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What is Literature Review? Why the Needs for Literature Review? Sources of Literature How to Carry out a Literature Review?
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Literature review
- 1. Reference Book: Kabir,Reference Book: Kabir, Basic Guidelines for ResBasic Guidelines for Res Introductory Approach fIntroductory Approach f Disciplines. Book Zone PDisciplines. Book Zone P ISBN: 978-984-33-956ISBN: 978-984-33-956 Chittagong-4203, BanglaChittagong-4203, Bangla smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bdsmskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd
- 2. Literature ReviewLiterature Review What is Literature Review?What is Literature Review? Why the Needs forWhy the Needs for Literature Review?Literature Review? Sources of LiteratureSources of Literature How to Carry out aHow to Carry out a Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong ok: Kabir, SMS (2016).k: Kabir, SMS (2016). es for Research: Anes for Research: An Approach for AllApproach for All ok Zone Publication,ok Zone Publication, 84-33-9565-8,84-33-9565-8, 03, Bangladesh.03, Bangladesh. gmail.com;gmail.com; .jnu.ac.bd.jnu.ac.bd
- 3. What is Literature Review?What is Literature Review? SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018 It is a process of reading,It is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, andanalyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materialssummarizing scholarly materials about a specific topicabout a specific topic.. Its purpose is to summarize,Its purpose is to summarize, synthesize and analyze thesynthesize and analyze the arguments of othersarguments of others..
- 4. Why Needs for Literature Review?Why Needs for Literature Review? Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong Delimiting the research problemDelimiting the research problem Seeking new lines of inquiry,Seeking new lines of inquiry, Avoiding fruitless approaches,Avoiding fruitless approaches, Gaining methodological insights,Gaining methodological insights, Identifying recommendations forIdentifying recommendations for further research, andfurther research, and Seeking support for groundedSeeking support for grounded theory.theory.
- 5. Sources of LiteratureSources of Literature Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong Literature falls into 2 categoriesLiterature falls into 2 categories-- Non- statistical: Written documents,Non- statistical: Written documents, text books, journal articles, newstext books, journal articles, news paper, Govt. documents, otherpaper, Govt. documents, other pamphletspamphlets.. Statistical data: both GOs & NGOsStatistical data: both GOs & NGOs.. Sources may also beSources may also be-- UnpublishedUnpublished PublishedPublished
- 6. Sources of LiteratureSources of Literature Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong Journal ArticlesJournal Articles BooksBooks Conference ProceedingsConference Proceedings Government/Corporate ReportGovernment/Corporate Report NewspapersNewspapers Theses and DissertationsTheses and Dissertations InternetInternet CD-ROMSCD-ROMS MagazinesMagazines The following sources are very useful for literature reviewThe following sources are very useful for literature review––
- 7. How to Carry out a Literature Review?How to Carry out a Literature Review? Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong There are a number of ways of organizing a literature review. IntroductionIntroduction: define the topic,: define the topic, together with your reason fortogether with your reason for selecting the topic. You couldselecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends,also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes thatgaps, particular themes that emerge, etcemerge, etc..
- 8. How to Carry out a Literature Review?How to Carry out a Literature Review? Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong BodyBody: this is where you discuss: this is where you discuss your sources.your sources. Here are some waysHere are some ways in which organize discussionin which organize discussion-- ChronologicallyChronologically ThematicallyThematically MethodologicallyMethodologically
- 9. How to Carry out a Literature Review?How to Carry out a Literature Review? Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong ConclusionConclusion: summarize the: summarize the major contributions,major contributions, evaluating the currentevaluating the current position, and pointing outposition, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps inflaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions,the research, contradictions, and areas for further studyand areas for further study.. Book: Kabir, SMS (2016).Book: Kabir, SMS (2016). ines for Research: Anines for Research: An y Approach for Ally Approach for All Book Zone Publication,Book Zone Publication, -984-33-9565-8,-984-33-9565-8, 4203, Bangladesh.4203, Bangladesh. 8@gmail.com;8@gmail.com; sy.jnu.ac.bdsy.jnu.ac.bd
- 10. Reference Book: Kabir, SMS (2016). BasicReference Book: Kabir, SMS (2016). Basic Guidelines for Research: An IntroductoryGuidelines for Research: An Introductory Thursday, February 1, 2018Thursday, February 1, 2018 QuestionsQuestions AnswersAnswers
- 11. Reference Book: Kabir, SMS (2016).Reference Book: Kabir, SMS (2016). Basic Guidelines for Research: AnBasic Guidelines for Research: An
Editor's Notes
- Course Code: LLM 2002 Course Title: Research Methodology Course Teacher: Syed Md. Sajjad Kabir Assistant Professor and Chairman Department of Psychology University of Chittagong Chittagong -4331
- Literature Review Topics Covered 4.1 What is Literature Review? 4.2 Why the Needs for Literature Review? 4.3 Sources of Literature 4.4 How to Carry out a Literature Review?
- What is Literature Review? Literature review is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic. Its purpose is to summarize, synthesize and analyze the arguments of others. The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out. Some people think that it is a summary. This is not true. Although you need to summarize relevant research, it is also vital that you evaluate this work, show the relationships between different works, and show how it relates to your work. In other words, you cannot simply give a concise description of, for example, an article: you need to select what parts of the research to discuss (e.g. the methodology), show how it relates to the other work (e.g. What other methodologies have been used? How are they similar? How are they different?) and show how it relates to your work (what is its relationship to your methodology?). Keep in mind that the literature review should provide the context for your research by looking at what work has already been done in your research area. It is not supposed to be just a summary of other people's work! Here are some of the questions your literature review should answer - What do we already know in the immediate area concerned? What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables? What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables? What are the existing theories? Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge and understanding? What views need to be (further) tested? What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited? Why study (further) the research problem? What contribution can the present study be expected to make? What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?
- Why the Needs for Literature Review?/ Purposes of Literature Review Conducting a literature review is a means of demonstrating an author’s knowledge about a particular field of study, including vocabulary, theories, key variables and phenomena, and its methods and history. Conducting a literature review also informs the student of the influential researchers and research groups in the field. Apart from the above reasons for writing a review (i.e., proof of knowledge, a publishable document, and the identification of a research family), the scientific reasons for conducting a literature review are many. Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) argue that the literature review plays a role in – delimiting the research problem, seeking new lines of inquiry, avoiding fruitless approaches, gaining methodological insights, identifying recommendations for further research, and seeking support for grounded theory. Hart (1998) contributes additional reasons for reviewing the literature, including- distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done, discovering important variables relevant to the topic, synthesizing and gaining a new perspective, identifying relationships between ideas and practices, establishing the context of the topic or problem, rationalizing the significance of the problem, enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary, understanding the structure of the subject, relating ideas and theory to applications, identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used, and placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments. Another purpose for writing a literature review not mentioned above is that it provides a framework for relating new findings to previous findings in the discussion section of a dissertation. Without establishing the state of the previous research, it is impossible to establish how the new research advances the previous research.
- Sources of Literature In terms of a literature review, "the literature" means the works you consulted in order to understand and investigate your research problem. Literature falls into 2 categories- Non- statistical: Written documents, text books, journal articles, news paper, Govt. documents, other pamphlets. Statistical data: both GOs & NGOs. Sources may also be- Unpublished Published
- Sources of Literature The following sources are very useful for literature review – Journal Articles: these are good especially for up-to-date information. They are frequently used in literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up-to-date format for research, and because all reputable journals are refereed (i.e. editors publish only the most relevant and reliable research). Books: books tend to be less up-to-date as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article. Text books are unlikely to be useful for including in your literature review as they are intended for teaching, not for research, but they do offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed sources. Conference Proceedings: these can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not been published. They are also helpful in providing information on which people are currently involved in which research areas, and so can be helpful in tracking down other work by the same researchers. Government/Corporate Report: many government departments and corporations commission or carry out research. Their published findings can provide a useful source of information, depending on your field of study. Newspapers: since newspapers are generally intended for a general (not specialized) audience, the information they provide will be of very limited use for your literature review. Often newspapers are more helpful as providers of information about recent trends, discoveries or changes, e.g. announcing changes in government policy, but you should then search for more detailed information in other sources. Theses and Dissertations: these can be useful sources of information. However there are disadvantages: (1) they can be difficult to obtain since they are not published, but are generally only available from the library shelf or through interlibrary loan; (2) the student who carried out the research may not be an experienced researcher and therefore you might have to treat their findings with more caution than published research. Internet: the fastest-growing source of information is on the Internet. It is impossible to characterize the information available but here are some hints about using electronic sources: (1) bear in mind that anyone can post information on the Internet so the quality may not be reliable, (2) the information you find may be intended for a general audience and so not be suitable for inclusion in your literature review (information for a general audience is usually less detailed) and (3) more and more refereed electronic journals (e-journals) are appearing on the Internet - if they are refereed it means that there is an editorial board that evaluates the work before publishing it in their e-journal, so the quality should be more reliable (depending on the reputation of the journal). CD-ROMS: at the moment, few CR-ROMs provide the kind of specialized, detailed information about academic research that you need for your own research since most are intended for a general audience. However, more and more bibliographies are being put onto CD-ROM for use in academic libraries, so they can be a very valuable tool in searching for the information you need. Magazines: magazines intended for a general audience (e.g. Time) are unlikely to be useful in providing the sort of information you need. Specialized magazines may be more useful (for example business magazines for management students) but usually magazines are not useful for your research except as a starting point by providing news or general information about new discoveries, policies, etc. that you can further research in more specialized sources. RESEARCHER Find a Special Library in the Area Bibliographies and Bibliography Index Library Catalog for Bibliography Periodicals and Newspaper Index for Articles Government Document Indexes Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Hand Books and Guides to Literature Dissertation Index, Dissertation Abstracts Miscellaneous: Business Services, Company Reports and Combination of Above Routes Alternative Path to Literature Search Figure 4.1. Sources of Literature.
- How to Carry out a Literature Review?/ How to Organize Literature Review? There are a number of ways of organizing a literature review. Here is one suggestion - Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc. Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion: chronologically: for example, if writers' views have tended to change over time. There is little point in doing the review by order of publication unless this shows a clear trend; thematically: take particular themes in the literature, for example in the literature review of poverty and disability cited in the next section, the author takes the themes of the prevalence and structure of disability, education, employment, income and poverty, causes of disability, the path from poverty to disability and vice versa, and finally, policies for disabled people; methodologically: here, the focus is on the methods of the researcher, for example, qualitative versus quantitative approaches. Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study.
- How to Carry out a Literature Review?/ How to Organize Literature Review? There are a number of ways of organizing a literature review. Here is one suggestion - Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc. Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion: chronologically: for example, if writers' views have tended to change over time. There is little point in doing the review by order of publication unless this shows a clear trend; thematically: take particular themes in the literature, for example in the literature review of poverty and disability cited in the next section, the author takes the themes of the prevalence and structure of disability, education, employment, income and poverty, causes of disability, the path from poverty to disability and vice versa, and finally, policies for disabled people; methodologically: here, the focus is on the methods of the researcher, for example, qualitative versus quantitative approaches. Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study.
- How to Carry out a Literature Review?/ How to Organize Literature Review? There are a number of ways of organizing a literature review. Here is one suggestion - Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic. You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc. Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion: chronologically: for example, if writers' views have tended to change over time. There is little point in doing the review by order of publication unless this shows a clear trend; thematically: take particular themes in the literature, for example in the literature review of poverty and disability cited in the next section, the author takes the themes of the prevalence and structure of disability, education, employment, income and poverty, causes of disability, the path from poverty to disability and vice versa, and finally, policies for disabled people; methodologically: here, the focus is on the methods of the researcher, for example, qualitative versus quantitative approaches. Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study.