Downloaded 12 times
Uploaded byAshok Pandey
Research Idea Generation and Research Question Formulation.ppt
This document contains slides from several proposal development workshops conducted by Ashok Pandey of the Policy Research Institute in Nepal. The slides provide guidance on developing research ideas and formulating research questions. Some key points include: developing enthusiasm for your research idea; getting feedback from others; assessing feasibility; being open, curious and willing to take risks as attributes of creative researchers; and using criteria like feasibility, interest, novelty, ethics and relevance to evaluate potential research topics. The document also provides examples of different levels of research questions and the PICOT framework for formulating good research questions.
More Related Content
Similar to Research Idea Generation and Research Question Formulation.ppt
More from Ashok Pandey
Research Idea Generation and Research Question Formulation.ppt
- 1. Ashok Pandey Associate ResearchFellow Policy Research Institute https://pri.gov.np/our_team/ashok-pandey/ Proposal Development Workshop 1
- 2. Research Idea Generationand Research Question Formulation
- 3. Research Grant/Funding 1. Howmany research grant have you apply? 2. How much research grant have you got from donor/funder? 3. List out the National and International grant/donor? Proposal Development Workshop 3
- 4. World Report GrantAmount_2019
- 8. What is Idea? •A thought or collection of thoughts that generate in the mind. • Usually generated with intent, but can also be created unintentionally. • Is an opinion or belief • Are fragile. • Consists of concrete steps that shuttle raw ideas toward maturation. Proposal Development Workshop 8
- 9. Example: Research Ideas GISWatch 2016aims to unpack the relationship between Economic, social and cultural rights (ESCRs) and the internet. This will be done through documenting country-level stories that serve as practical and lively examples of how the internet is being used – or could be used – to realise these important human rights, or that illustrate the relationship between the internet and ESCRs. We are looking for potential authors who can conduct research in their countries, with the assistance of a common framework to be used by all. https://giswatch.org/en/country-report/economic-social-and-cultural-rights-escrs/nepal Proposal Development Workshop 9
- 10.
- 11.
- 12. Drivers shouldn’t workmore than eight hours a Day The Kathmandu Post Nepal’s Labour Act has clearly fixed working hours at 48 hours a week (eight hours a day). However, this law is not strictly implemented. There are different reasons for violations owing to the poor economic condition of many people and the country’s high unemployment rate, among others. This violation in working hours is most common among public bus drivers. Among 10 Kathmandu bus drivers surveyed, all of them claimed to be on wheels at least 12 hours everyday. Driving a bus is a high-risk occupation. Therefore, in developed countries like Germany, France and Holland, bus drivers work eight hours a day and 40 hours a week. During the working day, breaks are provided in between two consecutive periods of driving, for food and drink, relaxation and socializing. Studies attribute 16–19 percent of total road accidents to fatigue and sleepiness. Driving is also stressful work. It can cause numerous health problems, including musculoskeletal problems of the back, neck, shoulders and knees, psychological problems like fatigue, tension and mental overload, stomach and intestinal disorders and sleeping problems. When drivers are not physically and mentally fit, traffic accidents are certain to happen. Proposal Development Workshop 12
- 13.
- 14. First Step forIdea Generation By far the most important thing is to be enthusiastic If you do not seem excited by your idea, why should others be? Enthusiasm makes people dramatically more receptive Proposal Development Workshop 14
- 15. The greatest ideasare worthless if you keep them to yourself Crystallize your ideas in writing Ideas are personal Ideas once fixed, communicate them to others with confidence and trust Get feedback Build relationships Second Step for Idea Generation Proposal Development Workshop 15
- 16. Feasibility of Ideasneed to be assessed The role of the idea-receiver to assess the feasibility of the idea. The idea-receiver should be transparent about the evaluative process. This extends the confidence of the idea-sharer. Third Step for Idea Generation Proposal Development Workshop 16
- 17. Attributes of theCreative Person • Openness to experience • Observance – seeing things differently • Curiosity • Personal freedom • Willingness to take calculated risks • Freedom from fear of failure Proposal Development Workshop 17
- 18. Number ONE Requirement… •You need to have an imaginative mind • You need a Questioning attitude • Wonder why? Proposal Development Workshop 18
- 19. Sources of Ideas •Reviewing the Literature • Intuition • Discussions and Brainstorming with Colleagues • District level Meetings and Seminars • Observing • Monitoring the Data • Day-to-day Experience Proposal Development Workshop 19
- 20. Variation within 7provinces (Under 5 Children stunting %) NDHS 2016 Proposal Development Workshop 20
- 21. Variation within 7provinces ( Under 5 children Stunted) Province 1 33% Province 3 29% Gandaki 29% Karnali 55% Sudur Paschim 36% Province 5 39% Province 2 37% Nepal: 36% Source: NDHS 2016 Targets NHSS: 2020 31 SDG: 2030 19 At or Below 2020 target At or Lower than national average Higher than national average Highest among the 7 Provinces Proposal Development Workshop 21
- 22. Are these Researchable? Oncean idea is developed, how do we decide if it is “researchable”? • Existing evidence (local, national) • Should pass the “so what” test. – Magnitude / Importance (local, national) – Priority • Should be feasible • Ethical Issues Proposal Development Workshop 22
- 23. Research Ideas: ThinkAbout Resources Time, Facilities & Funding – How much time will you be able to devote to research? – What library facilities have you access to? – What are they funding this year? People – Have you access to a person, unit or department with a specific research interest? Available Data / Information – Do you have access to information already collected which could be the basis for your project? – Dig where you stand. Proposal Development Workshop 23
- 24.
- 25. Guidelines for writingresearch questions • Start with a simple question • Action-oriented • The way you ask a question determines how you will answer it Proposal Development Workshop 25
- 26. Levels of Questions •Level I – Little to no literature is available on the topic and the purpose is to describe what is found as it exists naturally. – It may lead to exploration and result in a complete description of the topic. – Examples: • What are the characteristics of disease X infected patients? • What about the situation of X infection in general population? • What are the factors responsible to cause disease X? Proposal Development Workshop 26
- 27. Levels of Questions •Level II – There is knowledge about the topic but relationships among the variables are not well known. – It may build on the results of level I studies, and look for relationships between the variables. – Examples: • Are certain factors associated with the X infection among females of particular province?, • Is there gender difference in having X infection? • What is the relationship between condom use and HIV infection among male patients? Proposal Development Workshop 27
- 28. Levels of Questions •Level III – There is a great deal of knowledge about the topic and the purpose of the study is to test the theory through direct manipulation of the variables. – It builds on the results of previous research and lead to interventional designs. – – Examples: • Which of two drugs give better results in increasing CD4 counts among AIDS patients?, • What is the effect of a particular strategy/intervention in lowering HIV infection among most at risk population? Proposal Development Workshop 28
- 29. Criteria for GoodResearch Question • Feasible • Interesting • Novel • Ethical • Relevant - Adequate number of participants - Adequate technical expertise - Affordable in time & money - Manageable in scope - To investigator, peers and community - To your institution - Original study - Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings - Agreeable to a study that IRC will approve - To scientific knowledge - To clinical and health policy - To future research directions Can J Surg, Vol 53, No. 4, August 2010, Page 279 Proposal Development Workshop 29
- 30. PICOT Criteria • Population •Intervention • Comparison group • Outcome of Interest • Time - What specific population are you interested in? - What is your investigational Intervention? - What do you intend to accomplish, measure, improve or affect? - What is the appropriate follow-up time to assess outcome? Can J Surg, Vol 53, No. 4, August 2010, Page 279 -What is the main alternative to compare with the intervention Proposal Development Workshop 30
- 31.
- 32. Specific Questions Directors atprovince level: • Why is neonatal mortality in certain provinces much higher than in other provinces? Hospital directors: • Why do we have such a high rate of complications during child birth? • Are the first-line services available and adequate? • Are our own services adequate? • Are mothers coming late for delivery and, if so, why? Managers at village level: • How can we assist women with little or no education so that they can effectively recognize the symptoms of pneumonia and go in time to the health center with their children? Proposal Development Workshop 32
- 33. Some Research Questions Aresufficient supplies of appropriate drugs available to treat patients? Are all laboratory facilities available for effective diagnosis? To what extent does the utilization of health services vary according to income, gender, and distance from health facilities? How do service utilization rates vary across geographic regions/provinces and urban/rural locations? Proposal Development Workshop 33
- 34. Research Questions forEssential Health Care Services (EHCS) 1. Accessibility 2. Comprehensiveness 3. Appropriateness 4. Acceptability 5. Coverage/availability 6. Adherence 7. Continuity 8. Staff attitude 9. Effectiveness 10. Efficiency 11. Cost 12. Equity 1. What are the barriers - geographical, financial, social and physical - to access to EHCS ? 2. Do the EHCS cater for those who are also need curative care? 3. Are the educational messages around EHCS understandable to the people from a particular community? 4. Does the EHCS provided match the expectations of patients? 5. What percentage of institution provide EHCS? What percentage of people utilize EHCS? 6. What percentage of patients complete their treatment – specific treatment? 7. Do the same patients see the same health care worker over the duration of their treatment? 8. Are patients treated with dignity and respect? 9. How well does the EHCS work to address illness? 10. Are the staff delivering EHCS seeing the appropriate number of patients per day? 11. What are the costs involved in providing EHCS? 12. Are the EHCS similar for all patients who needed them? Proposal Development Workshop 34
- 35.
Editor's Notes
- #21 Stunting: refers to height for age between-2SD and -3SD: Moderate stunting AND below -3SD: Severe stunting from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards Direct causes are inadequate nutrition (not eating enough or eating foods that lack growth-promoting nutrients) and recurrent infections or chronic or diseases which cause poor nutrient intake, absorption or utilization
- #22 Percent of children under 5 stunted, based on 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards (height for age <-2 standard deviation) By province, stunting ranges from 29% in Provinces 3 and 4 to 55% in Province 6.