Linguistic imperialism
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This document discusses linguistic imperialism and how the dominance of certain languages over others can lead to cultural imperialism. It provides examples of how Latin, Arabic, Japanese, and English have dominated in various regions and time periods. The document also introduces concepts like ideology, hegemony, and classifications of language communities based on their relationship with English as put forth by Kachru.
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The document discusses the theory of linguistic imperialism proposed by Robert Phillipson. Linguistic imperialism refers to the dominance of English asserted through establishing structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages. Phillipson argues that English dominance is maintained in former colonies and increasingly in Europe through policies promoting English be taught monolingually from an early age with native English speakers. This can endanger other languages and local cultural identity over time. The document also examines arguments used to promote English learning.
Language imperialism
This document discusses language imperialism and the spread of the English language. It defines language imperialism as the imposition of one language onto others. It notes that Robert Phillipson wrote about linguistic imperialism in 1992. It discusses Phillipson's theory that organizations like the British Council and World Bank have historically promoted the continued dominance of English globally through intrinsic, extrinsic, and functional arguments. These arguments portray English positively and other languages negatively, emphasize how established English is, and stress English's influence and role in modernity.
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Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken by anyone. Languages do not naturally die out but are instead "killed" when their speakers abandon the language due to pressures to assimilate and adopt dominant languages that have greater social and economic opportunities. There are several types of language death including sudden, radical, gradual, and bottom-to-top death. Major causes of language death include globalization, urbanization, modern education, and the pressure of dominant languages that are given more prestige and power. Efforts can be made to revive languages through programs that promote acquisition by adults, create socially integrated speaker populations, develop literacy in the language, and encourage use of the language in various social domains over time.
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This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It explains that language shift occurs when a minority language is displaced by the language of the dominant group over time, especially in contexts of migration or military occupation. Factors that can lead to language shift include economic and social pressures associated with the dominant language, as well as demographic factors like urbanization and intermarriage. Language shift happens more slowly when minority languages are highly valued as symbols of ethnic identity. The document also discusses language death, which occurs when no one speaks a language anymore, and language loss or erosion over time. It provides strategies for maintaining minority languages, such as institutional support through education.
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This document discusses the concepts of linguistic imperialism and linguicism. It defines linguistic imperialism as the imposition of one language on speakers of other languages, using English as the primary example. It asserts that linguistic imperialism is a form of cultural imperialism that is propagated through four mechanisms: exploitation, penetration, fragmentation, and marginalization. Linguicism refers to unfair treatment or negative attitudes towards individuals based solely on their use of language, such as discrimination against a person's mother tongue or local dialect. The document contrasts linguicism with other forms of discrimination like sexism and racism.
Chapter 4 Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Disco...
- Multilingualism is common across the world, with speakers often using multiple languages in daily life depending on the context. This document discusses concepts like diglossia, where distinct "high" and "low" varieties of the same language are used under different conditions.
- Code-switching refers to switching between languages or language varieties within conversations. It can be obligatory, as in diglossia, or optional. Accommodation through convergence and divergence also influences code-switching.
- Multilingual identities are fluid and culturally constructed, as seen in examples of Dominican Americans in the US asserting their own identity through language use.
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Linguistics imperialism
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Language Shift and Language Maintenance
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
Linguistic Imperialism
The document discusses the theory of linguistic imperialism proposed by Robert Phillipson. Linguistic imperialism refers to the dominance of English asserted through establishing structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages. Phillipson argues that English dominance is maintained in former colonies and increasingly in Europe through policies promoting English be taught monolingually from an early age with native English speakers. This can endanger other languages and local cultural identity over time. The document also examines arguments used to promote English learning.
Language imperialism
This document discusses language imperialism and the spread of the English language. It defines language imperialism as the imposition of one language onto others. It notes that Robert Phillipson wrote about linguistic imperialism in 1992. It discusses Phillipson's theory that organizations like the British Council and World Bank have historically promoted the continued dominance of English globally through intrinsic, extrinsic, and functional arguments. These arguments portray English positively and other languages negatively, emphasize how established English is, and stress English's influence and role in modernity.
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Language death occurs when a language is no longer spoken by anyone. Languages do not naturally die out but are instead "killed" when their speakers abandon the language due to pressures to assimilate and adopt dominant languages that have greater social and economic opportunities. There are several types of language death including sudden, radical, gradual, and bottom-to-top death. Major causes of language death include globalization, urbanization, modern education, and the pressure of dominant languages that are given more prestige and power. Efforts can be made to revive languages through programs that promote acquisition by adults, create socially integrated speaker populations, develop literacy in the language, and encourage use of the language in various social domains over time.
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This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It explains that language shift occurs when a minority language is displaced by the language of the dominant group over time, especially in contexts of migration or military occupation. Factors that can lead to language shift include economic and social pressures associated with the dominant language, as well as demographic factors like urbanization and intermarriage. Language shift happens more slowly when minority languages are highly valued as symbols of ethnic identity. The document also discusses language death, which occurs when no one speaks a language anymore, and language loss or erosion over time. It provides strategies for maintaining minority languages, such as institutional support through education.
Linguistic imperialism
This document discusses the concepts of linguistic imperialism and linguicism. It defines linguistic imperialism as the imposition of one language on speakers of other languages, using English as the primary example. It asserts that linguistic imperialism is a form of cultural imperialism that is propagated through four mechanisms: exploitation, penetration, fragmentation, and marginalization. Linguicism refers to unfair treatment or negative attitudes towards individuals based solely on their use of language, such as discrimination against a person's mother tongue or local dialect. The document contrasts linguicism with other forms of discrimination like sexism and racism.
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- Multilingualism is common across the world, with speakers often using multiple languages in daily life depending on the context. This document discusses concepts like diglossia, where distinct "high" and "low" varieties of the same language are used under different conditions.
- Code-switching refers to switching between languages or language varieties within conversations. It can be obligatory, as in diglossia, or optional. Accommodation through convergence and divergence also influences code-switching.
- Multilingual identities are fluid and culturally constructed, as seen in examples of Dominican Americans in the US asserting their own identity through language use.
Measuring Language Attitude
This document discusses language attitudes and methods for measuring them. It defines language attitude as an evaluation of a language variety or its speakers. Two main methods to measure attitudes are direct methods using questionnaires or observations, and indirect methods like the match-guise technique. The match-guise technique involves playing recordings of the same content in different languages without telling participants the purpose is to measure their language attitudes based on traits rated on a semantic differential scale. Some example studies applying this technique in Egypt and Mexico are summarized.
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The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which proposes that the language we speak influences our thoughts and worldview. It provides a brief history of the hypothesis and its developers, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. Examples are given of how aspects like verb tenses, social relationships, and word order are structured differently across languages and thus shape perspectives in culturally unique ways. The implementation of linguistic relativity in language teaching and issues with translation between languages with differing thought patterns are also examined.
Diglossia
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
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The document discusses linguistic imperialism and the impacts of global language dominance. Linguistic imperialism refers to the transfer and promotion of a dominant language and its culture to other language groups. It can assume both active promotion by powerful groups over weaker groups, as well as more passive acceptance. English in particular has achieved global dominance through factors like its use in international organizations, academia, and news media. This dominance can disadvantage non-English speakers through exclusion from information and difficulties qualifying in professional contexts that require English proficiency.
Linguistic conflict
Linguistic conflict arises when languages interact and can occur at various levels. There are several types of linguistic conflict including interlingual conflict within individuals and interethnic conflict between groups using language as a means. Linguistic conflict focuses on the languages themselves during contact, individual language users interacting, and conflicts at the societal level related to language use. Causes of linguistic conflict include geographical, political, psychological, and economic factors that influence language dynamics.
Language variation
Linguistic variation refers to regional, social, or contextual differences in how a language is used. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s, interest in linguistic variation or variability has grown rapidly. A single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers may express the same meanings using different forms, with most variation being systematic based on non-linguistic factors like the speaker's purpose, relationship with the listener, production circumstances, and demographic affiliations.
Linguistic Imperialism
Robert Phillipson argues that linguistic imperialism persists in the form of English language dominance promoted through education systems globally. He defines linguistic imperialism as the process by which some languages are used and promoted more than others due to power structures and ideologies. Phillipson examines the "hidden past" of English language teaching and its role in perpetuating linguistic hierarchies that privilege English and disadvantage local languages. He contends that developed countries exert outsized influence over language policies and pedagogies in developing countries through educational aid programs.
Language attitude
Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHEIS
Human beings do not live alone in the world and language plays a key role in how people understand reality. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the language we speak completely determines how we think and perceive the world, with no true translation possible between languages. More moderate versions hold that language influences thought but does not determine it entirely, and different languages may influence how their speakers perceive some concepts like time, numbers, or colors. Many studies have investigated this hypothesis but have found both supporting and non-supporting evidence.
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These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
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This document discusses language attitudes and related concepts. It defines language attitude as inferences about people based on how they speak. People have attitudes toward their own and other languages. Attitudes are demonstrated through behavior. The document also discusses semantics shift, derogation, linguistic relativism, perceptual dialectology, social identity theory, and communication accommodation theory as they relate to language attitudes. It provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
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The document discusses key concepts relating to speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who interact through shared use of language and participation in common norms. While some definitions require all members to use the same language or dialect, most acknowledge that communities can be multilingual. Characteristics like shared social networks, values and beliefs help define communities more than sole reliance on linguistic criteria. Urban areas in particular may contain overlapping and intersecting speech communities with blurred boundaries.
Language identity.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
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This document discusses language planning, which involves creating policies to direct or change language use. It defines language planning as attempts to modify a language's status or internal condition. The document outlines reasons for language planning like maintaining linguistic identities. It also describes the key concepts of status planning, which changes a language's function and rights, and corpus planning, which develops a language. Finally, it discusses four common ideologies and the four stages of language planning: selection, codification, modernization, and implementation.
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Standardisation of a language involves four main stages: selection, acceptance, elaboration, and codification. Selection involves choosing one variety of the language to elevate to a standard. Acceptance is the process by which this variety is promoted and established as the standard through institutions like schools. Elaboration develops the selected variety so it can fulfill more functions. Codification formally defines the grammar, spelling, and usage rules of the new standard form of the language.
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The document discusses language and ethnicity. It defines ethnicity as being identified with a group descended from common ancestors who share cultural traits like language, religion, and dress. Ethnic varieties of English arise from the languages of immigrant groups and can influence mainstream English over time through the spread of lexical and grammatical features. The document asks questions about ethnic identity and the relationship between ethnicity and language, and provides examples of characteristics and influences on ethnic varieties of English in the US and expressions that have spread to mainstream English from ethnic varieties.
Diglossia
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
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This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and identity. It argues that language and culture influence each other mutually - language is shaped by culture but also shapes culture. Membership in a cultural group influences one's identity. The levels of identification conveyed through language include nationality, social class, gender, generation, and profession. Language determines ways of thinking through influencing cognition as proposed in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Overall, the document presents language, culture and identity as intricately interconnected and constantly evolving.
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This document discusses language attitudes and methods for measuring them. It defines language attitude as an evaluation of a language variety or its speakers. Two main methods to measure attitudes are direct methods using questionnaires or observations, and indirect methods like the match-guise technique. The match-guise technique involves playing recordings of the same content in different languages without telling participants the purpose is to measure their language attitudes based on traits rated on a semantic differential scale. Some example studies applying this technique in Egypt and Mexico are summarized.
Linguistics relativity
The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity, which proposes that the language we speak influences our thoughts and worldview. It provides a brief history of the hypothesis and its developers, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. Examples are given of how aspects like verb tenses, social relationships, and word order are structured differently across languages and thus shape perspectives in culturally unique ways. The implementation of linguistic relativity in language teaching and issues with translation between languages with differing thought patterns are also examined.
Diglossia
Diglossia refers to a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used by a language community. The high variety (H) has prestige and is used for formal, written communication while the low variety (L) lacks prestige and is used for informal, spoken communication. Some key aspects of diglossia include the high variety having prestige, a literary heritage, acquisition through formal education, standardization, a simpler grammar in the low variety, differing lexicons between the varieties, and the high variety having a divergent sound system from the low variety.
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This presentation is about gender differences in the use of language from the perspective of Sociolinguistics. The contents have mostly been taken from Ronald Warhaugh's book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". However, some examples have also been provided from the Urdu language.
Linguistic Imperialism
The document discusses linguistic imperialism and the impacts of global language dominance. Linguistic imperialism refers to the transfer and promotion of a dominant language and its culture to other language groups. It can assume both active promotion by powerful groups over weaker groups, as well as more passive acceptance. English in particular has achieved global dominance through factors like its use in international organizations, academia, and news media. This dominance can disadvantage non-English speakers through exclusion from information and difficulties qualifying in professional contexts that require English proficiency.
Linguistic conflict
Linguistic conflict arises when languages interact and can occur at various levels. There are several types of linguistic conflict including interlingual conflict within individuals and interethnic conflict between groups using language as a means. Linguistic conflict focuses on the languages themselves during contact, individual language users interacting, and conflicts at the societal level related to language use. Causes of linguistic conflict include geographical, political, psychological, and economic factors that influence language dynamics.
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Linguistic Imperialism
Robert Phillipson argues that linguistic imperialism persists in the form of English language dominance promoted through education systems globally. He defines linguistic imperialism as the process by which some languages are used and promoted more than others due to power structures and ideologies. Phillipson examines the "hidden past" of English language teaching and its role in perpetuating linguistic hierarchies that privilege English and disadvantage local languages. He contends that developed countries exert outsized influence over language policies and pedagogies in developing countries through educational aid programs.
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Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHEIS
Human beings do not live alone in the world and language plays a key role in how people understand reality. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the language we speak completely determines how we think and perceive the world, with no true translation possible between languages. More moderate versions hold that language influences thought but does not determine it entirely, and different languages may influence how their speakers perceive some concepts like time, numbers, or colors. Many studies have investigated this hypothesis but have found both supporting and non-supporting evidence.
LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY
This document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It defines both language and identity, explaining that language is not static and is used to express, transmit, and adapt culture. Identity is also defined as plural and dynamic, influenced by both conscious and unconscious processes. The document then examines how language and identity influence each other, with language choices impacting how one constructs their identity and how others perceive them. It notes that while individuals aim to self-select their identity, others ultimately define it through discourse. Language policies can thus diminish independence and control populations by suppressing politically sensitive languages. In conclusion, the document states that a broad connection exists between language and identity, as language defines ethnic groups, social status, power, and helps determine
Language, culture and thought
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
Meeting 4 language attitude
This document discusses language attitudes and related concepts. It defines language attitude as inferences about people based on how they speak. People have attitudes toward their own and other languages. Attitudes are demonstrated through behavior. The document also discusses semantics shift, derogation, linguistic relativism, perceptual dialectology, social identity theory, and communication accommodation theory as they relate to language attitudes. It provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
Speech Communities
The document discusses key concepts relating to speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who interact through shared use of language and participation in common norms. While some definitions require all members to use the same language or dialect, most acknowledge that communities can be multilingual. Characteristics like shared social networks, values and beliefs help define communities more than sole reliance on linguistic criteria. Urban areas in particular may contain overlapping and intersecting speech communities with blurred boundaries.
Language identity.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
Language planning
This document discusses language planning, which involves creating policies to direct or change language use. It defines language planning as attempts to modify a language's status or internal condition. The document outlines reasons for language planning like maintaining linguistic identities. It also describes the key concepts of status planning, which changes a language's function and rights, and corpus planning, which develops a language. Finally, it discusses four common ideologies and the four stages of language planning: selection, codification, modernization, and implementation.
Standardization
Standardisation of a language involves four main stages: selection, acceptance, elaboration, and codification. Selection involves choosing one variety of the language to elevate to a standard. Acceptance is the process by which this variety is promoted and established as the standard through institutions like schools. Elaboration develops the selected variety so it can fulfill more functions. Codification formally defines the grammar, spelling, and usage rules of the new standard form of the language.
Language & Ethnicity
The document discusses language and ethnicity. It defines ethnicity as being identified with a group descended from common ancestors who share cultural traits like language, religion, and dress. Ethnic varieties of English arise from the languages of immigrant groups and can influence mainstream English over time through the spread of lexical and grammatical features. The document asks questions about ethnic identity and the relationship between ethnicity and language, and provides examples of characteristics and influences on ethnic varieties of English in the US and expressions that have spread to mainstream English from ethnic varieties.
Diglossia
This document discusses the concept of diglossia, which refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a speech community. It introduces diglossia and defines it as a stable language situation where a community uses a primary dialect as well as a divergent, codified superposed variety used for formal purposes like education, writing, and official spoken contexts. It then discusses different aspects of diglossia, including the functions of high vs low varieties, prestige and acquisition of the varieties, standardization efforts, differences in grammar, lexicon, and phonology between varieties. The document concludes that in diglossia, no one speaks the high variety as a mother tongue.
Relationship between language, culture, and identity
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and identity. It argues that language and culture influence each other mutually - language is shaped by culture but also shapes culture. Membership in a cultural group influences one's identity. The levels of identification conveyed through language include nationality, social class, gender, generation, and profession. Language determines ways of thinking through influencing cognition as proposed in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Overall, the document presents language, culture and identity as intricately interconnected and constantly evolving.
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Post-colonialism is the study of the effects of colonial subjugation by Western powers on Third and Fourth World nations that emerged in the 1970s. It examines various forms of injustice, domination of culture and gender, and the experiences of subaltern groups. In literature, post-colonialism analyzes the interaction and reaction between colonial societies and the impact of colonialism on literary works. The document then defines and discusses several key post-colonial concepts like mimicry, hybridity, orientalism, and universalism and how they are applied in literary analysis and critique works from a post-colonial perspective.
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- 1. LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM Presented by Sehrish Manzoor and Majid Ali
- 2. LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM • What is linguistic imperialism? • Imposition of a language over other languages.
- 3. LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM AND CULTRAL IMPERIALISM • Linguistic Imperialism (LI) may lead to cultural imperialism. • Examples: • Second language (Pakistan) • Better job opportunities • Code switching in day-day conversation
- 4. BRIEF HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM • Latin dominance in the Roman Empire (1-4 century) • Arabic dominance in Europe (8-14 century) • Japanese dominance in East Asia (late 18 century-early 20 century) • English dominance after the Second World War (1939-1945) • The term Linguistic Imperialism (LI) introduced by Phillipson in 1992
- 5. IDEOLOGY • Ideas,assumptions,attitudes,and value reveal status of individuals and communities in society.
- 6. HEGEMONY • The dominant view which is beyond question.
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES BASED ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE GROUPS EXPANDING CIRCLE OUTER CIRCLE INNER CIRCLE
- 8. CLASSIFICATION (Kachru) • Expanding Circle: English is foreign language • Outer Circle: English is second language • Inner Circle: Claimed ownership of English