Lipids
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Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. They are used for long-term energy storage and provide concentrated energy. Fats are made of glycerol bonded to fatty acid chains, which gives them hydrophobic properties and allows them to be stored as dense energy deposits. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to self-assemble into bilayers that form cell membranes. Cholesterol is an important animal cell component that helps maintain membrane fluidity and is a precursor for sex hormones.
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Lipid peroxidation
Oxygen is vital for life but can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals. There are multiple sources of ROS in the body, including lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and reactions with transition metals. ROS cause damage through reaction chains, but the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules and tissues. ROS imbalances are implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and aging.
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This document defines and classifies biomolecules. It discusses that biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and RNA assists in protein synthesis. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for structures, enzymes, hormones, and other bodily functions. The four main classes of biomolecules are thus carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which serve critical roles in the structure and function of living organisms.
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Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated, e.g. O2− (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione.The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death and even moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis, while more intense stresses may cause necrosis.
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Lipid peroxidation is an auto-oxidation process that causes the production of reactive oxygen species and short-chain fatty acids from polyunsaturated fatty acids, leading to aging, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cancer. Reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxyl radicals can damage cell membranes and mitochondria, causing fluidity changes in membranes and mitochondrial apoptosis. Both synthetic and natural antioxidants can prevent lipid peroxidation, with natural antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E, SOD, selenium, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase that act as chain-breaking or preventive antioxidants.
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cells treated with oxidative stress inducers vs untreated controls.
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- Reactive oxygen species include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide is produced by NADPH oxidase and can be converted to hydrogen peroxide. These molecules are involved in cell signaling but can also cause damage.
- Hydrogen sulfide is another gasotransmitter that regulates various physiological processes through protein persulfidation.
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Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative damage. They play both beneficial and harmful roles in the body. Antioxidants help defend against free radical damage through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Acute phase proteins are hepatic proteins whose levels change in response to inflammation or infection, and include positive and negative proteins like C-reactive protein and haptoglobin. Oxidative stress and free radicals are implicated in many diseases while antioxidants may help prevent disease.
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Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive. They are formed through processes like homolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions. Free radical stability is determined by factors like conjugation, hybridization, and hyperconjugation which disperse and stabilize the unpaired electron. Common examples of stable radicals include molecular oxygen and organic radicals within conjugated systems.
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Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
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Oxidative stress
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
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This seminar discusses oxygen free radicals and their scavengers. It defines free radicals as atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. The body produces free radicals during normal processes like energy production, but they can also be generated by external factors like pollution and smoking. Free radicals can damage cells by stealing electrons from nearby molecules and initiating chain reactions. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase that neutralize them. However, excessive free radical production or insufficient antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress and cell/tissue damage implicated in diseases.
Lipids
This document discusses lipids, which include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and serve important functions in energy storage and cell structure. Fats are composed of glycerol bonded to fatty acid chains, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to form cell membranes with a bilayer structure in water. Steroids such as cholesterol are important components of cell membranes and are precursors to sex hormones.
Lipids
This document discusses lipids, which include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and serve important functions in energy storage and cell structure. Fats are composed of glycerol bonded to fatty acid chains, which can be saturated or unsaturated. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to form cell membranes with a bilayer structure in water. Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes and is also a precursor for sex hormones and other steroids.
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Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. They include radicals like superoxide and hydroxyl, as well as non-radical species like hydrogen peroxide. ROS/RNS are produced through normal cellular processes but also from external sources like radiation and pollutants. They can cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA if not neutralized by antioxidant defenses. This oxidative stress has been linked to many diseases due to disruption of redox signaling and control in the cell.
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Aerobic organisms continuously produce reactive free radicals through respiration, metabolism and phagocytosis. Approximately 1-2% of oxygen consumed is converted into superoxide radicals by the respiratory chain, one of the main sources of free radicals in cells. While oxygen is necessary for life, its partial reduction can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage living systems. The body has multiple antioxidant defenses to combat ROS, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C, which help convert ROS into less reactive species and protect biomolecules from oxidative damage.
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This seminar report summarizes the free radical theory of aging, which proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cellular metabolism cause damage to biomolecules like DNA, lipids, and proteins over time, leading to aging. The theory was first proposed by Denham Harman in 1956 and later modified to focus on ROS produced in mitochondria during ATP production. Sources of free radicals include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and environmental exposures. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E help neutralize free radicals. While supported by evidence like longer lifespans in animals with higher antioxidant levels, the theory is criticized for oversimplifying the roles of different free radicals and not accounting for variations between species.
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Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells by stealing electrons from them. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by donating electrons to free radicals without becoming destabilized themselves. Oxidative stress leads to many health issues like neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart disease, and inflammation. It can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary oxidative sources and increasing antioxidant intake through foods, supplements, and lifestyle habits.
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Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that persist for very short durations. They react with other molecules by donating or abstracting electrons to achieve stability. Common types of free radicals include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidants help scavenge free radicals and delay or inhibit oxidation, with one antioxidant typically reacting with one free radical. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase and catalase, while nutrient antioxidants include beta-carotene and vitamin E. Reactive oxygen species are oxygen metabolites produced from one-electron reductions of oxygen that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, potentially leading to diseases like cancer, diabetes, and age-related illnesses.
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This document discusses reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and redox signaling. It covers the following key points:
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- Reactive oxygen species include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide is produced by NADPH oxidase and can be converted to hydrogen peroxide. These molecules are involved in cell signaling but can also cause damage.
- Hydrogen sulfide is another gasotransmitter that regulates various physiological processes through protein persulfidation.
- Reactive species can modify protein cysteine residues through oxidation
Free Radical injury and acute phase reactants
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative damage. They play both beneficial and harmful roles in the body. Antioxidants help defend against free radical damage through enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Acute phase proteins are hepatic proteins whose levels change in response to inflammation or infection, and include positive and negative proteins like C-reactive protein and haptoglobin. Oxidative stress and free radicals are implicated in many diseases while antioxidants may help prevent disease.
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Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
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Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells. This document discusses free radicals, how they are produced in the body, and how they damage lipids, proteins, and DNA through oxidation. It also describes biomarkers that are used to measure free radical damage, such as markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, HNE), protein oxidation (protein carbonyls), and DNA oxidation (8-OHdG). Antioxidants in the body help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage.
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in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
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This seminar discusses oxygen free radicals and their scavengers. It defines free radicals as atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. The body produces free radicals during normal processes like energy production, but they can also be generated by external factors like pollution and smoking. Free radicals can damage cells by stealing electrons from nearby molecules and initiating chain reactions. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase that neutralize them. However, excessive free radical production or insufficient antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress and cell/tissue damage implicated in diseases.
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The document discusses the key biomolecules found in living things including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic monomers like amino acids and nucleotides that make up these biomolecules, and how they are linked together through peptide bonds in proteins or phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids. It also provides examples of specific biomolecules like collagen, hemoglobin, and fatty acids to illustrate their structures and functions.
BioChemistry of Lipids......... By Shapi.
This document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids and outlines their structural features and classification. Lipids are classified into simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. The document discusses the biomedical importance of lipids as important dietary constituents, building materials, and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. It also summarizes the different types of fatty acids including saturated, unsaturated, essential fatty acids, and eicosanoids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Carbon is a versatile element that forms the backbone of biomolecules in living things. It has four electrons in its outer shell that allow it to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. The four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are all made primarily of carbon chains and contain other common elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These biomolecules consist of monomers like amino acids or sugars that polymerize to form larger macromolecules through condensation reactions.
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based on class feedback, i've switched the presentations to a black&white template. this is easier to see in classroom presentation and most.definitely easier to print out legible notes!
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Lipids are a structurally diverse class of organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water. They serve important biological functions such as energy storage, membrane structure, signaling molecules, and pigments. The document discusses the structures and properties of major classes of lipids including storage lipids like triglycerides, membrane lipids like glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, and signaling lipids such as prostaglandins. It also covers lipid analysis methods including saponification, methylation, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
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Lipids
- 1. Lipids: Fats & Oils AP Biology
- 2. Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy AP Biology 2006-2007
- 3. Lipids Lipids are composed of C, H, O long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) “Family groups” fats phospholipids steroids Do not form polymers big molecules made of smaller subunits not a continuing chain AP Biology
- 4. Fats Structure: glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid fatty acid = long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group “head” enzyme H2O dehydration synthesis AP Biology
- 5. Building Fats Triacylglycerol 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol ester linkage = between OH & COOH hydroxyl carboxyl AP Biology
- 6. Dehydration synthesis H2O dehydration synthesis enzyme H2O enzyme H2O AP Biology enzyme HO
- 7. Fats store energy Why do humans like fatty foods? Long HC chain polar or non-polar? hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Function: energy storage concentrated all H-C! 2x carbohydrates cushion organs insulates body AP Biology think whale blubber!
- 8. Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits AP Biology
- 9. Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated? AP Biology
- 10. Saturated vs. unsaturated saturated unsaturated AP Biology
- 11. Phospholipids Structure: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4 PO4 = negatively charged It’s just like a penguin… A head at one end & a tail at the other! AP Biology
- 12. Phospholipids Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? fatty acid tails = hydrophobic PO head = hydrophillic 4 “attracted to water” split “personality” Come here, No, go away! Come here, No, go away! interaction with H2O is complex & very “repelled by water” important! AP Biology
- 13. Phospholipids in water Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H2O Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O can self-assemble into “bubbles” bubble = “micelle” can also form a phospholipid bilayer early evolutionary stage of cell? water bilayer water AP Biology
- 14. Why is this important? Phospholipids create a barrier in water define outside vs. inside they make cell membranes! Tell them about soap! AP Biology
- 15. Steroids Structure: 4 fused C rings + ?? different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings different structure creates different function examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol AP Biology
- 16. Cholesterol Important cell component animal cell membranes precursor of all other steroids including vertebrate sex hormones high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease AP Biology
- 17. Cholesterol Important component of cell membrane helps keep cell membranes AP Biology fluid & flexible
- 18. From Cholesterol → Sex Hormones What a big difference a few atoms can make! AP Biology
- 19. Let’s build some Lipids! AP Biology 2006-2007
- 20. Ghosts of Lectures Past (storage) AP Biology 2007-2008
- 21. Phospholipids & cells Phospholipids of cell membrane double layer = bilayer hydrophilic heads on outside in contact with aqueous solution outside of cell and inside of cell hydrophobic tails on inside form core forms barrier between cell & external environment Tell them about soap! AP Biology
Editor's Notes
- Made of same elements as carbohydrates but very different structure/ proportions & therefore very different biological properties
- Look at structure… What makes them hydrophobic? Note functional group = carboxyl
- BIG FAT molecule!!
- Pulling the water out to free up the bond
- What happens when you add oil to water Why is there a lot of energy stored in fats? • big molecule • lots of bonds of stored energy So why are we attracted to eating fat? Think about our ancestors on the Serengeti Plain & during the Ice Age. Was eating fat an advantage?
- Mostly animal fats
- Mostly plant lipids Think about “natural” peanut butter: Lots of unsaturated fats Oil separates out Companies want to make their product easier to use: Stop the oil from separating Keep oil solid at room temp. Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate it Affect nutrition?
- Same C skeleton, different functional groups
- Phospholipid bilayer Note other molecules in membrane…