This document provides an outline on topics related to Earth's atmosphere and oceans, including temperature, heat transfer, the electromagnetic spectrum, the greenhouse effect, and the global energy budget. It discusses how solar radiation is distributed at Earth's surface and absorbed versus reflected. Factors that influence temperatures are covered, such as landforms, distance from coasts, cloud cover, and seasonal changes. Maps of isotherms and examples of variations in global energy flows due to volcanic eruptions are also referenced.

1. Earth’s Atmosphere andEarth’s Atmosphere and
OceansOceans
Lecture Outline #8Lecture Outline #8

2. TemperatureTemperature
 Measure of average kinetic energy ofMeasure of average kinetic energy of
individual atoms or molecules in aindividual atoms or molecules in a
substance (or in the atmosphere)substance (or in the atmosphere)

3. Thermal Energy/HeatThermal Energy/Heat
 Total amount of energy in a substanceTotal amount of energy in a substance
 Heat is that energy moving from oneHeat is that energy moving from one
substance (with higher temp) to anothersubstance (with higher temp) to another

4. 4 Laws of Thermodynamics4 Laws of Thermodynamics

5. Sensible Heat vs. Latent HeatSensible Heat vs. Latent Heat
 Look at water’s phase changesLook at water’s phase changes

6. Types of Heat TransferTypes of Heat Transfer

7. Sun’s EnergySun’s Energy

8. Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation
SpectrumSpectrum

9. Fate of Incoming Solar RadiationFate of Incoming Solar Radiation
InsolationInsolation

10. Albedos of Various SurfacesAlbedos of Various Surfaces
 Blacktop road : 5 – 10%Blacktop road : 5 – 10%
 Fresh snow or ice : 80 – 95%Fresh snow or ice : 80 – 95%
 Old snow: 45 – 70%Old snow: 45 – 70%
 Meadow: 5 – 25%Meadow: 5 – 25%
 Water: Varies significantlyWater: Varies significantly

12. Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

14. Global Energy BudgetGlobal Energy Budget
 How is the solar radiation that reaches earthHow is the solar radiation that reaches earth
distributed? Or….distributed? Or….
 What are the factors that change theWhat are the factors that change the
amount of radiation received or retained in aamount of radiation received or retained in a
location?location?

15. Variations in InsolationVariations in Insolation
 http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/seasons.jpghttp://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/seasons.jpg
http://www.weatherpages.com/variety/diurnal.jpg

19. Global Energy BudgetGlobal Energy Budget
 What’s a budget?What’s a budget?
 Energy In – Energy Out = StorageEnergy In – Energy Out = Storage

20. Changes in Global Energy BudgetChanges in Global Energy Budget
http://http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Shishaldin/Mcgimsey_04231999_med.jpgvolcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Shishaldin/Mcgimsey_04231999_med.jpg
http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/media/archive/4785.jpg
http://energyconcepts.tripod.com/energyconcepts/chimney.jpg

21. Patterns of Temperature VariationPatterns of Temperature Variation

22. Coastal vs. Inland TemperaturesCoastal vs. Inland Temperatures

23. Temperatures as Affected byTemperatures as Affected by
LandformsLandforms

24. Windward vs. LeewardWindward vs. Leeward
Temperatures on ContinentTemperatures on Continent

26. Influence of Cloud Cover onInfluence of Cloud Cover on
TemperatureTemperature

27. Changes in Average TemperaturesChanges in Average Temperatures
Throughout YearThroughout Year

29. IsothermsIsotherms