RELATED TO BIOLOGY ABOUT CHARACTERS OF LIVING TAXONOMY CLASSICATION AND TAXONOMICAL AIDS FOR NEET AND CBSE

1. CH-1- THE LIVING WORLD
FOR NEET
AND STUDENTS OF CLASS 11
Prepared by
Yoonus ali

2. LIVINGS HAS THE FOLLOWING CHAEACTERS
GROWTH- Living being exhibits growth. It is reflected by two characters –
(1) increase in mass (2) increasing in the number of individuals.
Several micro organism grow by cell division and this can be observed by in vitro cultures.
In higher organisms growth related to increase in body mass which may takes place
by the process of cell differentiation into tissue (histogenesis histo= tissue; genesis =
formation) which develops into organs (organogenesis).
In plants the growth takes place by cell division, continuously throughout the life span and it
is indefinite. However in animals this growth is seen only up to a certain age and hence it is
definite
Nonliving things also grow but increasing in the mass of object from outside. So growth is
not the defining property of living organisms.
Growth can be a defining property of livings only if the conditions under which the growth is
taking place are explained

3. REPRODUCTION-There are different methods of asexual reproduction
in different form of organism.
But many living organism cannot reproduce, for example, mules,
sterile worker bees, infertile men and women .This is the reason
why reproduction cannot be considered as a defined property of a
living being.
METABOLOSIM- it is define as the total of all chemical reactions in the
body of organism .it is of two type
(a) anabolism- synthesis of the new substances inside the body of
living organism is called anabolism. E.g.- protein synthesis
photosynthesis
(b) catabolism- degradation of large molecules in the small molecule
inside the body of living organism is called catabolism. E.g.- digestion
respiration. Metabolic reaction can be demonstration outside the
body in the cell free system. An isolated metabolic reaction in a
test tube is neither living nor non living. Hence while metabolism is
a defining property of all living feature of all living organism
without exception

4. CONSCIOUSNESS – all livings beings respond to the external stimuli. the response
given by an organism to the stimulus is called as consciousness. It is due to the
nervous system or some other structures indifferent forms of life. Humans are the
only organism which has “self- consciousness” thus consciousness becomes
the defining property of livings.
HOMEOSTASIS- It is the term coined by Cannon (1939) to denote the dynamic
process that ensure maintenance of constancy of internal environment of the body. It
may be positive or negative. It is operational at cellular level, organ system and at the
level of whole body. In homeotherms such as birds and mammals it is peak of the
development

5. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
• It is estimated that 5-30 million different species exist on earth.
• However , only 1.7-1.8 million species have been identified, characterized and
classified.
• These include nearly 1.2 million animals and over 0.5 million species of plants.
• Amongst animals, insects form the largest group i.e over 10, 25,000 species.

6. CLASSIFICATION
Linnaeus-Introduce classification and binomial nomenclature.
 It is define as the categorization of organisms into a coherent
scheme based on easily identifiable characters.
 A taxon refers to a category , rank or a unit of classification.
 The texa may be monophyletic and diphyletic texa.
For example, the hypothetical dipleurula larva is usually
considered the ancestral form of chordates. It has similarities
with echinoderms larvae and with the tornaria larva, and thus
these texa are called monophyletic
Polyphyletic are those organisms that have evolved from many
sources and not just one common ancestor. Mammals are
polyphyletic

7. TAXONOMY
Taxonomy (taxas=arrangement; nomos= laws) is the science of classifying organisms.
Linnaeus classified organisms based on overall resemblances. This
classification is known as natural classification.
Other system of classification are Artificial classification based on
ecological niche and abilities as terrestrial , aerial, aquatic and
Phylogenetic classification based on evolutionary and genetic
relationship of organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus(1708-1778)-Binomial nomenclature in his book
systema naturae in 1758 he give 7 rank and 30 texa
W.Henning (1913-1976)-proposed the cladistic method ; the
phylogenetic tree (cladogram)
Ernst Mayr(1904-2005)-Define biological system of classification
R.H.WHITTAKER(1969)-Five kingdom classification
Carl Woese(1990)-Proposed the 3 domain system and six kingdom
classification
Cavalier Smith(1998)-6 kingdom.. bacteria, protozoa, chromista plantae
fungi animalia

8. SYSTEMATICS
The term given by Carolus Linnaeus.
it is derived from latin word systema refers to the systematic arrangement of
the organism.
 It is the study of the diversity of organism, focusing both on their
comparative relationship as well as evolutionary relationship.
CALSSICAL SYSTEMATICS- considered species to be an independent
static quantity and based on morphological characters.
BIOSYSTEMATICS- considered species to be dynamic and statically data is
complied to understand their primitiveness, advancement and interrelationship

9. NOMENCLATURE- It has following system-
•Vernacular names – given in local language, varies from place to place. It is not
universal.
•Binomial nomenclature- it is proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.it it has following rules-
•Biological name are generally in latin and written in italics.
•First name represents the genera and always starts with capital letter.
•The second name represent the species name can always start with small letter.
•In hand written from both name write separately and underline separately while in printed
form is it in italics
•Books written by Carolus Linnaeus
• Philosophia Botanica- published principles of binomial nomenclature
•Species Plantarum- published nomenclature first time for plants.(5900) plant.
•Systema Naturae- describe nomenclature of 4326 animal.

10. Standardisation of scientific name is given by-
ICBN(1961) – INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR BOTANICAL
NOMENCLATURE
ICZN(1964) - INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
ICNB- INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF
BACTERIA
ICNCP- INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR NOMENCLATURE OF
CULTIVATED PLANTS
ICTV- INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE TAXONOMY
OF VIRUS.

11. TAXONOMIC HIERACHY-
All categories together make taxonomic hierarchy.
First given my Linnaeus who introduced five ranks, class-order-
genus-species-variety (from upper to lower).
Three categories were added (kingdom,division/phylum). Now about 21
intermediate categories.
Seven obligate categories are-
Kingdom- phylum/division-class-order-family-genus-species
SPECIES- The term is given by John Ray, It is the lowest category of
classification.
A group of individuals with similar morphological, anatomical,
biochemical and cytological characters.
It is a group of naturally interbreeding population with the ability to
produce fertile off springs.
It is the group of individuals of a species share common gene pool

12. Genera- It is the group of related species
For example- potato (Solanum tubrosum), makoi (S.nigrum) and bringle (S.melogena)
belongs to same genus
Lion, tiger, leopard belongs to genera panthera
FAMILY- group of related genera with less similarities then genus.
Four genera solanum, petunia, datura and atropa belongs to same family
solanaceae. Genus panthera and felis belongs to Felidae
ORDER- Group of related family with less similarities then family.
Plant families like convolvulaceae and solanaceae belongs to
polymoniales it based on floral charaecters.
CLASS- It is the group of related families.
PHYLUM/DIVISION- Group of related classes.
KINGDOM- It is the highest category in hierarchy with related phyla or
division.
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF SPECIES- Ernst Mayr. It is based on
reproductive isolation.
CARL WOESE- Proposed the term Domain it is the higher than
kingdom. He gives three domain- archea bacteria and eukeria

13. TAXONOMIC AIDS
HERBARIUM-
It is the collection of dead plants which are identified and arranged according to their
taxonomic status.
It is like a reference library. It is also called hortus siccus i.e. dry garden.
 This includes the indication of their botanical name, family, order and division.
Herbaria are also serving as quick referral system in taxonomic studies.
Steps- 1. Collection 2. Drying 3. Poisioning 4. Mounting 5. Labeling 6. Deposition
Primary function of herbarium is accurate identification and taxonomic
research on the basis of morphological characters.
Largest herbaria in the word is Royal Botanical garden Kew London
Indian largest herbarium is the Central National Herbarium Sibpur
Kolkata

14. BOTANICAL GARDEN- It contain different varieties of livings plants
As found in the specific geographical location(ex-situ conservation).
Royal Botanical Garden Kew London- “Botanical Capital of the
world”. Founded by William Alton.
Indian Botanical Garden Kolkata
Lloyd Botanical Garden Darjeeling
National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow.
MUSEUMS- These have collection of preserved plants and animals
for study purpose.
No living object is played in museums.
Preservation of succulent plants and other specimen takes place in
FAA (Solution of formaldehyde glacial acetic acid and ehyl alcohol).
Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting killing and
pinning

15. ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
Commonly known as zoos, these are the places where wild animals
are kept in protected environment. The first zoological park was
London zoological park (1828).
Largest Zoological Park is located in Kruger in South Africa.
There are over 300 zoological parks in India the largest zoo in
India is Alipur Zoological Garden Kolkata.
KEY- Also known as biological determination. It has a list of
observable characters that relate to the structure and behavior of the
organism.
They are based on contrasting characters usually in the form of
couplet where choice needs to be made between two opposite
options.

16. SOME OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS
 Flora – plant in a given habitat.
 Native flora- indigenous or natural plants.
 Horticulture flora- plant grown by humans
 Weed plants- undesirable plants
 MANNUALS- used in identification of species in the given area. They
contain complete information about the occurrence.
 MONOGRAPH- It contain information about any one texon.
 CATALOGUES- It has alphabetical arrangement of species describe
their feature

17. THE END
THANKING YOU
PRESENTED BY
YOONUS ALI