This document outlines important characteristics of living things. It discusses the components of life at the cellular level, including the structures and functions of cells. The key components are cells, which are the basic units of all living things, molecules like proteins and sugars, and genetic material. Living things carry out vital functions like nutrition, reproduction, and response to stimuli. All living things are made up of cells that carry out these functions. The document also covers taxonomy and the five kingdoms used to classify living organisms.

1. LIVING THINGS
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF HAVING LIFE
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PRESENCE OF LIQUID WATER
RIGHT DISTANCE FROM THE SUN
PRESENCE OF AN ATMOSPHERE
PRESENCE OF IMPORTANT SUBSTANCES
COMPONENTS OF LIFE
• MOLLECULES: Is divided into:
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Only found inside living
things: sugar, fats, proteins.
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Can be found outside living
things: water, O2, CO2.
CELLS
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All the living things are made up of cells
All the functions of living things are performed by cells.
Cells are the most simple living thing
All cells come from another cell by reproduction
STRUCTURE OF A CELL
The most simple cell:
• Membrane: control what comes in and what goes out
• Cytoplasm: Is formed by water and many other substances.
• Genetic materials: controll cells functions
TYPES OF CELLS
• Prokaryotes: Bacterias
1. Genetic material: is not in a nucleus
2. Cell wall: protection
3. Cytoplasm

2. 4. Membrane
• Eukaryotic: plants and animal cells
ANIMAL CELLS
- Nucleus with genetic material
- Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
PLANT CELLS
- Nucleus
-Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Organelles
(Chloroplast)
FUNCTIONS OF LIVING THINGS
• NUTRITION: a living thing needs to get nutrients from
the environment to grow and to get energy.
• REPRODUCTION: producing descdents that are equal or
similiar to their parents.
1. Asexual: only partcipates one member. Descendents
are equal to their parents.
2. Sexual: two individuals. Descendents are similar to
their parents.
• INTERACTION: being sensible to changes in the
environment and giving responses.
1. Stimulli: Changes that could be sensed
2. Sense organs: Sense changes
3. Organs that produce responses: brain
DIVERSITY IN LIVING THINGS
All the species in the world share:
• We are made of cells
• We carry out the three vital functions
• We have a common chemical composition
- Bioelements: C, O, H
- Biomolecules: inorganic
organic

3. FOSSILS
• Are The Remains of living things or their activities (tracks ,
eggs, excrement...) that have been preserved and now form
part of sedementary rocks.
• The Study of Fossils has allowed scientists to :
1. RECONSTRUCT AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE
HISTORY OF LIFE
Scientists have learned a lot about the characteristics of
many extinct organisms and also about the changes of
animals that also exist today.
2. OBTAIN INFORMATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE
EARTH
We can work exactly how long a particular organism first
appeared on the planet . Also, fossilised remains offer very
valuable information about environment in the past
3. MAKE A CALENDAR OF THE HISTORY OF THE
EARTH
The history of our planet is divided into eras and periods ,
which correspond to particular events, thanks to fossils, we
can divide the different periods of time.
We can also know about animals that appeared and
disappeared.
TAXONOMIC GROUPS
Scientist use taxonomic groups to divide different groups of
living things.
Different taxonomic groups are:
KINGDOMS => PHYLA => CLASSES => ORDERS =>
FAMILIES => GENERA => SPECIES

4. NAMING SPECIES
Binomial naming
Genus => Genus name
Familiaris => Specific name
Genus name => Homo
Specific name => Sapiens
FIVE KINGDOMS
KINGDOM TYPE OF
NUTRITION
MONERAN Autotrophic or
heterotrophic
PROTIST
AUTOTROPHIC
OR
HETEROTROPHIC
FUNGUS
HETEROTROPHIC
PLANT
ANIMAL
CELLULAR
ORGANISATION
Single cell
TYPE OF
CELL
prokaryotic
HAS
TISSUE?
no
SINGLE CELL OR EUKARYOTIC NO
MULTICELLULAR
SINGLE CELL OR EUKARYOTIC NO
MULTICELLULAR
AUTOTROPHIC
MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC YES
HETEROTROPHIC MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC YES