The document discusses various causes and effects of water pollution. It notes that 2 million tons of waste are discharged daily into water worldwide. Unsafe water causes diseases and millions of deaths annually, especially among children. Sources of water pollution include sewage, agricultural and industrial waste, pathogens, organic and inorganic contaminants, trash, and thermal pollution. This disrupts ecosystems and can poison wildlife and humans. Solutions discussed include wastewater treatment, engineering approaches, legislation, and individual conservation efforts.

1. WATER POLLUTION
Introduction to Sustainable Engineering

2.  Seminar presentation
 Enfa Rose George
 RET16IT032
 S1 Information Technology
 Rajagiri School of Engineering And Technology

3. INTRODUCTION
Vitality of Water ‘n’ current scenario

6. STATISTICS
 Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and industrial
and agricultural waste are discharged into the
world’s water
 The UN estimates that the amount of wastewater
“produced” annually is 1500 km3
 Lack of adequate sanitation contaminates
watercourses worldwide and that is 2.5 billion
people.
 18% of the world population ie 1.2 billion people ie
1 in 3 ppl in rural areas defecate in open.

7.  Waterborne diseases are the number one killer of
children under five years old.
 More people die from unsafe water annually than from all
forms of violence, including war. (WHO 2002)
 Unsafe or inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene
cause approximately 3.1% of all deaths worldwide and
3.7 % of DALYs (disability adjusted life years)worldwide.
(WHO 2002)
 Unsafe water causes 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each
year, and results in 2.2 million deaths,.
 15% of child deaths each year are attributable to
diarrhoea – a child dying every 15 seconds.

9. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

10. PATHOGENS
 Coliform bacteria is used as bacteria indicator
 High levels of pathogens from on-site sanitation
systems (septic tanks, pit latrines) or inadequately
treated sewage discharges, sanitary sewer
overflows
 Some cities also have combined sewers, which
may discharge untreated sewage during rain
storms.
 Muddy river polluted by sediment.
 Also by poorly managed livestock operations.

11. ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
 Detergents, Disinfection agents chloroform
 Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-
demanding substances, fats and grease
 Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of
organohalides and other chemical compounds
 Petroleum hydrocarbons,and lubricants (motor oil),
and fuel combustion byproducts, from storm water
runoff.
 Volatile organic compounds, such as industrial
solvents, from improper storage.

12. ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS (CONT..)
 Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-
aqueous phase liquids, may fall to the bottom of
reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and
are denser.
 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
 Trichloroethylene
 Perchlorate
 Various chemical compounds found in personal
hygiene and cosmetic products
 Drug pollution involving pharmaceutical drugs and
their metabolites

13. INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
 Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially
sulfur dioxide from power plants)
 Ammonia from food processing waste
 Chemical waste as industrial by-products
 Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and
phosphates—which are found in storm water runoff
from agriculture, as well as commercial and
residential use
 Heavy metals from motor vehicles and acid mine
drainage
 Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites,
logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing
sites.

14. MACROSCOPIC POLLUTANTS
 Large visible items polluting the water
 Trash or garbage (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste)
 Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets
 Shipwrecks, large
derelict ships.

15. THERMAL POLLUTION
 The rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body
of water caused by human influence
 Changes in the physical properties of water
 Decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and
alter food chain composition, reduce species
biodiversity, and foster invasion by new
thermophilic species

17. AND THE AFTEREFFECTS

18. ECOSYSTEM
 Throws the Ecosystem off balance
 Causes Eutrophication
 Interrupts natural food chain esp in aquatic
ecosystem
 Kills the much needed microbes
 BOD levels are altered
 Consumption of infected aqualife can cause serious
illness
 Oil spills poses death threats to water birds

19.  Bioaccumalation and biomagnification of chemicals
in animal body
 A wide range of diseases are caused
 Heavy metal poisioning cause permenant nural
damage
 Pesticide contamination cause reproductive and
endocrine damage

20. CONTROLLING POLLUTION

21. SEWAGE TREATMENT
 Domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized
sewage treatment plants
 Remove 90 % or more of the pollutant load

22. ENGINEERING APPROACHES
 Utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve
storm water management capacity throughout the
system, and reduce the hydraulic overloading of the
treatment plant
 repair and replacement of leaking and
malfunctioning equipment
 increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage
collection system (often a very expensive option).
 A household or business not served by a municipal
treatment plant may have an individual septic tank,

23. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 Pre-treatment system to remove the toxic
components
 Send the partially treated wastewater to the
municipal system
 Their own complete on-site treatment systems
 Redesigning their manufacturing processes to
reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process
called pollution prevention
 Heated water generated can be controlled by
cooling towers, cooling tower and cogeneration

24. AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is the
largest source of agricultural pollution
 Contour plowing, crop mulching, crop rotation,
planting perennial crops and installing riparian
buffers.
 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques
(which can include biological pest control)

25. CONTROL OF URBAN RUNOFF (STORM WATER)
 Pollution prevention practices include
1. low-impact development techniques
2. installation of green roofs and improved chemical
handling
3. Runoff mitigation systems include infiltration
basins
4. Bioretention systems
5. Constructed wetlands, retention basins and similar
devices.

26. LEGISLATIONS

27. THE VERY FIRST…
 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment
from 5th June to 16‘th June 1972.
 Every country submitted reports
 The Act aims to prevent and control water pollution
and to maintain/ restore wholesomeness of water
by establishing Central and State Pollution Control
Board to monitor and enforce the regulations

28. IN INDIA…
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 has 64 sections
i) Preliminary
ii) Central and State Boards for the Prevention and
Control of Water Pollution
iii) Joint Boards
iv) Powers and Functions of Boards
v) Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
vi) Funds, Accounts and Audit
vii) Penalties and Procedures
viii) Miscellaneous.

29. THE ACT PROHIBITS…
 Knowingly doing certain acts which cause water
pollution.
 Causing or permitting the entry into any stream or
well or sewer or on land of- any poisonous matter, -
any noxious matter, - any polluting matter as per
standards laid by State Board - any other matter
tending to impede the proper flow of water of a
stream
 Establishment of any industry or any treatment and
disposal system likely to lead to discharge of
sewage, or bringing into use any new discharge or
sewage, or beginning to make any new discharge
or sewage.

30. CONCLUSION
What can you and I do?

31. BAN KI MOON, UN SECRETARY GENERAL
 "Our indispensable water resources have proven
themselves to be greatly resilient, but they are
increasingly vulnerable and threatened.
 Our growing population's need for water for food,
raw materials and energy is increasingly competing
with nature's own demands for water to sustain
already imperilled ecosystems and the services on
which we depend.

32.  Day after day, we pour millions of tons of untreated
sewage and industrial and agricultural wastes into
the world's water systems.
 Clean water has become scarce and will become
even scarcer with the onset of climate change.
 And the poor continue to suffer first and most from
pollution, water shortages and the lack of adequate
sanitation."

34. THANK YOU!