DNA is a complex molecule composed of nucleotides that form base pairs. There are four nucleotides - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine - that pair up in specific combinations. DNA provides instructions to make proteins through its sequence of nucleotides. These proteins are necessary for the body to function properly. The instructions in DNA are found in all living cells and are passed from DNA to RNA to proteins in a process that differs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Biotechnology analyzes and manipulates genetic material for practical applications like producing therapeutic substances, food, and energy.

1. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
That means it is a complex molecule composed
of nucleotides.

2. These nucleotides form chemical
interactions as such:
There are four types of nucleotides in
DNA: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and
Thymine.

3. Nucleotides match to form base pairs.
Adenine pairs with thymine and
cytosine pairs with guanine.

4. DNA works like a set of instructions which makes
proteins. These proteins are necessary for your body
to function correctly.
Different proteins which have the same function
imply different phenotypes.

7. The instructions are found in the DNA´s sequence of
nucleotides, present in all cells of living organisms.

8. The process follows this sequence:
DNA RNA proteins

9. In eukaryotic cells information travels from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are
present.

10. Not all genetic information is needed at all times in all
cells.

11. • The process involves transcribing and passing
information from the DNA to a RNA molecule
which sends the information to the
cytoplasm.

12. • Meaning: the code of nucleotides is read in
groups of three, which forms a code of amino
acids

13. Biotechnology groups all methods of analysing living
organisms with some practical methods of analysing
human beings.
Important: methods of manipulating the genetic code
are included

14. Biotechnology produces therapeutic substances such
as hormones (insulin for example) or vaccines.

15. It produces food

16. It produces energy such as methane or ethanol
through fermentation.

17. A combination of methods which modify an
organism´s DNA.
One or more genes are transfered.
Transgenetic organisms are produced.

18. In order to obtain the new DNA, enzymes (proteins)
break the DNA´s chain in specific places (restriction
enzymes) and other enzymes bind these fragments
(elastic enzymes) together.

19. Uses:
•Obtaining pharmaceuticals such as insulin.
•Obtaining better crops and livestock. Transgenetic
products.
•Therapeutic genes: substituting faulty genes by healthy
ones to cure illnesses.

20. Gene therapy: for example, treating immunodeficiency
disorder (SCID).