In various developmental stages human beings produce domestic wastes. Nature readily accept these wastes into natural cycle- animal consume food residue, some incorporated into the soil etc. After industrial revolution- in urban areas population density increases, new sources of wastes generated ( shops, institutions, factories). Yesterday's newspaper is waste to a reader in today.

1. Jayanta Thokdar
Roll- 20547
MSc 1st year
CESCRA

2. Outline of seminar
 Definition of waste
 Types of waste
 Sources of solid wastes
 Generation of solid wastes
 Composition of solid wastes
 Impacts of solid wastes
 Case study
 Conclusion
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3. It can be summarized as product or substance that is no longer suited
for its intended use to owner;
E.g.. Yesterdays newspaper is waste to a reader in today
In various developmental stages human beings produce domestic wastes
Nature readily accept these wastes into natural cycle- animal consume
food residue, some incorporated into the soil etc
After industrial revolution- in urban areas population density increases,
new sources of wastes generate( shops, institutions, factories)
Waste - Definition
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4. Wastes
Solid waste
Municipal solid
waste
Biomedical
waste or
hospital waste
Hazardous or
industrial waste
Agricultural
waste
Liquid Waste
Gaseous Waste
Types of waste
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5. Municipal solid waste: Source
Source Typical waste
generators
Component
Residential Single and
multifamily dwelling
Food waste, paper,
card board, battery
Commercial Hotel, market, office Plastic, glass metal,
wood
Institutional School, govt. centre Paper, card board,
special waste
Municipal service Street cleaning,
landscaping, park,
beach areas
Street sweeping,
general waste from
park, beach and other
areas
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6. Bio-medical solid waste: Source
Primary source
Hospitals, nursing
homes, veterinary
hospitals, clinics,
dispensaries, blood
Other sources
Households,
education institutes
and research centers
Source of biomedical wastes (The Gazette of India, 1998)
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7. Agro
waste
Hazardous and
toxic waste
o Pesticide
o Insecticide
o Herbicide
Crop waste
o Corn stalks
o Sugarcane
bagasse
o Pruning
o Drops and culls
from
fruit and
vegetables
Animal waste
o Manure
o Animal
carcasses
Food processing
waste
o Increased
production of
processed foods
o Maize- only 20%
canned, 80% waste
Agricultural solid waste: Source
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8. Western India generate waste 440 grams/day/person
East India - 500 g/day/person
North India-520 g/day/person and
South India 560 grams/day/person
States :
Manipur (220 grams/day) and
Goa (620 grams/day)
Union Territories :
Andaman and Nicobar Islands the
highest -870 grams/day/person
Lakshadweep Islands -340 grams/day/person
Delhi - 650 g/day/person
Municipal solid waste : Generation
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9. In India-
1-2 kg/bed/day with variation among
Govt. and Private establishments.
Approximately 506.74 tons/ day wastes generated
Bio-medical solid waste: Generation
Indian industrial sector generate 100 million tons of solid waste /year with
coal ash from thermal power stations accounting more than 70 million
tons/year
(www.ebtc.eu)
Industrial solid waste: Generation
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10. Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005
Municipal solid waste: Composition
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11. Change in composition of MSW
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12. WHO stated -
85% of hospital wastes are actually non-hazardous
10% are infectious and
5% are non-infectious but hazardous wastes
Non-Infectious
waste, 80%
Pathological
and Infectious
waste, 15%
Chemical and
Pharmaceutical
waste, 3%
Sharps, 1%
Radioactive,
cytotoxic and
heavy metals,
1%
Biomedical solid waste: Composition
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13. Corrosive: Wastes capable of corroding metal containers like tank
Ignitability: Waste can create fires under certain condition
Reactive: Waste unstable and cause explosions, toxic fumes when
heated
Toxicity: Wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorb
Characteristic of hazardous or industrial solid waste
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14. Air pollution
Unmonitored landfills catch fires due to
methane generation and heat and result in
uncontrolled combustion of wastes,
releasing harmful gases like carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate
matter into low level atmosphere Landfill Fires in Visakhapatnam Landfill
Open burning contributes to 19% of air pollution due to CO, PM and HC in
Mumbai
Municipal solid waste: Impact
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15. Leachate (strong reducing liquid)
produced percolates through soil into
ground water or is washed as runoff
during rains
Leachate contains- Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni
During percolation through soil reacts
with Fe and Mn to reduce them into more
soluble species, thus increasing their
concentrations in groundwater
Water pollution
“Studies on environmental quality in around municipal solid waste
dumpsite” by A.K. Biswas - Found moderately high concentrations of heavy
metal in groundwater surround the dumpsite in Kolkata
Oshiwara River in Mumbai - severely polluted with solid waste
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16. Landfill of municipal solid waste is a common waste management practice
and cheapest methods for organized waste management in many parts of
world
Unsanitary landfill-
Occupies precious land resources near urban areas
Degrades the quality of land and soil in the site.
Presence of plastics and heavy metals in soils make it unfit for agriculture
Structural instability of land make it unfit for construction activities
Land degradation
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17. Carbonaceous fractions and toxic elements
like Cr, Pb, Zn, etc. dominate fine particle
range, cause respiratory damage
Compost from mixed waste composting
plants is highly contaminated with heavy
metals will result in contamination of agril.
soil followed by food crops grown on these
soils. This result into bio magnification of
heavy metals into food chain
Public safety
Direct Exposure of Children to
Emissions from Open Burning,
Hyderabad
The city Surat has experienced a city-wide plague epidemic in 1994 due to
improper SWM
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18. QOL-Standard of health, comfort, and happiness experienced by an
individual or group
QOL reflects gap between expectations of population and their present
experience
Streets and open lands in Indian cities are filled with untreated and rotting
garbage
Uncollected waste on the streets, acts as a breeding ground for street dogs,
stray animals and other disease vectors
During rainy season, many urban Indians come across unpleasant
experience of having to walk in ankle height waters mixed with rotting MSW
Quality of life
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19. Due to anaerobic condition, landfills emit methane throughout their life
and also for several years after closure
In short time periods, CH4 is much more potent than CO2
During the first year of release, CH4 is 71 times more potent than CO2
Climate change
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20. Hazardous waste Source Health effects
Cadmium Fertilizer industry Carcinogenic, damage to liver and kidney
Lead Battery smelters Neuro-toxic, damage in brain
Mercury Chlor-alkali industry Affect central nervous system and liver
Nickel Metal refining Lung and nasal cancer
Vinyl chloride Plastics Carcinogenic
Pesticides Insecticides Cancer, immune system disturbance
Dioxins Herbicide Cancer, skin disease
Industrial solid waste: Impact
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21. Infection-
Gastro enteric - Salmonella, Vibrio cholera, Helminthes , Hepatitis A
Respiratory - Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptococcus pneumonae
Ocular infections -Herpes virus
Skin infection -Streptococcus spp
Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity-
Irritant to skin and eyes- Alkylating agent, intercalating agent
Carcinogenic and Mutagenic
 Chemical Toxicity-
Many drugs are hazardous
May cause intoxication , burns, poisoning on exposure
Physical Injuries-
May result from sharps, chemicals and explosive agents
Bio-medical solid waste: Impact
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22.  Health Related Issues:
Agricultural pollution is main source of pollution in water and lakes.
Chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides make their way into groundwater
that end up in drinking water. Health related problems may occur as it
contribute to blue baby syndrome which causes death in infants
 Effect on Aquatic Animals:
Fertilizers, manure, waste and ammonia turns into nitrate that reduces
amount of oxygen present in water which results in death of many aquatic
animals
Bacteria and parasites from animal waste can get into drinking water which
can pose serious health hazards for various aquatic life and animals
Agricultural waste: Impact
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23. Agro waste Use
Rice husk Water glass manufacture, electricity production
Banana peel and sugarcane fibers Paper milk pulp
Oil palm empty fruit
brunch(EFB)
Mulching, organic fertilizer
Oil palm stems, rubber wood Particle boards, softwood furniture
Bagasse, banana fruit reject Ethanol production, animal feed
Husk, straw, cow dung Biogas production, electricity generation
Animal waste(dung) Compost, fertilizer
Positive impact of agricultural solid waste
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24. Mostly affected peoples
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25. Case study……
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26. Major problems- Improper disposal of municipal solid waste
Ever growing amount of municipal solid waste disposed indiscriminately,
ultimately stands as a problem to civil society
Total solid waste generated
Sl. No. Source Total waste (ton/day)
1 Domestic 490.64
2 Market 4.72
3 Commercial establishment 62.97
4 Institutions 2.5
5 Hotels 11.4
6 Street sweeping and drain
cleaning
48.00
7 Others 6.61
Total (ton/day) 626.84 26

27. This leads to land pollution when dumped openly, water pollution if dumped in low
lying areas and air pollution if burnt
Wastes dumped on road sides and drains
Clogging of drains
Provide food and breeding sites for insects, birds and rodents and disease vectors
 Animals feeding on waste provide a food chain path for transmitting diseases
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28. Conclusion- So, there is requirement of proper disposal method 28

29. Study area- Minna
Solid waste disposal method- Open dump
Impact- leachate of wastes contaminate ground water
Sample collection- from 4 wells water sample collected in a screw capped
bottle then transferred to laboratory for analysis
Samples are collected in wet and dry season
Parameter analyzed- pH, temp, conductivity, TSS, TDS, turbidity, nitrate,
phosphate, copper, DO 29

30. Parameter Range
pH 7-8.5
TDS (mg/l) 500
Nitrate (mg/l) 0.5
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.5
Chloride (mg/l) 200
Turbidity (NTU) 5
Total hardness (mg/l) 400
Conductivity 440
Calcium (mg/l) 500
WHO guideline
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31. Result obtained in dry season
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32. Result obtained in wet season
Result- High level of contamination of ground water near dumpsite 32

33. Location- Mumbai city
Tool used- structured questionnaire along with interviews
Data Analysis by Chi - square test
Inference:
 Unplanned disposal of bio medical wastes are likely to generate social
concerns of various sorts, i.e.
 Threat to life
 Environmental pollution
 Genetic disorder
 Occupational Hazards
 Threat to Animal Life
Observed people Percentage
Aware 145 48.33%
Not aware 155 51.67%
Total 300
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34.  Location- Pallavaram solid waste landfill site, Chennai
 Solid waste disposal method- land filling
 Method- Soil and water collected from Joy Nagar, nearer to solid waste
dumpsite and transferred to laboratory for analysis
W1, W2 and W3 are water samples and S1, S2, S3 and S4 are soil samples
 Impact-
Pre-school children, waste workers, and workers in industries are mainly
affected
Disposal of medical wastes create health hazards such as Hepatitis B and C
Certain chemicals e.g. cyanides, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls
cause various diseases
Highly exposure to hazardous waste cause cancer also
Co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste expose
people to chemical and radioactive hazards 34

35. Parameter W1 W2 W3
pH 6.59 5.24 6.56
Total
alkalinity
(mg/l)
260 40 236
Total
Hardness
(mg/l)
515 450 669
Ca (mg/l) 144 107 169
Mg (mg/l) 37.6 22.5 60.1
SO4 (mg/l) 351 487 441
Na (mg/l) 449.8 482.2 451.5
Cu (mg/l) 0.478 0.388 0.221
Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4
pH 6.40 6.30 6.80 7.0
Hg (mg/kg) 0.20 0.055 0.11 0.029
Ni (mg/kg) 9.52 5.41 6.25 4.68
Cu (mg/kg) 36.55 29.53 43.08 25.28
Cd (mg/kg) 0.40 0.17 0.27 0.27
Cr (mg/kg) 44.28 8.41 7.58 6.50
Water sample
Soil sample
Analysis
Pallavaram landfill site
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36. Parameter Observed value Desirable value
Cu (mg/l) 0.021-0.478 0.05
Mn (mg/l) 0.142-2.36 0.1
Ni (mg/l) 0.029-0.154 0.07
Hg (mg/l) 0.00087 0.001
Na (mg/l) 449.8-482.2 200
SO4 (mg/l) 351-487 200
TDS (mg/l) 1622-1809 500
Ca (mg/l) 107-169 75
Mg (mg/l) 22.5-60.1 30
Total alkalinity
(mg/l)
40-260 200
pH 5.24-6.59 6.5-8.5
Result and discussion
Proper disposal method of waste is required to reduce its impact on soil and
water quality 36

37. Conventional energy does not reach to 80000 villages in India, but biomass
energy can fulfil the gap
Federal Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources announced - Biomass
or organic waste to meet energy needs of about 25,000 villages unreachable by
national power grid
Baharbari village-
Meet power need
Development of micro scale industries
Job opportunity
Reduce migration to cities 37

38. Green Building concept recently emerged in India and have caught interest
of builders, planners and environmentalists
Orissa is producing a lot of industrial wastes as well has agricultural wastes
Major industrial wastes- fly ash & bottom ash from thermal power plants,
chemical slag from Iron steel plants and red mud from Aluminium industries
Major agricultural wastes- sugarcane baggage, rice husk, jute fibre, coconut
husk, cotton stalk etc.
The most polluted belt in Orissa is Talcher and Jharsuguda
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39. Application of waste
39

40. Raw Material used by WtE plants in India, 2013
State wise amount of power generation,201340

41. Solid waste management
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42. Is it a problem if we don’t acknowledge it? 42

43. Strict legislation or regulations
Improve waste transportation
More of technical skilled person
Increase financial resources for safe disposal of waste
More treatment facilities
Adequate supply of waste containers
Community involvement
Public awareness campaign
Systematic planning for waste management while planning township
Conclusion
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44. Think twice before throw...
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