This document defines and classifies biomolecules. It discusses that biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and RNA assists in protein synthesis. Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for structures, enzymes, hormones, and other bodily functions. The four main classes of biomolecules are thus carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which serve critical roles in the structure and function of living organisms.
2. Contents:
➔ Biomolecules
➔ Classification of Biomolecules
➔ Importance of Carbohydrates
➔ Classification of Carbohydrates
➔ Lipids
➔ Classification of Lipids
➔ Nucleic Acid
➔ Classification of Nucleic Acid
➔ DNA
➔ RNA
➔ Proteins & Importance of Proteins
3. BIOMOLECULES
➔ Biomolecule loosely used term for molecules and ions
present in organisms that are essential to one or more
typically biological processes such as cell division,
morphogenesis or development.
➔ Biomolecules consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen with
nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur and phosphorus.
4. BIOMOLECULES
➔ Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids as well
as small molecules such as primary metabolites,
secondary metabolic and natural products.
5. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMOLECULES
All of biomolecules are classified into four groups:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
6. IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are of great importance in biology. The
unique reaction, which makes life possible on the earth
namely the assimilation of the green plants produces sugar,
from which originate, not only all carbohydrates but directly
or indirectly, all other components of living organisms.
7. IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
The carbohydrates are major sources of metabolic energy.
The carbohydrates are important class of naturally occurring
organic compounds. They are all composed of C, H, and O.In
general carbohydrates can be represented by the formula Cn
(H2O)n.
8. LIPIDS
➔ Lipids any of the diverse groups of the organic compounds
including fats, oils, hormones and certain compounds of
membranes that are grouped together because they do not
interact appreciably with water. Lipids are a diverse groups of
chemicals that are facts and oily substances
➔ Lipids are hydrophobic
➔ These are insoluble in water
9. IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS
➔ Lipids are insoluble in organic solvents such as ether, ethanol,
acetone, chloroform, benzene, etc
➔ Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, as in
carbohydrates but in lipids, the proportion of oxygen is much
less
➔ Having only two oxygen atoms at one end of a long molecule
12. NUCLEIC ACID
The nucleic acid is biopolymers, or large biomolecules essential to all
known forms of life. the nucleic acid is macromolecules, found in all
cells, which precipitates in the storage, transmission of genetic
information. There are two types of nucleic acid the ribose nucleic acid
(RNA) and the deoxyribose nucleic acids (DNA), which on hydrolysis
yield the and deoxyribose respectively.
13. CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACID
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA is a nucleic acid that
contains the genetic instructions used in the
development and functioning of all non-living
organisms. The main role of DNA molecules is the
long-term storage of information the DNA
segments that carry this genetic information are
called genes but other DNA sequences have
structural purposes or are involved in regulating
the of this genetic information.
14. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
➔ RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of
nucleoid monomers, which plays several important
roles in this process of translating genetic
information from
➔ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into proteins.
➔ RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the
protein synthesis complex known as ribosomes,
from a vital portion of ribosomes and serves
essential carrier molecules for amino acids to be
used in protein synthesis.
15. PROTEINS
➔ The term protein is divided from the Greek word proteins meaning primary or
holding first place.
➔ Protein is the chief constituents of all living matter.
➔ They contain C, H, N and S sometime phosphorus etc.
➔ protein is an extremely complicated and nitro genius molecule made up of the
variable number of amino acid residues joined to others by the specific
covalent bond called a peptide bond.
➔ 20 amino acid which have been found to occur in all proteins known as
standard amino acid.
16.
17. IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN
➔ Proteins make up about 50% of the mass of the average person.
➔ Enzyme act as a biological catalyst.
➔ Storage and transport - Hemoglobin.
➔ Defense - Antibodies.
➔ Hormones - Insulin.
➔ Ligaments and arteries mainly form by elastin proteins.
➔ Muscle - proteins in the muscle respond to never impulse by charging the
packaging of their molecules (Actin or myosin).
➔ Hair, nails, and skin: protein keratin as the main component.
18. IMPORTANCE OF PROTEIN
➔ Proteins are the fundamental constituents of all protoplasm.
➔ Enzymes and hormones are made up of proteins.
➔ Proteins maintain the volume of the blood.
➔ proteins are involved in the blood clotting thought Thrombin, Fibrinogen and
other factors.
