1. Anaesthesia for children with long QT syndrome Samia I. Sharaf , M.D Ain Shams University

8. Genotypes Of Long QT Syndrome Ion channel affected Chromosome/gene Frequency Phenotype Genotype K+(1K S ) 11-KVLQT1 +++ LQT1 LQT1 K+(1K R ) 7-HERG ++ LQT2 LQT2 NA+ 3-SCN5A + LQT3 LQT3 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN - LQT4 K+(1K S ) 21-KCNE1 - LQT1 LQT5 K+(1K R ) 21-KCNE2 - LQT2 LQT6

14. Acquired LQTS Quinidine,procainamide,disopyramide,sotalol,amiodarone Antidysrhythmic drugs Terfenadine,astemizole Histamine receptor antagonists Erythromycin,clindamycin,imidazole,ampicillin Antibiotics Ketanserin,flouxetine Drugs acting on serotonin receptors Tetra-and tricyclic antidepressant , haloperidol,phenothiazine,lithium,risperidone Antipsychotic drugs indapamide Diuretics Massive blood transfusion Citrate Cisapride Gastrointestinal drugs Hypokalemia , hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia Metabolic abnormalities Complete atrioventricular block Bradydysrhythmias Myocardial ischemis,acute carditis,acute cor pulmonale, mitral valve prolapse Cardiac Anorexia nervosa,gastroplasty,liquid protein diet Starvation Subarachinoid hge. Head injury,right-sided radial neck surgery Nervous system injury Hypothermia, pituitary insufficiency Others

25. Although information of the effect of some anaesthetic drugs on QT were available before significance of TDR of M cells yet the clinical significance is often unclear & it is difficult to advise with authority on which the safest anaesthetic agent for LQTS Anaesthetic Drugs & Ventricular Repolarization

29. Methohexital : prolongs QTC in healthy adults but not in children ( despite atropine premedication ) Act. Anaesthesiol Scand, 1993 ketamine : unreported effect , better avoided Etomidate : has no significant effect Act. Anaesthesiol Scand 1994