The document discusses the key elements (bioelements) needed for living organisms, including the major elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium which make up 99% of living matter. It also mentions other minor elements needed in small quantities like sulfur, sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine and chlorine. These bioelements are obtained by plants through photosynthesis and from the soil, and then consumed by animals who distribute them throughout the ecosystem.

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Class 9th Biology chapter # 1 introduction to biology
Written By Noor Rahman M.Sc Zoology SPS College Rahim Abad Swat
A. Select the correct answers in the following questions.
1. What is the branch of biology in which structure and functions of tissue s are
studied?
a)Cell biology b)Taxonomy c)Histology d)Morphology
2. Biometry is the application of ................ in biology
a)Algebra b)Statistics c)Matrix d)Geometry
3. Al-Qanun fil-Tibb is the famous book of:
a)bu Ali Sina b)Jabir bin Hayyan c)Abdul Malik Asmai d)Ibn Nafees
4. Study of insects is called
a)Immunology b)Parasitology c)Entomology d)Paleontology
5. Carbon is a key element in
a)Organic Compounds b)Inorganic Compounds c)Chemical Compounds d) all
of these
6. Ameoba represents which level of organization
a)Cell b)Tissue c)Organism d)Organelle
7. Capillaries are an example of.................
a)Organ system b)Cell c)organ d)Tissue
8. ................... is the mass of air surrounding the Earth?
a) Lithosphere b)Atmosphere c)Ecosystem d) Biosphere
9. All of the following are elements that plants need in very small amounts
EXCEPT
a)Hydrogen b)Iron c)Chlorine d)Copper
10. Which of the following cellular organization represents Volvox?
a) Unicellular b) Multicellular c)Bicellular d)Colonial form

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B. Write answers for the following questions.
Q1. Briefly establish the linkage between biology with physics,
geography and statistics.
Ans: Linkage between biology and physics:
Biology and physics (biophysics), interdisciplinary study of
biological phenomena and problems, using the principles and
techniques of physics. Biophysics is closely related to a number of
biological disciplines such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology,
microbiology, physiology, histology, and virology.
Linkage between biology and geography:
Biology and geography are dependent on each other; we study the
distribution of plant and animal in biogeography. Scientists also learn about
evolution by studying how different species of plants and animals are
geographically distributed in nature, and how they relate to their
environment and to each other.
Linkage between biology and statistics:
The application of statistical techniques to biological data is biostatistics.
Biostatistics include such measures as birth, death, and infant death rates;
diseases; and trends of this data over time. The biostatistician works to
collect such measures, which may include surveys, lab reports, and hospital
discharge data.
Q2. Define biology. List down its major branches
Ans: Major Branches of Biology:
Biology: The word “biology” derived from two Greek words “Bios”
meaning life and “Logos” meaning study, so the scientific study of life is
called biology. OR “The study of living things is called biology”. Biology
includes several branches. Three major branches of biology are given below.

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Botany –Greek: botane means plants.
“A branch of biology which deals with the scientific study of plants is
called Botany”.
Zoology – Greek: Zoon means animals
“ The branch of biology that deals with animals and animal life, including
the study of the structure, physiology, development, and classification of
animals”.
Microbiology – Greek: mikros means small
“The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on
other living organisms”
Q3. Define other branches of biology
Ans: Biology is further divided into several sub branches some of them are
given below,
Morphology – Greek: Morph means structure
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of structure of organisms is
called morphology”
Anatomy – Greek: Anatome means dissection / cutting
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of internal parts of
organisms is called anatomy”
Physiology – Latin: Physiologia means function
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of the functions of living
organisms and their parts is called physiology”
Embryology / Developmental Biology - Greek: Embroun means growth

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“A branch of biology which deals with the study of the processes through
which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure is called
embryology”
Cell Biology/ Cytology – Greek: Cyto means cell
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of a single cell and its
organelles is ca lled cytology”
Histology – Greek: Histos means tissue
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of tissue, under a
microscope is called histology”
Paleontology – Greek: Palaios means primitive/fossil
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of fossils of plants,
animals, and other organisms is called paleontology. Paleontology has
further two branches, a) paleobotany: Study of plants fossils,
b) Paleozoology: study of animals fossils.
Immunobiology /Immunology – Latin: Immunis means not affected by
disease.
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of the immune system in
body of organisms against diseases is called immunology.
Entomology - Greek: Entomon means Insect.
The study of insects is called entomology.
Genetics – Greek: Genos means race/kind/ancestry/heredity
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of hereditary characters
that transmitted from parents to offspring is called genetics.
Microbiology – Greek: mikros means small

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“A branch of biology which deals with the study of small and microscopic
organisms (microorganisms/microbes) and their interactions with other
living things is called microbiology.
Biotechnology –
“A technology that used for human welfare is called biotechnology.” e.g.
making of Butter, cheese, and vine. Biotechnology also help in
cloning/tissue culture etc
Environmental Biology / Ecology – Greek: Oikos means house/habitation
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of the relationships
between plants, animals, and their environment is called ecology.
Parisitology – Greek: Parasitos means some body that eats another’s
food/grains
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of parasites, life cycle of
parasites and relation with their host is called parastology.
Social biology – Latin: Socialis means companion
“A branch of biology which deals with the study of those organisms which
are living together in a community and interact each other is called social
biology, e.g. social insects (ants, bees, and termites), birds flock, humans
and fishes living in groups.
Pharmacology – Greek: Pharmakon means drugs
“A branch of biology which deals with the study and practical application of
preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines is called
pharmacology.

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Q4. Enlist the various levels of biological organization.
Ans: Levels biological of Organization:
All living things have a structure that is based on specific organization of
materials.While science discovers new levels all of the time, In Anatomy,
you are responsible for knowing the levels of organization from the atom to
the organism.

7. Level of
Explanation Example
organization
Matter is composed of up atoms and atom is
the smallest particle that maintains its physical
and chemical properties; although particles oxygen,
smaller than the atom have been discovered, nitrogen, gold
but they do not maintain these properties.
(electrons, protons and neutrons)
Atom
when two or more atoms are bonded together water, carbon
they form molecules. dioxide
Molecule
They consists simple molecules such as
Micromolecules Amino acids, glucose, fatty acids. proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates
Macromolecule when two or more micro molecules are bonded
together to form large molecules
mitochondria,
several macromolecules bonded together form
Organelles nucleus, golgi
these building blocks of a cell
apparatus
the smallest unit of life, a cell is a collection of bacteria, animal,
organelles functioning together plant
Cell
a collections of cells working together to epithelial,
Tissue perform a specific job connective
two or more types of tissues that work together heart, stomach,
to complete a specific task brain
Organ
digestive,
Organ system

8. Q5. Describe the contribution of Muslim scientists’ in biology.
Ans: Contribution of Muslim scientists’ in biology:
a) Bu Ali Sina: (980, Bukhara– 1037, Irán)
Commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latin name Avicenna
was a renowned Muslim scientist and philosopher. He was a Persian.
The Canon of Medicine (Qanun fil-Tib) was used as a text-book in
many medical universities up to 1650. His writing also includes philosophy,
astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic,
mathematics, physics, as well as poetry.
b) Jabir Bin Hayyan: (721 in Persia; 815 Iraq)
Often known simply as Geber in West, (Persian/Arabic) a
chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer,
philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. He was the first
practical chemist.
c) Abdual-Malik Asmai: (740Basra-828Bughdad)
Asmai was an Arab scholar. He was also a pioneer of Natural
Science and Zoology. Asmai wrote many books such as: Kitab al-Khail
(The Book of the Horse), Kitab al-Ibil (The Book of the Camel), Kitab
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al-Farq (The Book of Rare Animals), Kitab al-Wuhush (The Book of
Wild Animals), Kitab al-Sha (The Book of the Sheep) and Kitab Khalaq
al-Insan (The Book of Humanity).
Q5. If you study biology which career path will you prefer to choose and
why?
Ans: As a Biologist there are several career paths one of them I will choose
like;

9. 1) Field of Medicine: “A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or
prevention of a disease is called medicine”. While studying biology a
student should prefer to choose medical line because it is one of the best
among career paths, after completion of intermediate.
2) Fisheries: / (As Ichthyologist) the study of fishes is called ichthyology.
After selecting biology as a subject next best field after medical, is fishery.
As Ichthyologist, a man must know about fish habitats, breeding, diseases,
food, population, fish farming or aquaculture etc. As a manager they may
work in hatchery (place of hatching eggs) and prevention from diseases. And
keep up to date with fish production and information.
3) Agriculture: The science of cultivating crops like wheat, maize, rice and
farming of animals that gives milk and meat. Agriculture is one of the best
fields so, after completion of intermediate a student of biology may join this
line for their career.
4) Animal Science/ Animal husbandry: Animal science is related to breeding and
veterinary (medical or surgical treatment) of animals). After completion of intermediate a
student of biology has a choice to select D.V.M (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine) which
makes his/ her future bright.
5) Horticulture: Latin hortus, garden. “The science of cultivating fruits,
vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants” Horticulture primarily differs
from agriculture in two ways. First, it surrounds a smaller scale of
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cultivation. Secondly, horticultural cultivations include a wide variety of
crops.
6) Forestry: Forestry is the scientific management of forest lands for wood
water, wildlife, and recreation. Because the major economic importance of
the forest lies in wood and wood products, forestry chiefly concerned with
timber management, especially reforestation, maintenance of the forest, and
fire control.
7) Farming: Farms are developed and maintained for animals and plants
breeding. After selecting as a profession have the practical knowledge

10. Q6. What are bioelements name them and highlight their importance?
Ans: Among 92 naturally occurring elements sixteen are very essential to
living organisms. Six of them occur in large quantity and make 99% of
living organisms. They are Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N),
Carbon (C), Phosphorous (P) and Calcium(C). Mainly carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen make most structures such as, sugars, starches and other energy
molecules while nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur make proteins.
Other elements are needed in less quantity (less than 1%), they are sulphur
(S), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron
(Fe), copper (Cu),Zinc (Zn), Iodine(I) and Chlorine(Cl). E.g. Iron is
essential for haemoglobin (red blood cells), calcium for teeth and bones.
Sodium and potassium are important for sending messages along nerves.
Plants photosynthesis using carbon dioxide from the air and water from the
soil to make their own food; they store food up as starch in potatoes, grains,
leaves, and put sugar into fruits while animals eat and distribute these. Plants
use minerals from the soil to manufacture whatever they need in their own
structure. Thus all these elements are available to us when we eat plants.
Written By Noor Rahman
M.Sc Zoology (B.Ed) SPS College Rahim Abad Swat