LIGHTING,NEEDS,IDENTIFICATION,TYPES LIGHTING CONTROL LEVEL LUMINAIRES,TYPES

1. LIGHTING CONTROL
BUILDING SERVICE 2

2. LIGHT
▪ Light is a form of energy manifesting itself as electro magnetic radiation and is closely
related to other form of electromagnetic radiation such as Gamma rays , X-rays ,UV
rays, IR rays, Microwave rays and Radio rays.
UNITS OF LIGTH
▪ CANDELA : It is equalent to the illumination of one standard candle.
▪ FOOT CANDELA : It is the amount of illumination on a surface from a light
source of on candela that is a foot away from the surface.
ONE FOOT CANDELA = 1 Lumen /Square foot.
ONELUX : It Is the amount of illumination created by a light source of one candela
which is one meter away from the surface.
1LUX=1Lumen/Square meter.

3. COLOUR TEMPERATURE(OUTDOOR /INDOOR)
▪ Color temperature is a characteristics of visible light. In practice, color temperature is only
meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond some what closely to the radiation of
some blackbody.
▪ The color temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an ideal blackbody is
define as its surface temperature in KELVINS.
▪ Color temperature over 5,000Kare called cool colors( blueish white),while lower color
temperatures(2,700-3000K)are called warm colors (yellowish white through red).
▪ Defined as the tone of light or how the light looks in terms of whiteness
▪ Higher the color temperature=whiter/ cooler the light source
▪ Unit measurement = Kelvin(K)

4. NEEDS FOR LIGHTING CONTROL
▪ Environmental and occupancy changes in a building increase the complexity of
control operations.
▪ Occupants not only impose control goals related to thermal comfort, visual comfort
or indoor air quality but also influence the building processes impacting indirectly on the
control functions of the different processes
▪ Lighting is often the largest electrical load in offices, but the cost of lighting energy
consumption remains low when compared to the personnel costs
▪ global grid based electricity consumption for lighting was about 2650TWh in 2005,
which was an equivalent of 19% of total global electricity consumption.
▪ European office buildings dedicate about 50% of their electricity for lighting, whereas
the share of electricity for lighting is around 20-30% in hospitals, 15% in factories,
10-15% in schools and 10% in residential buildings ( EC 2007).

5. NEEDS FOR LIGHTING CONTROL
▪ The optimal conditions of thermal comfort can be easily described as the neutral
perception of the interior environment, where occupants do not feel the need for
change towards warmer or colder conditions
▪ Visual comfort, however, is not described easily. Rather than referring to a state of
neutral perception of the interior environment, it is perceived as receiving a message.
▪ Aspects such as daylighting, glare, luminance ratios, light intensity and contact
to the outside have their influences on our perception of visual comfort.
▪ This can be achieved by using lighting control strategies and lighting control system.

6. IDENTIFICATION OF LIGHTING CONTROL NEEDS
▪ Lighting control is continuously evolving due to the constant evolution of
requirements for visual comfort and the increasing demand for lighting energy
savings. But there is often a lack of a clear identification of the needs. a building
energy manager pays more attention to the energy consumption and the energy
savings than the occupant. The lighting control system should provide information
on:
― The different practices within the building
― The perception of the control barrier’s
― The needed control type
― The controlled area
― The flexibility and modularity of the lighting control system

7. LIGHTING SYSTEM CONSIDERATION
The main purpose of these systems is to reduce energy consumption while providing a
productive visual environment.This includes:
▪ ― Providing the right amount of light
▪ ― Providing that light where it’s needed
▪ ― Providing that light when it’s needed
In fact, lighting control will depend on the considered zone. Thus, it is necessary to
define the following factors beforehand:
▪ ― The lighting needs (level of illumination, ambience, etc.)
▪ ― The task zone/area (position, size, disposition, etc.)
▪ ― The occupation time
▪ ― The control needs of the user

8. LIGHTING SYSTEM PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT
▪ Flexibility and modularity of the lighting system which gives information
about the future affectations of the building.
▪ For some buildings (e.g. rented offices) light structure walls are displaced
and spaces are reorganized regularly.
▪ A change of the lighting control system then has to be possible and easy.
▪ Maintenance scheme and needs

9. EFFICIENT LIGTHING SYSTEM
Performance parameters include:
― Visual performance and comfort
― Building energy use
― Cost effectiveness
― Ease of use
― Maintenance
― Flexibility (versatility)
― Existing building constraints
― System stability
― Systems integration

10. LIGHTING CONTROL STRATERGIES
▪ Predicted occupancy control strategy
The Predicted OccupancyControl Strategy (POCS) is used to reduce the
operating hours of the lighting installation

11. LIGHTING CONTROL STRATERGIES
▪ Real occupancy control strategy (ROCS)
Real Occupancy Control Strategy limits the
operation time of the lighting system based
on the occupancy time of a space.
▪ Constant illuminance control strategy
The Constant Illuminance Control Strategy
(CICS) takes into account the ageing of the
lighting system in the room.

12. LIGHTING CONTROL STRATERGIES
▪ Daylight harvesting control strategy
The Daylight Harvesting Control Strategy
(DHCS) allows facilities to reduce lighting
energy consumption by using daylight,
supplementing it with artificial lighting as
needed to maintain the required lighting level.
The Daylight harvesting control strategy uses
a photocell to measure the lighting level
within a
▪ space, on a surface or at a specific point.

13. LIGHTING CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL
Three levels of integration can be distinguished
for the indoor lighting control .These are listed
below:
― The first level takes into account the artificial
lighting alone.
― The second level takes into account artificial
lighting and its control by external information like
daylighting, occupancy,..
― The third level takes into account artificial lighting
dealing with artificial lighting plus external
interaction with external elements like HVAC
systems and blinds.
Levels of integration strategies.

14. Level 1 (artificial lighting alone)
▪ In this integration example, the user controls the artificial lighting through a manual
switch/dimmer.
▪ This allows artificial lighting control
according to a manual switch
(ON/OFF or dimming).
▪ This solution is one of the most
used systems in building
consisting of only a switch for a
lamp or a group of lamps.
LIGHTING CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL

15. Level 2 (artificial lighting control based on
external information)
▪ In this integration example, an illuminance sensor and
an occupancy sensor have been combined to the
manual switch-dimmer in order to increase the visual
comfort of the occupant.
▪ For each sensor, a priority level is set.
▪ This system allows artificial lighting control according
to:
― A manual switch (on/off) or dimming with a high
priority level
― An occupancy sensor with an intermediate priority
level
― An illuminance sensor (in order to assume a constant
light level) with a low priority level
LIGHTING CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL

16. Level 3 (artificial lighting and
daylight and HVAC system)
▪ In this integration example, there
is a full integration of the lighting
system with the HVAC systems
and the blinds system in order to
increase the visual and thermal
comfort of the occupant.
▪ This system allows control of
artificial lighting, daylighting
(with blinds) and HVAC.
LIGHTING CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL

17. ▪ Supplementary sensors are
presented with their own
priority level, such as:
― A manual temperature set point
button with a high priority level
― A manual switch blind button with a
high priority level
― An indoor temperature sensor and
wind speed sensor with a intermediate
priority level
― A glare sensor with a low priority level
LIGHTING CONTROL INTEGRATION LEVEL

18. LIGHTING CONTROL LEVELS
Plant Control Architecture
▪ The Plant Control Architecture (PCA) is an architecture where
actuators and controllers are placed
▪ in one panel board at the lighting plant level.This type of
architecture is usually used for on/off
▪ control in buildings like industrial buildings, supermarket. It could
also be used for specific zones,
▪ for example, a complete storey in an office building, or even for
individual corridors or staircases.
▪ This architecture is simple and robust and thus widely used.

19. LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE
▪ The lighting control architecture supports the
implementation of the defined strategies. It can
be organized in four levels:
― Lighting service (deals with the overall lighting
management system, it could also be called he
lighting backbone.)
― Lighting plant(as an analogy to HVAC central plant
deals with the control of central technical areas. It
often appears at each building floor. )
― Lighting zone (deals with the different
interactions in a zone (zone = a room or a set of
rooms))
― Lighting device (is the terminal device, which
controls the visual comfort of a specific area. )
These systems
are described with generic component listed

20. Plant Control Architecture
▪ The Plant Control Architecture (PCA) is an architecture where actuators and
controllers are placed in one panel board at the lighting plant level.
▪ This type of architecture is usually used for on/off control in buildings like
industrial buildings, supermarket.
▪ It could also be used for specific zones, for example, a complete storey in an
office building, or even for individual corridors or staircases.
▪ This architecture is simple and robust and thus widely used.
LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

21. PLANT CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

22. Zone Control Architecture
▪ The Zone Control Architecture
(ZCA) is an architecture where
the actuator and controller act on
a defined area of the building
floor.
▪ This architecture is widely used
for offices with open spaces,
schools and hospitals because it
enables easy changes of the
control strategy.
LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

23. Wiring Device Control Architecture
▪ In the Wiring Device Control Architecture (WDCA), the actuators are located at
the wiring device level.
▪ It can be a wall, ceiling or floor wire.
▪ The actuator is usually embedded with the sensors.
▪ This kind of architecture is most popular for residential buildings, small
offices and hotels because commands are distributed in the room to allow
the occupant to perform fine control.
▪ This architecture is commonly used for simple control.
▪ Nevertheless, there exists more integrated dimming applications.
▪ Moreover, WDCA can easily be combined with plant control architecture.
LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

24. WIRING DEVICE CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

25. Embedded Fixture Control Architecture
▪ The Embedded Fixture Control Architecture (EFCA) is an architecture where
actuators and controller are positioned in the lighting device, usually in the
ballast.
▪ Most of the EFCA systems are connecting all control gears through a BUS
system.
▪ They provide individual or mutual control thanks to controllers that are
commonly placed at the floor panel board, in the false ceiling or in a device.
▪ On one side the binding between device is physical through, for example,
wiring.
▪ On the other side, the binding is logical, through for instance, links between the
push buttons, sensors (PIR) and the actuators are set by the controller
LIGHTING CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

26. EMBEDDED FIXTURE CONTROL ARCHITECTURE

27. LUMINAIRIES
BUILDING SERVICE 2

28. LUMINAIRE
▪ A luminaire is a complete lighting unit, comprised of a light source (lamp or
lamps), together with the parts that distribute the light, position and
protect the lamps, and connect the lamps to the power supply.
▪ The luminaire’s function is to direct light to appropriate locations, without
causing glare or discomfort.
▪ With thousands of different luminaires made by hundreds of
manufacturers, there are more luminaires on the market than any other
type of lighting equipment.
▪ Choosing luminaires that efficiently provide appropriate luminance
patterns for the application is an important part of energy efficient lighting
design.

29. LUMINAIRE - DEFINED
▪ LUMINAIRE ALSO KNOWN AS ‘FIXTURE’OR ‘LIGHT FIXTURE’.
▪ A DEVICETHAT PROJECTS ,DEFUSES AND ALTERTHE LIGHT
DIRECTION OF A GIVEN LIGHT SOURCE
▪ LUMINAIRE CAN ALSO BE REFERREDTO AS ‘SYSTEM’ AS IT
CONTAINSTHE LIGHT SOURCE,THE HOUSING ,THE ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM AND MAINS CONNECTORS , REFLECTORS AND
SHIELDING DEVICES(LOUVERS)

30. LUMINAIRIES CLASSIFICATION
▪ LUMINARIES ARE OFTEN CATEGORIZED BY 2 MAJOR OF PRIME USAGE :
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS
▪ THERE ARE ALSO SPECIAL PURPOSE LIGHTING SOLUTION LIKE MARIN
LIGHTING , AUTO LIGHTINGANTI BLAST (EXPLOSION PROOF) , UNDER
WATER OR SPECIAL EFFECTS (THEATRICAL)LIGHTING ;THESE SYSTEM
WILL NOT BE INTHIS OVERVIEW
▪ SAFETY LIGHTING SOLUTIONWILL NOT BE DETAILED EITHER ,WHILE
SOME LIGHTING SYSTEM HAVE A DUAL PURPOSE ABLITIES

32. CATEGORIES OF LIGHTING

33. POINT LIGHT SOURCE

34. LINEAR LIGTH SOURCE

35. PLANER LIGHTING SOURCE

36. VOLUMETRIC LIGHTING SOURCE