoMP or cooperative MIMO, allows mobile devices to send and receive radio signals from
multiple cells to reduce interference from other cells and ensure optimum performance at the cell edges.
Fourth, a relay in an LTE-A setting is a base station that uses multi-hop communications at the cell
edges; it receives a weak signal and retransmits it with an enhanced quality.
Fifth and the most crucial one is HetNet, a multilayered system of overlapping big and small cells to
pump out cheap bandwidth.
HetNet, a gradual evolution of the cellular architecture, is a vastly more complex network as small cells
add hundreds or even thousands of entry points into the cellular system. The self-organizing network (SON)
concept is one of the key enabling technologies being considered for LTE-A applications.
Here, it‟s worth noting that while LTE-A standard creates a bridge between 4G and 5G worlds, in
many ways, the notion of HetNet is serving as glue between LTE-A and 5G worlds. That‟s why many wireless
industry observers call 5G wireless an enhanced form of LTE-A.
That makes sense because the main concept behind 5G systems is to expand the idea of small cell
network to a whole new level and create a super dense network that will put tiny cells in every room.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance defines 5G as below:
“5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value
creation toward customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases delivered with consistent
experience and enabled by sustainable business models.”
Essentially, LTE-A is the foundation of the 5G radio access network (RAN) below 6 GHz while the
frequencies from 6 GHz to 100 GHz will explore new technologies in parallel. Take MIMO, for instance, where
5G raises the bar to Massive MIMO technology, a large array of radiating elements that extends the antenna
matrix to a new level—16×16 to 256×256 MIMO—and takes a leap of faith in wireless network speed and
coverage.
The early blueprint of 5G pilot networks mostly comprises of beam forming technology and small cell
base stations. The goals of 5G technology can be summarized in the following value points:
1,000x increase in capacity
Support for 100+ billion connections
Up to 10Gbit/s speeds
Below 1ms latency
II. 4g And 5g Difference
a) First and foremost, while the LTE-based 4G networks are going through a rapid deployment, 5G networks
mostly comprise of research papers and pilot projects.
b) Wireless networks till 4G mostly focused on the availability of raw bandwidth, while 5G is aiming on
providing pervasive connectivity to lay grounds for fast and resilient access to the Internet users, whether they
are on a top of a skyscraper or down under a subway station. Although LTE standard is incorporating a variant
called machine type communications (MTC) for the IoT traffic, 5G technologies are being designed from
grounds up to support MTC-like devices.
c) The 5G networks are not going to be a monolithic network entity and will be built around a combination of
technologies: 2G, 3G, LTE, LTE-A, Wi-Fi, M2M, etc. In other words, 5G will be designed to support a variety
of applications such as the IoT, connected wearables, augmented reality and immersive gaming. Unlike its 4G
3. A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
counterpart, 5G network will offer the ability to handle a plethora of connected devices and a myriad of traffic
types. For example, 5G will provide ultra-high-speed links for HD video streaming as well as low-data-rate
speeds for sensor networks.
Figure-2. 5G Application architecture.
d) The 5G networks will pioneer new architectures like cloud RAN and virtual RAN to facilitate a more
centralized network establishment and make the best use of server farms through localized data centers at the
network edges.
e) Finally, 5G will spearhead the use of cognitive radio techniques to allow the infrastructure to automatically
decide about the type of channel to be offered, differentiate between mobile and fixed objects, and adapt to
conditions at a given time. In other words, 5G networks will be able to serve the industrial Internet and social
network apps at the same time.
Table 1. Comparison of 4G and 5G Technologies
Specifications 4G 5G
Full form Fourth Generation Fifth Generation
Data Bandwidth 2Mbps to 1Gbps
1Gbps and higher
as per need
Frequency Band 2 to 8 GHz 3 to 300 GHz
Standards
Al access convergence including
OFDMA,MC-CDMA,network-LMPS
CDMA and BDMA
Technologies
Unified IP, seamless integration of
broadband LAN/WAN/PAN and WLAN
Unified IP, seamless integration of broadband
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN and advanced technologies based on
OFDM modulation used in 5G
Service
Dynamic information access, wearable
devices, HD streaming, global roaming
Dynamic information access, werable devices, HD streaming, any
demand of users
Multiple Access CDMA CDMA,BDMA
Core network All IP network Flatter IP network, 5G network interfacing(5G-NI)
Handoff Horizontal and vertical Horizontal and vertical
These 5th generation of systems are driven by OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB, Network
LMDS and IPV6. Table above compares 4G versus 5G technologies and mentions differences between them.
III. The Next Generation Of Mobile Technology:
The Internet Of Things And 5g
A relatively new phenomenon, the Internet of Things (IoT), also called the “Industrial Internet” or
even the “Internet of Everything”, takes these simple automated tasks to the next level by enabling objects to
communicate data with connected devices.
Eventually, IoT as we know it will progress from simple home and building automation to more advanced
application areas. In the ideal Internet of Things, mobile devices will be able to collect and interpret data
such as location and known preferences, and communicate with “smart objects” — without requiring our
input at all.
The wide range of possible future applications for the Internet of Things include:
Media
While driving past a billboard on the highway or watching a commercial on television, data collected
by our devices shows that the type of product being advertised and we are automatically messaged with
more information.
Transportation
4. A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Not only can car parallel park, but it can navigate and drive on its own. Similar improvements to trains
and aircraft are just a few of the ways that IoT can help us get around as technology progresses.
Healthcare
Medical devices automatically administer medications and monitor patients‟ conditions as well as their
overall well-being. Pacemakers, hearing aids, and heart monitors streamline medical care by
communicating with doctors and patients.
Environment and energy conservation
Sensors optimize energy consumption by powering lights and electronics based on a person‟s activity.
On a larger scale, an improved IoT helps monitor water and air quality, among other environmental
concerns.
Infrastructure
IoT sensors monitor the structural stability of bridges, railways, and waste management systems for
safety and security.
With the wide use of smart phones in the society, the Internet of Things has an easy way to collect and use our
personal data to communicate with objects and smart devices. But to get a jump-start on making IoT possible,
we need to create the next generation of mobile technology to optimize smart phones.
IV. When 5g Replaces 4g Lte…
5G is the chosen moniker for the next generation of wireless communication. 5G is currently just a concept, but
it is expected to be implemented by 2020 — giving the mobile industry a lot of work to do in a short amount of
time.
Most wireless communication professionals agree that when 5G replaces 4G LTE, it should address three key
needs:
1. A decreased latency of less than one second.
2. Increased data rates of at least one gigabit per second for tens of thousands of users simultaneously.
3. Increased energy efficiency.
Figure-3. Challenges and Scenarios
Whatever improvements are made to wireless communication by the release of 5G, the main goal is for
mobile technology, data collection, and wireless communication to be more seamlessly integrated through speed
and efficiency. Without these features, the Internet of Things won‟t work correctly and will be redundant.
Optimizing Antenna Design For 5g And The Internet Of Things
The Internet of Things, and the next generation of wireless communication, 5G, it‟s coming soon. First,
we need to optimize the performance of existing mobile device antennas.
Among the many developments researchers from across the globe are already working on for 5G,
the optimization of mobile device antennas is an important topic to study. Though 5G applications have not
been standardized yet and many researchers are developing a range of devices to expand the world of IoT,
we can start by looking at a basic introductory model showing how to design a small antenna in a mobile
device.
V. Optimizing The Design Of A Mobile Device Antenna
A mobile device antenna must be small and lightweight enough to fit in the limited amount of space
allotted for it in a smart phone‟s design. Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA) are a good choice for mobile
communication because they are small, powerful, and efficient. These antennas can cover multiple frequency
5. A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
bands for cellular devices, WiFi, and Bluetooth® technology — which makes them a great choice for IoT
compatible objects and devices.
The mobile device antenna simulated in this paper includes a 4G device made up of a PIFA on a PTFE
block with an FR4 circuit board, ABS housing, and glass with a composite silicon substrate. The antenna itself
is made up of the PTFE block with a thin copper layer for high conductivity, a lumped port between a perfect
electric conductor (PEC) ground plane and feeding strip, as well as another strip shorted to the ground plane and
adjacent to the feeding strip for impedance matching purposes. It also includes an impedance matching gap that
matches the antenna to the reference impedance of 50 Ω.
Figure-4. Model geometry of a planar inverted-F antenna in a mobile device.
For the simulation, this antenna can be modeled using PEC boundaries because of the low downlink
frequency range. The losses on the metal are inconsequential due to the high conductivity of the copper layer.
The PIFA is modeled in a spherical domain that is enclosed by perfectly matched layers (PML) to absorb its
outgoing radiation. The lumped port, with a reference impedance of 50 Ω, is used to excite the PIFA and
evaluate its input impedance.
Through simulation, we have calculated the field distribution plot for the PIFA. Results show that the
field is strong at one end of the metallic surface at the top of the model, far from the feeding strip. These
measurements actually resemble those of a quarter wave monopole antenna, a design from which the PIFA is
derived.
Figure-5. Results plot of the electric field distribution at the top of the PIFA.
The simulation also calculates the polar-formatted far-field radiation pattern. The azimuthal radiation
pattern is no longer omni directional since the antenna is now miniaturized and located on only one corner of the
ground plane.
From the S-parameters, we can see that the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is less than 2:1. This
means that the antenna input impedance is well matched to the reference impedance, which is a typical
measurement in network analyzers.
6. A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10636772 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Figure-6. The S-parameters of the given AWS downlink frequency range are calculated.
Going beyond the results of 2D far-field calculations, we are also able to review the simulation in a 3D radiation
pattern to show maximum radiation and null.
Figure-7 The far-field radiation pattern of the PIFA plotted in 3D.
VI. Conclusion
To address 5G applications, there are many developments to be considered above the introductory
model. In order to handle higher data rates, the operating frequency has to be increased to a millimeter range
from which we can achieve a wider bandwidth. This will result in higher path loss between transmitters and
receivers, so antennas need to provide higher gain to reach a longer distance.
However, this will significantly reduce the covering range in terms of angle because the radiation
pattern will be very sharp. Consequently, phased array antennas are required to get over the limit of angular
dependency of high-gain antennas using the ability to steer a radiation beam toward wanted directions.
By optimizing the design and performance of mobile device antennas, including those just mentioned, the ideal
Internet of Things will be here before we know it, and we will be ready to embrace the new technology.
References
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Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1,January 2014 .
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Issue 2, Feb 2013.
[4] Amir Esmailpour, Veljko Knezevic, Mariaracias, and Gelareh Kokabian, „Integration of 4G wireless technologies in a Test-Bed
environment‟, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2013.
[5] Prof. D. U. Adokar and Priti J. Rajput, “Wireless Evolution with 4G Technologies” International Journal of Advanced Research in
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