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Long QT Syndrome
1. The Long QT Syndrome
(LQTS)
______________________________________________________
Dr. Sayeedur Rahman Khan Rumi
dr.rumibd@gmail.com
MD (Cardiology) Final Part Student
National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute
2. QT Interval
â˘The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the
QRS complex to the end of the T wave.
â˘It represents the ventricular repolarization.
â˘The normal values for the QT interval depend on the
heart rate.
â˘As the heart rate increases (RR interval shortens), the QT
interval normally shortens; as the heart rate decreases
(RR interval lengthens), the QT interval lengthens.
3. QTc
â˘Because of this problem, another set of indexes of the
QT interval have been devised.
â˘These indexes are called rate-corrected QT or QTc
intervals.
â˘A widely used one (Bazett formula) is the square root
method, obtained by dividing the actual QT interval by
the square root of the RR interval.
â˘QTc = QT /âRR
4. The long QT syndrome (LQTS)
â˘The long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an Inherited
Arrhythmogenic Diseases in the structurally normal
heart characterized by abnormally prolonged QT
interval with peculiar morphologic abnormalities of the
T wave.
â˘LQTS manifests with syncope and/or cardiac arrest
typically occurring in children or teenagers.
â˘The estimated prevalence of LQTS is between 1:7000
and 1:3000
5. Types of LQTS
â˘Two major phenotypic variants have been described in
the early 1960s:
1. One autosomal dominant (Romano-Ward syndrome)
and
2. One autosomal recessive (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
syndrome) also presenting with sensorineural
deafness.
â˘Additional rare variants including extracardiac
involvement are the Andersen syndrome and the
Timothy syndrome.
6. ⢠12 mutations have been identified, but the most common subtypes
of LQTS are LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3
â˘LQT1
⢠Mutations in the Iks channels, result in decreased outward
potassium current.
⢠Typically have broad-based T waves
⢠Exercise-induce arrhythmias, especially during swimming.
⢠It accounts for 45% to 55% of patients.
7. â˘LQT2:
⢠Mutations in the Ikr
channels, result in
decreased outward
potassium current.
⢠Characterized by low
amplitude or notched T
waves
⢠Auditory triggers such as
sudden loud sounds like
alarm clocks or strong
emotion and postpartum
period.
8. â˘LQT3:
⢠Mutations in the INa channels, results in increased inward
sodium current.
⢠Characterized by a long isoelectric ST segment
⢠Arrhythmias during sleep.
9. Clinical Presentation
â˘Syncope is often triggered by the onset of rapid
polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (torsades
de pointes) that can degenerate into ventricular
fibrillation and cause sudden death.
â˘The mean age of onset of symptoms is 12 years,
and earlier onset is usually associated with a more
severe form of the disease.
10. Diagnosis
⢠The diagnosis of LQTS is based on the evaluation of the
electrocardiogram (ECG) and on the measurement of the
QT interval.
⢠QTc values >440 ms (in males) and >460 ms (in females)
are considered abnormal.
⢠The evidence of QTc interval >500 ms is associated with a
five-fold increased risk of events.
⢠Additional risk factors are female sex (approximately two-
fold increased risk) and the occurrence of a first cardiac
event in early childhood.
11. ⢠Genotype specific ECG patterns in long QT syndrome.
A. LQT1 -early onset broad based T wave.
B. LQT2 - low amplitude and bifid T wave.
C. LQT3 - long isoelectric ST segment with a late-appearing T wave
12. Risk stratification in long QT syndrome (LQTS)
Risk categories in LQTS according to QTc duration, genotype, and sex.
Percentages on the left indicate the risk of a first cardiac event
(syncope or cardiac arrest) in patients younger than 40 years of age in
the absence of any LQTS active treatment.
13. Treatment
⢠According to current guidelines, all LQTS patients with a history of
syncope and asymptomatic individuals with definite QT
prolongation should be treated with β-blockers (class I
recommendation)
⢠The most frequently used drugs are nadolol (1-2.5 mg/kg/d),
propranolol (2-4 mg/kg/d), and metoprolol (2-4 mg/kg/d)
⢠Lifestyle changes aimed at avoiding conditions that can precipitate
arrhythmias are also indicated.
⢠Specifically, LQTS patients should avoid competitive sports, QT-
prolonging drugs, and lowered potassium plasma levels (for
example, during diarrhea and vomiting)
14. ⢠Patient with syncope, history of aborted sudden death, or torsade
de pointes despite β-blocker therapy should undergo ICD
implantation. (Secondary prevention)
⢠Certain high-risk subgroups such as patients with LQT3 in whom β-
blockers may be less effective, patients with QTc > 550 milliseconds,
or female LQT2 patients with QTc > 500 milliseconds may benefit
from ICD implantation. (Primary prevention)
⢠In all instances, β-blockers should be continued after ICD implant to
reduce the risk of cardiac arrest and shocks from the device.
⢠In patients with evidence of pause-dependent onset of torsade de
pointes and polymorphic VT, the use of pacemaker may also be
indicated.
⢠Left cardiac sympathetic denervation can be used as an adjunctive
therapy to reduce recurrence of arrhythmias.