Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
This document summarizes the physical layer frame structure used in 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced downlink transmissions. It describes how the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB can be used to generate physical signals and channels, and map them to resource elements in the time-frequency grid. Key aspects covered include the use of OFDM, resource block structure, and how synchronization signals, broadcast channels, control channels, and shared data channels are allocated in the frame. The document provides technical details on frame configurations and illustrates example resource grids for a subframe and radio frame.
Simulation of LTE-TDD in the HAPS channel IJECEIAES
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. This technology enhances the data rate and capacity using a new radio interface and an optimized core network. This progress was done to satisfy standards defined for the fourth generation of cellular communications in ITU. LTE has two types of transmission: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). Nowadays, LTE-TDD rapidly Grows and takes place of old fixed cellular communications, like WiMAX. Another upcoming technology in the communication industry is High Amplitude Platform Stations (HAPS). Studying the capability of HAPS as a base station for LTE-TDD is the main purpose of this paper. Simulations have done using HAPS channel and compared to Stanford University Interim (SUI) standard channels for different scenarios. Results were compared to achieve a conclusion on HAPS implementation for LTE-TDD based on BER and data throughput.
WC and LTE 4G Broadband module 3- 2019 by Prof.Suresha VSURESHA V
This document provides an overview of Module 3 which covers the channel structure of LTE. It discusses:
1. The channel structure in LTE includes logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Logical channels provide services to higher layers, transport channels to lower layers, and physical channels handle actual transmission.
2. The LTE network architecture consists of the radio access network (E-UTRAN) and core network (EPC). E-UTRAN includes eNodeBs while EPC includes MME, SGW, PGW, and PCRF.
3. The radio interface protocol stack separates into control and user planes. It consists of layers like RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC
Performance Analysis of Different Modulation Schemes using Wi-Max And LTEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of different modulation schemes using WiMAX and LTE. It compares these two advanced wireless technologies in the physical layer and provides performance analysis of modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM based on SNR or Eb/No and BER. MATLAB is used to simulate and analyze the performance of modulation schemes in WiMAX and LTE networks. The document also discusses the evolution of wireless access technologies and highlights the need for higher data rate technologies like WiMAX and LTE.
This document provides an overview of network models, including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. The four layers of the TCP/IP model are also explained, along with their relationship to the OSI layers. Key topics covered include data encapsulation, peer-to-peer communication between layers, and the responsibilities of the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers.
1. The document proposes an optimal Threshold Offloading (TO) algorithm to efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macrocells to femtocells in LTE networks. The TO algorithm considers the tradeoff between network signaling overhead from user mobility and femtocell offloading capability.
2. An analytical model is developed to quantify the performance of the TO algorithm and validate it through simulations. The results show that the TO algorithm can significantly reduce signaling overhead with minor reduction in femtocell offloading capability.
3. The paper provides network operators guidelines to set optimal offloading thresholds according to their management policies, offering a systematic approach based on the mathematical analysis.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Video steaming Throughput Performance Analysis over LTEiosrjce
This document analyzes the video streaming throughput performance over LTE networks using the OPNET simulation tool. It simulates two scenarios: 1) downlink and uplink video conferencing with static users and 2) the same with users moving at 30m/s. The key metrics measured are packet delay variation and end-to-end delay. The results show that static users experience higher packet delay variation than mobile users, likely due to increased traffic accumulation. End-to-end delay is also higher for static users compared to those moving at 30m/s.
This document summarizes the physical layer frame structure used in 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced downlink transmissions. It describes how the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB can be used to generate physical signals and channels, and map them to resource elements in the time-frequency grid. Key aspects covered include the use of OFDM, resource block structure, and how synchronization signals, broadcast channels, control channels, and shared data channels are allocated in the frame. The document provides technical details on frame configurations and illustrates example resource grids for a subframe and radio frame.
Simulation of LTE-TDD in the HAPS channel IJECEIAES
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. This technology enhances the data rate and capacity using a new radio interface and an optimized core network. This progress was done to satisfy standards defined for the fourth generation of cellular communications in ITU. LTE has two types of transmission: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). Nowadays, LTE-TDD rapidly Grows and takes place of old fixed cellular communications, like WiMAX. Another upcoming technology in the communication industry is High Amplitude Platform Stations (HAPS). Studying the capability of HAPS as a base station for LTE-TDD is the main purpose of this paper. Simulations have done using HAPS channel and compared to Stanford University Interim (SUI) standard channels for different scenarios. Results were compared to achieve a conclusion on HAPS implementation for LTE-TDD based on BER and data throughput.
WC and LTE 4G Broadband module 3- 2019 by Prof.Suresha VSURESHA V
This document provides an overview of Module 3 which covers the channel structure of LTE. It discusses:
1. The channel structure in LTE includes logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. Logical channels provide services to higher layers, transport channels to lower layers, and physical channels handle actual transmission.
2. The LTE network architecture consists of the radio access network (E-UTRAN) and core network (EPC). E-UTRAN includes eNodeBs while EPC includes MME, SGW, PGW, and PCRF.
3. The radio interface protocol stack separates into control and user planes. It consists of layers like RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC
Performance Analysis of Different Modulation Schemes using Wi-Max And LTEIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of different modulation schemes using WiMAX and LTE. It compares these two advanced wireless technologies in the physical layer and provides performance analysis of modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM based on SNR or Eb/No and BER. MATLAB is used to simulate and analyze the performance of modulation schemes in WiMAX and LTE networks. The document also discusses the evolution of wireless access technologies and highlights the need for higher data rate technologies like WiMAX and LTE.
This document provides an overview of network models, including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. The four layers of the TCP/IP model are also explained, along with their relationship to the OSI layers. Key topics covered include data encapsulation, peer-to-peer communication between layers, and the responsibilities of the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers.
1. The document proposes an optimal Threshold Offloading (TO) algorithm to efficiently offload mobile data traffic from macrocells to femtocells in LTE networks. The TO algorithm considers the tradeoff between network signaling overhead from user mobility and femtocell offloading capability.
2. An analytical model is developed to quantify the performance of the TO algorithm and validate it through simulations. The results show that the TO algorithm can significantly reduce signaling overhead with minor reduction in femtocell offloading capability.
3. The paper provides network operators guidelines to set optimal offloading thresholds according to their management policies, offering a systematic approach based on the mathematical analysis.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
This document analyzes the performance gains of carrier aggregation (CA) for 3 component carriers (3CC) compared to 2CC using a Vienna LTE system level simulator. The results show that 3CC aggregation provides considerably higher average cell throughput than 2CC aggregation, but reduces fairness index. The reduction in fairness index implies the scheduler has a more difficult task allocating resources across the added component carrier. Compensating for the decreased fairness could increase scheduler complexity. In conclusion, aggregating more component carriers through CA can increase bandwidth and data rates but also impacts fairness and scheduling.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses the perceptual video quality of videos transmitted over WiMAX networks. It describes using the Video Quality Model to evaluate the quality of videos transmitted over simulated WiMAX channels. The document analyzes the performance of different error correction codes for video transmission and finds that convolutional turbo codes do not provide sufficient error protection. It demonstrates a methodology for estimating perceptual video quality over WiMAX to help identify network and coding designs that can meet quality requirements.
Assessing perceptual video quality in wimax networksijujournal
This document presents a methodology for assessing the perceptual video quality of wireless video applications transmitted via WiMAX networks. The methodology uses the Video Quality Model developed by the NTIA's Video Quality Experts Group to benchmark perceptual video quality. Simulation results using this methodology on sample WiMAX code configurations show unacceptable levels of blurring, noise, and unnatural motion, indicating the need to further optimize network and coding parameters.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Patents are a good information resource for obtaining the state of the art of deep learning for 5G wireless telecommunications technology innovation insights.
I.Deep Learning for 5G Technology Innovation Status
Patents that specifically describe the major deep learning applications in 5G are a good indicator of the deep learning for 5G innovations in a specific innovation entity. To find the deep learning for 5G technology innovation status, patent applications in the USPTO as of June 5, 2020 that specifically describe the major deep learning applications in 5G are searched and reviewed. 24 published patent applications that are related to the key deep learning for 5G technology innovation are selected for detail analysis.
II. Deep Learning for 5G Technology Innovation Details
Patent information can provide many valuable insights that can be exploited for developing and implementing new technologies. Patents can also be exploited to identify new product/service development opportunities.
MIMO Adaptive Antenna/Samsung Electronics
MIMO Communication Channel/ Parallel Wireless
Radio Access Network (RAN)/Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
This document provides a synopsis for implementing Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in MATLAB. The objectives are to implement the physical layer of Long Term Evolution (LTE) using SC-FDMA and OFDMA and investigate efficiency in terms of peak-to-average power ratio and bit error rate. SC-FDMA is used for uplink and OFDMA is used for downlink in LTE. Simulation results from implementing the techniques in MATLAB will evaluate efficiency based on modulation order, bit error rate, and signal-to-noise ratio. The document outlines related work, expected results, and conclusions regarding LTE physical layer
An Efficient Wireless Backhaul Utilizing MIMO Transmission and IPT ForwardingCSCJournals
Wireless backhaul has been received much attention as an enabler of future broadband mobile communication systems because it can reduce deployment cost of pico-cells, an essential part of high capacity system. A high performance network, high throughput, low average delay and low packet loss rate, is highly appreciated to sustain the increasing proliferation in multimedia transmissions. The critical issue reducing the performance of wireless backhaul is the interference occurred in the network due to simultaneous nodes transmissions. In this research, we propose a high performance wireless backhaul using the low interference sensitivity MIMO based nodes. MIMO transmission has a better BER performance over SISO one even with the same transmission rate and bandwidth, which means that MIMO can operate at lower SINR values than SISO and give the same performance. This MIMO robust performance against interference gives us a greater benefit when adopted as a wireless interface in wireless backhaul than SISO. These facts motivated us to use the IEEE 802.11n the current MIMO standard to design a MIMO based wireless backhaul. In addition and to justify our assumptions, we investigate the effect of MIMO channels correlation, a major drawback in MIMO transmission, upon the system performance, and prove the robustness of the scheme under different MIMO channels correlation values. After proving the effectiveness of MIMO as a wireless interface for wireless backhaul, we further improve the performance of this MIMO-backhaul using the high efficient Intermittent Periodic Transmit (IPT) forwarding protocol. IPT is a reduced interference packet forwarding protocol with a more efficient relay performance than conventional method in which packets are transmitted continuously form the source nodes. By using these two techniques (IEEE 802.11n (MIMO) + IPT), wireless backhaul nodes can meet more demanding communication requirements such as higher throughput, lower average delay, and lower packet dropping rate than those achieved by simply applying IEEE 802.11n to conventionally relayed backhaul. The proposed wireless backhaul will accelerate introduction of picocell based mobile communication systems.
Fuzzy Cells is a new technology that improves cell-edge performance in multi-carrier cellular systems. It does this by allowing user equipment to connect to component carriers from multiple base stations, blurring the boundaries between cells. This improves the average signal quality for cell-edge users compared to traditional single-connection systems. Fuzzy Cells requires less coordination between base stations than similar technologies like Coordinated Multi-Point, placing fewer demands on network interfaces. System simulations show that Fuzzy Cells can significantly increase both total cell throughput and crucial cell-edge throughput.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Roger Piqueras Jover's final project report discusses using mobile sensing and location-based services to address challenges in femtocell networks. The document introduces femtocell networks and their interference and synchronization issues. It then discusses how real-time location systems and mobile phones' sensor capabilities could be leveraged to help with femtocell coverage control and synchronization by determining femtocell locations from nearby mobile terminals' GPS coordinates and signals. The proposal aims to solve femtocell deployment challenges without hardware changes by taking advantage of existing mobile sensors.
Network efficiency enhancement by reactive channel state based allocation sch...IJECEIAES
Now a day the large MIMO has considered as the efficient approach to improve the spectral and energy efficiency at WMN. However, the PC is a big issue that caused by reusing similar pilot sequence at cells, which also restrict the performance of massive MIMO network. Here, we give the alternative answer, where each of UEs required allotting a channel sequences before passing the payload data, so as to avoid the channel collision of inter-cell. Our proposed protocol will ready to determine the channel collisions in distributed and scalable process, however giving unique properties of the large MIMO channels. Here we have proposed a RCSA (Reactive channel state based allocation) scheme, which will very productively work with the RAP blockers at large network of MIMO. The position of time-frequency of RAP blocks is modified in the middle of the adjacent cells, because of this design decision the RAP defend from the hardest types of interference at inter-cell. Further, to validate the performance of our proposed scheme it will be compared with other existing technique.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
Linear Transmit-Receive Strategies for Multi-User MIMO Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document discusses linear transmit-receive strategies for multi-user MIMO wireless communication. It begins with an abstract that introduces MIMO technology which uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to overcome signal fading and improve data throughput. The document then provides more details on MIMO concepts including that it uses multiple spatial channels to increase capacity. It also discusses how MIMO can exploit fading that is typically undesirable to achieve high capacities. Finally, it examines linear precoding techniques as a spatial division multiple access strategy for multi-user MIMO systems and quantifying the rate and power bounds of such techniques.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
Radio Link Analysis for 4G TD- LTE Technology at 2.3 GHz FrequencySukhvinder Singh Malik
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest step in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems.
In this paper, authors show interest on the link budgeting the information presented here will help readers understand how the budgeting will be done in LTE. This paper provides
dimensioning of LTE for particular city.
This will provides the number of cell count. Here we tell about a GUI MATLAB System for calculation of no. of resources required to provide services in particular area with optimum cost and better quality.
The document discusses the evolution of 4G cellular systems, specifically Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced). It provides an overview of the key technologies being considered for LTE-Advanced to meet its performance targets, including carrier aggregation, enhanced MIMO techniques, coordinated multipoint transmission/reception, and relaying strategies. The network architecture developed by 3GPP to support LTE and future radio access technologies is also highlighted.
Comprehensive investigation of coherent optical OFDM-RoF employing 16QAM exte...IJECEIAES
Given the growing need for long haul transmission that requires a high rate of data, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme (OFDM), is regarded as a technique with high potentials for high-capacity optical networks. OFDM transmits over both optical and wireless channels, with the data distributed over a huge amount of the subcarrier, and the data is distributed over a huge number of subcarriers. OFDM achieves RF signal for a long-haul transmitting by utilizing Radio over Fiber (RoF) system, which is known to produce higher orthogonality of the OFDM modulated signal designed for the wireless network. RoF systems comprise of heterogeneous networks designed through the use of wireless and optical links. The aim of this paper is to carry out an investigation of the performance of the external modulation in RoF links, while analyzing the shortcomings caused by the various elements of the optical system. The Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) can be applied in external modulation, and exhibits a more robust performance when implemented with the OFDM modulation technique.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
This document analyzes the performance gains of carrier aggregation (CA) for 3 component carriers (3CC) compared to 2CC using a Vienna LTE system level simulator. The results show that 3CC aggregation provides considerably higher average cell throughput than 2CC aggregation, but reduces fairness index. The reduction in fairness index implies the scheduler has a more difficult task allocating resources across the added component carrier. Compensating for the decreased fairness could increase scheduler complexity. In conclusion, aggregating more component carriers through CA can increase bandwidth and data rates but also impacts fairness and scheduling.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This document summarizes a research paper that assesses the perceptual video quality of videos transmitted over WiMAX networks. It describes using the Video Quality Model to evaluate the quality of videos transmitted over simulated WiMAX channels. The document analyzes the performance of different error correction codes for video transmission and finds that convolutional turbo codes do not provide sufficient error protection. It demonstrates a methodology for estimating perceptual video quality over WiMAX to help identify network and coding designs that can meet quality requirements.
Assessing perceptual video quality in wimax networksijujournal
This document presents a methodology for assessing the perceptual video quality of wireless video applications transmitted via WiMAX networks. The methodology uses the Video Quality Model developed by the NTIA's Video Quality Experts Group to benchmark perceptual video quality. Simulation results using this methodology on sample WiMAX code configurations show unacceptable levels of blurring, noise, and unnatural motion, indicating the need to further optimize network and coding parameters.
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS ijujournal
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality
A Review on Cooperative Communication Protocols in Wireless World ijwmn
Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.
Patents are a good information resource for obtaining the state of the art of deep learning for 5G wireless telecommunications technology innovation insights.
I.Deep Learning for 5G Technology Innovation Status
Patents that specifically describe the major deep learning applications in 5G are a good indicator of the deep learning for 5G innovations in a specific innovation entity. To find the deep learning for 5G technology innovation status, patent applications in the USPTO as of June 5, 2020 that specifically describe the major deep learning applications in 5G are searched and reviewed. 24 published patent applications that are related to the key deep learning for 5G technology innovation are selected for detail analysis.
II. Deep Learning for 5G Technology Innovation Details
Patent information can provide many valuable insights that can be exploited for developing and implementing new technologies. Patents can also be exploited to identify new product/service development opportunities.
MIMO Adaptive Antenna/Samsung Electronics
MIMO Communication Channel/ Parallel Wireless
Radio Access Network (RAN)/Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
This document provides a synopsis for implementing Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in MATLAB. The objectives are to implement the physical layer of Long Term Evolution (LTE) using SC-FDMA and OFDMA and investigate efficiency in terms of peak-to-average power ratio and bit error rate. SC-FDMA is used for uplink and OFDMA is used for downlink in LTE. Simulation results from implementing the techniques in MATLAB will evaluate efficiency based on modulation order, bit error rate, and signal-to-noise ratio. The document outlines related work, expected results, and conclusions regarding LTE physical layer
An Efficient Wireless Backhaul Utilizing MIMO Transmission and IPT ForwardingCSCJournals
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Abstract
LTE as a high speed and high bandwidth technology is not expected to supersede 3G but rather to complement it, as consumers’
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internet protocol network showed that it could provide excellent results even on the LTE system.
Key Words: Field Test, LTE, Dense – urban, Throughput
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Features And Techniques Of The 3 Gpp Lte System Transmissio Nxntoumba
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This document discusses the performance evaluation of 4G LTE-SCFDMA schemes under different channel models. It provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and specifications, including bandwidths, data rates, frame structure and resource blocks. It also explains SCFDMA, describing its advantages over OFDMA in terms of lower peak-to-average power ratio and improved power efficiency. The document evaluates SCFDMA system performance using two equalization methods (zero forcing and MMSE) and two subcarrier mapping techniques (localized and distributed) under ITU and SUI channel models. The results show better performance with localized mapping and MMSE equalization.
This document compares the next-generation mobile broadband technologies LTE and WiMAX. It describes their quality of service (QoS) structures and how they are designed to support current and future QoS needs to sustain various application requirements. The document provides details on LTE and WiMAX standards, architectures, and QoS support through different bearer types and service flows.
“Performance Analysis of an LTE-4G Network Running Multimedia Applications”IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of an LTE 4G network running multimedia applications like VoIP and video conferencing. It discusses using the OPNET network simulator to study how these applications perform over LTE under static and mobile node conditions. The paper finds that multimedia applications experience less packet delay variation when nodes are mobile compared to static nodes, due to HARQ retransmission being given up under mobility. It also analyzes how varying network loads affect quality of service for multimedia applications sharing bandwidth with background data traffic.
The second phase of lte advanced lte-b 30-fold capacity boosting to ltessk
Whitepaper by Huawei on the LTE Advanced Key work-items focusing on the seconds phase (termed as LTE-B). Document found through google search on Huawei's website
This paper discusses key aspects of 4G mobile communication systems. 4G aims to provide high-quality services from voice to video as well as high-speed wireless internet access. It describes technologies like OFDMA, MIMO and software defined radio that enable high data rates of 50-500 bits/Hz/km2. 4G will use a multi-technology approach including 3G, WiFi and WiMAX. Seamless coverage will be achieved through a parent network and smaller picocells. Caching and multimedia adaptation will improve quality of experience for users. 4G promises ubiquitous high-speed connectivity through integration of networks, terminals and applications.
This document summarizes options for providing Voice over IP (VoIP) services over a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. It begins by providing background on VoIP, including how voice is converted to digital packets and transmitted over an IP network. It then describes the key components and benefits of LTE networks, which were designed to be all-IP networks for data transmission. Finally, it states that the paper will explore various options for supporting VoIP services over LTE networks and discuss the benefits of carrying voice over LTE using VoIP.
LTE technology evolved beyond 3G networks to meet increasing bandwidth and speed demands. 4G networks integrated technologies like GSM, CDMA, GPRS and IMT-2000 to offer data rates from 20-100 Mbps for high quality video. The key components of 4G architecture were the user equipment, E-UTRAN base stations, and Evolved Packet Core. 5G aims to provide super high capacity and ultra-high speeds using technologies like OFDM and cognitive radio across heterogeneous networks through 2020 and beyond.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communication technology. It explains that LTE is an evolution of previous GSM/UMTS standards aimed at increasing wireless data network capacity and speed. Key points are:
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A Novel Approach for Cell Selection and Synchronization in LTE-Advanced
1. International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR) ISSN: 2319-4413
Volume 3, No. 5, May 2014
i-Explore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org
17
A Novel Approach for Cell Selection and Synchronization in
LTE-Advanced
Sunita Kumari, M.E. (ECE) Fellowship, Chitkara University, Chandigarh
T. L. Singal, Professor & Guide, ECE Department, Chitkara University, Chandigarh
ABSTRACT
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the
standardization work done by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed
radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell
selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In
particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer
of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering
on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically,
to understand how the mobile unit establishes the
connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding
region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the
challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with
the cell site and frequency synchronization. To
appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base
station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with
same receiver from various distances.
Keywords
LTE, LTE-A, Cell Selection, Synchronization
1. INTRODUCTION
Initially, Long Term Evolution and abbreviated as LTE
was introduced in the Release 8 in 2008. 3GPP published
and introduced the various standards for IP based system
LTE. In 2010, the Release 9 was introduced to provide
enhancements to LTE and in 2011 Release 10 was brought
as LTE-Advanced. The objective was to expand the limits
and features of Release 8 and to meet the requirements of
the International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced
(IMT-Advanced) of ITU-R for the fourth generation
mobile technologies (4G), and the future operator and end
user’s requirements. The key reason of the evident of the
LTE-A is the growing demand for network services, such
as web browsing, VoIP, video telephony, and video
streaming, with constraints on delays and bandwidth
requirements, poses new challenges in the design of the
future generation cellular networks. [1]. The overall goal
of LTE technology is to significantly increasing peak data
rates scaled linearly according to spectrum allocation,
improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving
services making use of new spectrum opportunities,
improved quality of service, and better integration with
other open standards.
2. NEW TECHNIQUES USED IN LTE
i) Multicarrier Technology: The access scheme is different
for the uplink and downlink in LTE. OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used in the
downlink; whereas, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier -
Frequency Division Multiple Access) is used in the uplink.
Refer Figure 1. OFDM technology has been incorporated
into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be
transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree
of resilience to reflections and interference.
Fig. 1: OFDMA and SC-FDMA in LTE
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of an OFDM
signal is relatively high, causes difficult to tolerate for the
transmitter of the mobile terminal. SC-FDMA has a
significantly lower PAPR, the more constant power
enables high RF power amplifier efficiency in the mobile
handsets. [2].
ii) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO): MIMO is used
to improve the data bit rates and spectral efficiency. It
consists of using multiple antennas in both the receiver
and transmitter in order to use the multipath effects, which
decreases the interference and leads to high transmission
rates. See Figure 2. One of the main problems that
previous telecommunications systems have encountered is
that of multiple signals arising from the many reflections
that they encountered. By using MIMO these additional
signal paths can be used to advantage and to increase the
throughput. [3].
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Fig. 2: MIMO in LTE
iii) System Architecture Evolution (SAE): As there is need
for high data rate and low latency for 3G LTE, it is
necessary to evolve the system architecture so that
improved performance can be achieved. The new SAE
network is based upon the GSM/WCDMA core networks
to enable simplified operations and easy deployment, as
shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: LTE Architecture System
3. SALIENT FEATURES OF LTE-A
The features of LTE are extended in LTE- Advanced in
order to exceed or at least meet the IMT-Advanced
requirements. It also must fulfil operator’s demands like a
reduced cost per Mbit transmitted, better service providing
in terms of homogeneity, constant quality of the
connection, smaller latency and compatibility with all
3GPP previous systems.
a) Support of asymmetrical bandwidths and larger
bandwidth: In LTE (release 8), the bandwidth could have
different sizes but had to be the same in the downlink and
in the uplink. In LTE-Advanced (Release 10) bandwidths
can be different because due to actual demand in mobile
networks, the load from the station to the user is more than
from the user to the station.
b) Enhanced multi-antenna transmission techniques: LTE
introduced MIMO in the data transmission. However in
LTE-Advanced, the MIMO scheme has to be extended to
gain spectrum efficiency, cell edge performance and
average data rates. LTE-Advanced uses a configuration
8x8 in the downlink and 4x4 in the uplink. LTE-Advanced
tries to get the network closer to the user to provide a
uniform user experience and to increase the capacity of the
network by using advanced topology networks. Advanced
topology networks provide the benefits and the
performance increase. Some of the characteristics of this
type of networks are:
• Self-organizing networks
• Intelligent Node Association
• Support for relays
• Adaptive Resource Allocation
• Multicarrier (spectrum aggregation)
c) Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception
(CoMP): It is used to improve the received signal of the
user terminal. Both the serving and neighbour cells are
used in a way that the co-channel interference from
neighbouring cells is reduced. It implies dynamic
coordination between geographically separated
transmission points in the downlink and reception at
separated points in the uplink. This mechanism is used to
improve the coverage of high data rates and to increase the
system bit rate.
d) Relaying: Relaying increases the coverage area and
capacity of the network. User’s mobile devices
communicate with the relay node, which communicates
with a donor eNB (enhanced Node B). See Figure 4.
Fig. 4: Relay types in LTE systems
Relay nodes can also support higher layer functionality
like decoding user data from the donor eNB and re-
encoding the data before transmitting it to the user
terminal. Type 1 relay nodes control their cells with their
own cell identity, and are used for the purpose of the
transmission of synchronization channels and reference
symbols. Type 2 relay nodes don’t own an identity, so the
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mobile user won’t be able to distinguish if a transmission
comes from the donor eNB or from the relay.
4. A COMPARISON: LTE vs. LTE-A
LTE and LTE Advanced are high speed 4G wireless
technologies. These 4G technologies give the real
experience of the triple play services such as voice, video
and high speed data. Both LTE and LTE Advanced offer
high speed access to internet equivalent to FE connection.
The key differences between LTE and LTE-Advanced are
mentioned below and in Table 1.
Table 1: Specifications of LTE and LTE-Advanced
Parameter LTE LTE-A
Peak Data Rate
Down Link
150 Mbps 1 Gbps
Peak Data Rate
Up Link
75 Mbps 500 Mbps
Transmission
Band (DL)
20 MHz 100 MHz
Transmission
Band (UL)
20 MHz 40 MHz
Scalable
Bandwidths
1.3,3,5,10, and
20MHz
Up to 20-
100 MHz
Capacity 200 active
users per cell
in 5MHz
3 times
higher than
LTE
5. CHALLLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING
LTE-A
i) Uplink scheduler limitations: OFDMA is used in
downlink. Without ordering constraints, the scheduler can
fill out the RB allocation. Due to the use of SC-FDMA,
the uplink allows the UEs to transmit only in a single
carrier mode. Thus, the scheduler for the uplink has
limited degrees of freedom. It has to allocate contiguous
RBs to each user without any choice among the best one
available. [4].
ii) Spectral efficiency: In LTE, one of the main goal is to
achieve effective utilization of radio resource. Hence,
several types of performance indicators need to be
calculated. For example, a specific policy could be
planned to maximize the number of users served in a given
time interval, or the spectral efficiency, by always serving
users that are experiencing the best channel conditions.
User throughput can be used as efficiency indicator which
is defined as the actual transmission data rate without
including layer two overheads and packet retransmissions
due to physical errors.
iii) Fairness: If overall cell throughput increases to
greatest extent, positively it enables effective utilization in
terms of spectral efficiency, but also leads to very unfair
resource sharing among users. Therefore fairness is a key
requirement that should be taken into account to guarantee
minimum performance to the cell-edge users and the users
who experiencing bad channel conditions.
iv) QoS Provisioning: It is a major feature in all-IP
architectures and very important in next generation
mobile. LTE maps QoS constrained flows to dedicated
radio bearers that depending on their QCIs enable special
RRM procedures QoS constraints may vary depending on
the application and they are usually mapped into some
parameters: maximum delivering delay, minimum
guaranteed bitrate, and packet loss rate. Hence, it is
important to define QoS-aware schedulers.
6. THE CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE
In LTE, Similar to all mobile communication systems,
terminal must perform certain steps before it can receive
or transmit data. [5]. These steps can be categorized in cell
search and cell selection, derivation of system information,
and random access. Refer Figure 5.
Fig. 5: LTE Initial Access
A se A user equipment willing to access an LTE cell
must first undertake a cell search procedure. Cell search
procedure is a group of procedures which consists of a
series of synchronization stages through which the UE
determines time and frequency synchronization parameters
that are necessary to demodulate the downlink data and to
transmit in uplink slot with the correct timing so as the
signal maintains orthogonality with other users.
7. CELL SYNCHRONIZATION PROCESS
Matching up with time and frequency parameters of the
reference or source is called synchronization. In case of
LTE networks, eNodeB is the source which controls
access to the UE. Thus, UE should adjust its frequency
and time according to the eNodeB. This is done with the
help of special Zadoff Chu (ZC) sequences. [6]. eNodeB
transmits these sequences periodically so that all UEs can
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Beginning of the
cell search
PSS Detection
Physical
Layer Cell ID
Frequency
Synchronization
Slot
Boundaries
SSS Detection
Frame
Timing
Group
Cell
End of
Cell Search
synchronize to the reference accordingly. There are three
synchronization requirements in LTE:
- symbol timing acquisition by which the correct
symbol start is determined;
- carrier frequency synchronization which mitigates
the effect of frequency errors resulting from
Doppler shift, and errors from electronics circuitry;
and
- sampling clock synchronization.
This is achieved by two types of sequences called as
primary synchronization sequences (PSS) and secondary
synchronization sequences (SSS). Refer Figure 6.
Fig. 6: Cell search and Synchronization Algorithm
PSS detection is the first step in cell search. To start
synchronization, UE should understand the time clock and
frequency on which eNodeB is working. [7]. For this UE
after powering up performs the downlink synchronization
which is detection of PSS and SSS and acquiring time,
frequency and system configuration information from
broadcast channel.
a) Uplink Synchronization: After downlink
synchronization, the UE has synchronization with eNodeB
clock and frequency. In addition, to obtain the uplink
timing advance information from eNodeB, UE performs
transmits one of the ranging code supported in the system
and waits for the ranging reply in the downlink control
channel. Once the ranging is successful, UE receives the
message and new dedicated ranging code with temporary
ID in the downlink control channel. If the ranging
successful message is not received, then UE tries again till
it succeeds.
b) New cell identification or initial synchronization: If the
UE is already registered with one eNodeB and moving out
of coverage area then new cell identification procedure is
carried out where the connected eNodeB assists the UE in
ranging and registration to the new cell. UE is assigned
with a dedicated ranging sequence and then ranging is
performed with the new cell. Whereas in case of initial
synchronization, the UE performs ranging procedure on
the contention basis.
PSS and SSS synchronization signals are used in cell
search process where slot start time, frequency offset and
physical layer ID is achieved after detecting PSS. The
detection of SSS gives radio frame timing, cell ID, cyclic
prefix length and TDD/FDD frame system configuration.
PSS sequences and SSS sequences are transmitted twice
per 10 ms radio frame.
The PSS is located in the last OFDM symbol of the first
and 11th slot of each radio frame which allows the UE to
acquire the slot boundary timing which is independent of
the type of cyclic prefix length. The PSS signal is the same
for any given cell in every sub frame in which it is
transmitted. The location of the SSS immediately precedes
the PSS – in the before to last symbol of the first and 11th
slot of each radio frame. The UE would be able to
determine the position of the 10 ms frame boundary as the
SSS signal alternates in a specific manner between two
transmissions.
8. CONCLUSION
To understand how the mobile unit establishes the
connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding
region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the
challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with
the cell site and frequency synchronization to
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appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base
station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with
same receiver from various distances. To identify the
available cell site so that the mobile unit will connect
successfully. For this, it uses two signals, the Primary
Synchronization Signal and the Secondary
Synchronization Signal sequentially. The primary signal is
based on Zadoff-Chu sequence which is a Constant
Amplitude Zero Auto Correlation (CAZAC) sequence.
This Research simulates the mobile cell search procedure
and the challenges associated with it can be analyzed using
MATLAB tool.
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