The document discusses various aspects of lighting design including:
- Color temperature is measured in Kelvin and affects the appearance of a room, with higher temperatures appearing whiter and cooler.
- Lighting fixtures (luminaires) come in different types like recessed, ceiling mounted, wall mounted, and portable and are classified based on their form and mounting method.
- Different light sources are discussed like incandescent, fluorescent, LED, and high intensity discharge lamps. Each have their own characteristics in terms of efficiency, lifespan, and light output.
- Factors that influence lighting design include color rendering, finishes, lamp type, and distribution of light. Proper lighting is essential for interior spaces.
Artificial lights have evolved significantly from early incandescent bulbs to modern LED technologies. The document traces the history of major artificial light types including incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lights. It also discusses how different light types are suited for various areas like homes, schools, and offices. Ambient, task, and accent lighting serve different purposes and are selected based on the needs of the space. Modern electrical distribution uses parallel circuits to efficiently deliver adequate and consistent power for lighting applications.
The document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers key lighting principles and terms like illumination, lumens, footcandles, lux, efficacy, and color temperature. It describes different types of artificial light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, discharge lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It also covers lighting fixtures, luminaires, and different types of lighting like general, task, accent, and decorative lighting.
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
Lighting design plays a key role in interior design by transforming spaces and revealing materials. There are different types of lighting including ambient, accent, and task lighting that serve various purposes. Strategically placed lighting can highlight architectural details, artwork, and create mood. Through lighting installations and product designs, spaces can take on new dimensions and meanings beyond their physical form.
Light plays a significant role in architecture by affecting how spaces are perceived and experienced. There are two main sources of light - natural light from the sun and sky, and artificial light from electric sources. Natural light is preferable as it provides psychological and health benefits and reduces energy costs. Daylighting techniques like windows, skylights, lightwells, and clerestories are used to introduce natural light into interior spaces. Artificial lighting is also important and includes ambient, accent, task, and decorative types to serve different lighting needs. The dynamic interplay between light, space, and humans is fundamental to architectural design.
This document discusses different types of lighting sources and fixtures. It describes natural light from the sun and artificial lights including incandescent, fluorescent, and LED bulbs. Incandescent bulbs produce light through a heated filament while fluorescent bulbs use gas and phosphors. LEDs are small, efficient, and produce high light intensity. The document also outlines different methods of lighting installation including direct, indirect, and diffused approaches as well as architectural lighting techniques like cove, track, and soffit fixtures. Common portable and non-architectural fixtures like ceiling, wall, and table lamps are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of lighting systems and their design. It discusses the three main types of lighting systems: ambient, accent, and task lighting. Ambient lighting provides overall illumination, accent lighting highlights specific objects, and task lighting is aimed at specific work areas. Proper lighting design considers illumination levels, placement of luminaires, and controls. Key factors in lighting design include distribution, quality and quantity of light, and how lighting impacts spaces and people. The document also outlines techniques for controlling directionality of light and defines lighting design terms.
Artificial lights have evolved significantly from early incandescent bulbs to modern LED technologies. The document traces the history of major artificial light types including incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lights. It also discusses how different light types are suited for various areas like homes, schools, and offices. Ambient, task, and accent lighting serve different purposes and are selected based on the needs of the space. Modern electrical distribution uses parallel circuits to efficiently deliver adequate and consistent power for lighting applications.
The document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers key lighting principles and terms like illumination, lumens, footcandles, lux, efficacy, and color temperature. It describes different types of artificial light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, discharge lamps, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It also covers lighting fixtures, luminaires, and different types of lighting like general, task, accent, and decorative lighting.
Electricity is converted to light energy in lamps through heating filaments or gases. Incandescent lamps contain a tungsten filament that glows when heated by electricity, producing light but generating 90% of power as heat. Fluorescent and CFL lamps use mercury vapor and phosphors to produce light from electricity more efficiently. HID lamps like metal halide, sodium, and mercury vapor lamps are very efficient sources used for outdoor and industrial lighting.
Lighting design plays a key role in interior design by transforming spaces and revealing materials. There are different types of lighting including ambient, accent, and task lighting that serve various purposes. Strategically placed lighting can highlight architectural details, artwork, and create mood. Through lighting installations and product designs, spaces can take on new dimensions and meanings beyond their physical form.
Light plays a significant role in architecture by affecting how spaces are perceived and experienced. There are two main sources of light - natural light from the sun and sky, and artificial light from electric sources. Natural light is preferable as it provides psychological and health benefits and reduces energy costs. Daylighting techniques like windows, skylights, lightwells, and clerestories are used to introduce natural light into interior spaces. Artificial lighting is also important and includes ambient, accent, task, and decorative types to serve different lighting needs. The dynamic interplay between light, space, and humans is fundamental to architectural design.
This document discusses different types of lighting sources and fixtures. It describes natural light from the sun and artificial lights including incandescent, fluorescent, and LED bulbs. Incandescent bulbs produce light through a heated filament while fluorescent bulbs use gas and phosphors. LEDs are small, efficient, and produce high light intensity. The document also outlines different methods of lighting installation including direct, indirect, and diffused approaches as well as architectural lighting techniques like cove, track, and soffit fixtures. Common portable and non-architectural fixtures like ceiling, wall, and table lamps are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of lighting systems and their design. It discusses the three main types of lighting systems: ambient, accent, and task lighting. Ambient lighting provides overall illumination, accent lighting highlights specific objects, and task lighting is aimed at specific work areas. Proper lighting design considers illumination levels, placement of luminaires, and controls. Key factors in lighting design include distribution, quality and quantity of light, and how lighting impacts spaces and people. The document also outlines techniques for controlling directionality of light and defines lighting design terms.
This document discusses ways to reduce energy usage from lighting in buildings through green practices. It recommends using natural daylight whenever possible through proper window and skylight design. When artificial lights are needed, the right amount and type of lighting should be used based on the task. Different lighting technologies like LEDs and fluorescents are more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Automatic controls can further reduce energy by turning lights off when not needed or adjusting output based on daylight.
Lighting systems and their design..mau --jmi-2014Mohd Azmatullah
An essential service in all the industries,
The power consumption by the industrial lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Lightingisanarea,whichprovidesamajorscopetoachieveenergyefficiencyatthedesignstage,by incorporation of modern energy efficient lamps,luminaires and gears,apart from good operational practices.
The presentation discusses light and lighting fixtures. It defines light and how it is produced through electrons moving between orbits in atoms. It then covers the different types of light sources including natural light and various artificial lights. The rest of the presentation focuses on methods of lighting, including types of lighting fixtures for indoor and outdoor use. It also addresses the effects of lighting in different areas and the advantages and disadvantages of natural versus artificial light.
Stage lighting has several functions including illumination, revelation of form, focus, mood, location/time of day, projection of stage elements, and advancing the plot. Various lighting instruments like fixtures, dimmers, and lighting consoles are used to control lighting properties like intensity, color, pattern, focus, and position to achieve different lighting styles such as high-key and low-key lighting.
This document discusses different types of lighting, including natural light and artificial light. It describes various lighting fixtures that can be used for architectural and non-architectural lighting, such as valance lighting, cove lighting, recessed lighting, and track lighting. Recommended illumination values are provided for different types of spaces. Design principles for effective lighting include balance, unity, variety, emphasis, rhythm, scale and proportion, and harmony. Measurements of light such as lux, lumen, and footcandle are also defined.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
Light as an important architectural element in contemporary architecture..A short dissertation /presentation by..... Atul Pathak ,BIT MESRA..Department of Architecture
A pendant light is a single light fixture that hangs from the ceiling by a cord, chain, or metal rod. Pendant lights can be used individually or in multiples hung together. They come in various shapes and sizes and are suitable for general, task, or decorative lighting. A recessed light is installed into an opening in the ceiling and appears to have light shining from a hole, directing the light downward as a floodlight or spotlight. Recessed lights come in different trim styles like eyeball, reflector, baffle, and shower lens.
This document discusses the basic types of artificial lighting, including general, ambient, task, and accent lighting. General lighting provides uniform illumination of an entire space. Ambient lighting creates a relaxing atmosphere. Task lighting provides concentrated light for focused work tasks. Accent lighting draws attention to specific objects or areas. Examples are given for different lighting fixtures that can be used for each type, such as recessed lights for general illumination, lamps for task lighting, and spotlights or wall lights for accent lighting.
Different Lighting Types in Interior DesignLive Fabulous
Think of lighting as an accessory for your home—it’s the perfect way to show off your unique design sensibility. Good lighting design has the power to make interiors come alive.
The single most important concept in creating a good lighting plan for the home is to use an array of different lighting types - Ambient Lighting,
Task Lighting &
Accent Lighting
Light is fundamental for space and essential for human well-being and it is the success of any building.
Light quality affects human behaviour, health, comfort and mood.
"Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep“ -Le Corbusier, August27,1965
Light, space and human they effect and work with each other.
Space needs light to illuminate; light needs space to receive it, light within the space change human experience
Lighting design plays a vital role in interior spaces. There are two main types of lighting - natural lighting which uses daylight, and artificial lighting from sources like lamps. Different lighting methods like downlights, uplights, and track lighting can be used depending on the space and desired effects. Proper lighting design considers factors like illumination, color rendering, and color temperature to effectively reveal forms and direct attention.
The document provides an overview of lighting design considerations for a presentation by Sandal Usmani and Momin Mohammad Zaki. It discusses key factors in lighting design including lighting quantity through task illuminance levels, and lighting quality in terms of light distribution, integration of daylighting, and considerations for the space and workplace environment. Specific design elements are outlined, such as using task and ambient lighting, minimizing light pollution and trespass, providing flexibility, and addressing color appearance, luminance, and glare.
The document discusses different types of lighting used in architecture, including natural lighting from the sun and artificial lighting sources. It describes several types of architectural luminaires - soffits, valances, and coves - that are used to direct light downward or both upward and downward to provide wall washing and general lighting. Precautions for installing different luminaires and options for shielding lighting elements are also covered.
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
Natural lighting is the primary source of illumination and consists of direct sunlight and sky illumination. For daylighting design, only sky illumination is considered. Good distribution of daylight is achieved through window height, width, and sill height recommendations. Artificial lighting may supplement daylight to meet illumination levels or for visual tasks requiring higher light levels. Different interior lighting concepts like room-related, task area, and work surface lighting provide appropriate illumination for various spaces and visual needs.
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
This document discusses various topics related to lighting design for commercial and residential spaces, including:
- Units of light measurement such as candela, foot-candle, and lux
- Recommended light levels for different activities from hallways to kitchens
- Color temperature and how it relates to lighting appearance
- Different types of lighting fixtures and light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lamps
- Factors to consider for lighting such as distribution, intensity, and color rendering
This document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses key lighting principles and terms such as foot candles, lux, color temperature, and color rendering index. It also describes different light sources like incandescent lamps, types of lighting fixtures and luminaires, and how to classify luminaires. Recommended light levels for various activities are provided.
This document discusses ways to reduce energy usage from lighting in buildings through green practices. It recommends using natural daylight whenever possible through proper window and skylight design. When artificial lights are needed, the right amount and type of lighting should be used based on the task. Different lighting technologies like LEDs and fluorescents are more efficient than incandescent bulbs. Automatic controls can further reduce energy by turning lights off when not needed or adjusting output based on daylight.
Lighting systems and their design..mau --jmi-2014Mohd Azmatullah
An essential service in all the industries,
The power consumption by the industrial lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Lightingisanarea,whichprovidesamajorscopetoachieveenergyefficiencyatthedesignstage,by incorporation of modern energy efficient lamps,luminaires and gears,apart from good operational practices.
The presentation discusses light and lighting fixtures. It defines light and how it is produced through electrons moving between orbits in atoms. It then covers the different types of light sources including natural light and various artificial lights. The rest of the presentation focuses on methods of lighting, including types of lighting fixtures for indoor and outdoor use. It also addresses the effects of lighting in different areas and the advantages and disadvantages of natural versus artificial light.
Stage lighting has several functions including illumination, revelation of form, focus, mood, location/time of day, projection of stage elements, and advancing the plot. Various lighting instruments like fixtures, dimmers, and lighting consoles are used to control lighting properties like intensity, color, pattern, focus, and position to achieve different lighting styles such as high-key and low-key lighting.
This document discusses different types of lighting, including natural light and artificial light. It describes various lighting fixtures that can be used for architectural and non-architectural lighting, such as valance lighting, cove lighting, recessed lighting, and track lighting. Recommended illumination values are provided for different types of spaces. Design principles for effective lighting include balance, unity, variety, emphasis, rhythm, scale and proportion, and harmony. Measurements of light such as lux, lumen, and footcandle are also defined.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
Light as an important architectural element in contemporary architecture..A short dissertation /presentation by..... Atul Pathak ,BIT MESRA..Department of Architecture
A pendant light is a single light fixture that hangs from the ceiling by a cord, chain, or metal rod. Pendant lights can be used individually or in multiples hung together. They come in various shapes and sizes and are suitable for general, task, or decorative lighting. A recessed light is installed into an opening in the ceiling and appears to have light shining from a hole, directing the light downward as a floodlight or spotlight. Recessed lights come in different trim styles like eyeball, reflector, baffle, and shower lens.
This document discusses the basic types of artificial lighting, including general, ambient, task, and accent lighting. General lighting provides uniform illumination of an entire space. Ambient lighting creates a relaxing atmosphere. Task lighting provides concentrated light for focused work tasks. Accent lighting draws attention to specific objects or areas. Examples are given for different lighting fixtures that can be used for each type, such as recessed lights for general illumination, lamps for task lighting, and spotlights or wall lights for accent lighting.
Different Lighting Types in Interior DesignLive Fabulous
Think of lighting as an accessory for your home—it’s the perfect way to show off your unique design sensibility. Good lighting design has the power to make interiors come alive.
The single most important concept in creating a good lighting plan for the home is to use an array of different lighting types - Ambient Lighting,
Task Lighting &
Accent Lighting
Light is fundamental for space and essential for human well-being and it is the success of any building.
Light quality affects human behaviour, health, comfort and mood.
"Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep“ -Le Corbusier, August27,1965
Light, space and human they effect and work with each other.
Space needs light to illuminate; light needs space to receive it, light within the space change human experience
Lighting design plays a vital role in interior spaces. There are two main types of lighting - natural lighting which uses daylight, and artificial lighting from sources like lamps. Different lighting methods like downlights, uplights, and track lighting can be used depending on the space and desired effects. Proper lighting design considers factors like illumination, color rendering, and color temperature to effectively reveal forms and direct attention.
The document provides an overview of lighting design considerations for a presentation by Sandal Usmani and Momin Mohammad Zaki. It discusses key factors in lighting design including lighting quantity through task illuminance levels, and lighting quality in terms of light distribution, integration of daylighting, and considerations for the space and workplace environment. Specific design elements are outlined, such as using task and ambient lighting, minimizing light pollution and trespass, providing flexibility, and addressing color appearance, luminance, and glare.
The document discusses different types of lighting used in architecture, including natural lighting from the sun and artificial lighting sources. It describes several types of architectural luminaires - soffits, valances, and coves - that are used to direct light downward or both upward and downward to provide wall washing and general lighting. Precautions for installing different luminaires and options for shielding lighting elements are also covered.
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
Natural lighting is the primary source of illumination and consists of direct sunlight and sky illumination. For daylighting design, only sky illumination is considered. Good distribution of daylight is achieved through window height, width, and sill height recommendations. Artificial lighting may supplement daylight to meet illumination levels or for visual tasks requiring higher light levels. Different interior lighting concepts like room-related, task area, and work surface lighting provide appropriate illumination for various spaces and visual needs.
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
This document discusses various topics related to lighting design for commercial and residential spaces, including:
- Units of light measurement such as candela, foot-candle, and lux
- Recommended light levels for different activities from hallways to kitchens
- Color temperature and how it relates to lighting appearance
- Different types of lighting fixtures and light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, and LED lamps
- Factors to consider for lighting such as distribution, intensity, and color rendering
This document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses key lighting principles and terms such as foot candles, lux, color temperature, and color rendering index. It also describes different light sources like incandescent lamps, types of lighting fixtures and luminaires, and how to classify luminaires. Recommended light levels for various activities are provided.
This document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers various topics such as:
1. The different types of light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and LED lamps.
2. Factors that influence light quality like color temperature, color rendering index, and lighting fixtures.
3. Classifications of lighting fixtures and the different types of lighting like general, accent, task, and decorative lighting.
4. Detailed information about incandescent lamps, their construction, advantages, disadvantages and types.
The document provides information about environmental lighting, including definitions of key lighting terms like illuminance and luminance. It discusses different types of luminaires and their mounting options. It also covers light distribution patterns and the purposes of general, accent, decorative, and task lighting. The document then describes common lamp types like incandescent, fluorescent, HID, and LED lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and disadvantages of each lamp type.
This document provides information on lighting design and different types of light sources. It discusses key lighting concepts like color temperature, lumens, footcandles and lux. It describes different types of lighting fixtures and luminaires. Common artificial light sources are covered, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LEDs. Details are given on incandescent lamp construction and types, as well as tungsten-halogen and low-voltage lamps.
The document discusses various types of lighting sources and their properties. It describes incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LED lights. It covers key characteristics like color temperature, light output, efficiency, lifespan, and benefits of each. Common lighting fixtures and their uses are also outlined.
The document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses various types of light sources including natural light, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and LEDs. It describes lighting units such as luminaires, luminous flux, illuminance, and luminance. It also covers color temperature, color rendering index, lighting fixtures, wash lights, spot lights, and downlights. The document is a guide for lighting design and selection of appropriate light sources and fixtures for different applications.
This document discusses different light sources including natural sunlight and various artificial light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, and discharge lamps. Incandescent lamps emit light due to the filament heating up, while discharge lamps emit light from an electric current passing through gas. Incandescent lamps are very inefficient as most of the energy is wasted as heat rather than visible light. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor and phosphors that convert UV light to visible light, providing high efficacy. Other discharge lamps discussed include high and low pressure sodium, metal halide, and halogen incandescent lamps.
This document discusses different light sources including natural sunlight and various artificial light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, discharge, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the operation and characteristics of these various lamp types. Incandescent lamps emit light due to the filament heating to a high temperature, while discharge lamps emit light from an electric current passing through gas. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapor and produce light through fluorescence of phosphor coatings.
This document discusses different types of electrical lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, compact fluorescent, LED, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and applications of each lamp type. The document is intended to educate readers about the elements and members of electrical engineering related to various lighting technologies.
1. The document discusses various types of electric lighting sources, their characteristics, and applications. It focuses on illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and the differences between incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and discharge lamps.
2. Incandescent lamps have low efficacy but are inexpensive, while fluorescent lamps have higher efficacy but require ballasts. Halogen lamps have better efficacy than incandescents and are used for accent lighting.
3. The best lighting design uses the most efficient source appropriate for the application and design goals. Incandescents should be limited to infrequent or short use cases due to their inefficiency.
This document discusses different types of electrical lighting, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury lamps, sodium vapor lamps, halogen lamps, and compact fluorescent lamps. It provides details on each type of lamp, describing how they produce light and their relative efficiencies. Incandescent lamps produce light through a heated filament, while fluorescent lamps use fluorescence from phosphors excited by ultraviolet light. Mercury lamps contain an electric arc through vaporized mercury, and sodium vapor lamps use sodium in an excited state to produce light. Halogen lamps add halogen gases to increase filament life. Compact fluorescent lamps are designed to replace incandescent bulbs and use less power than incandescents for the same light output.
The document discusses different aspects of illumination and lighting. It defines illumination as the quantity of light falling on a surface and discusses factors that determine quality of lighting such as glare, shadows and contrast. It then describes different lighting schemes such as direct, indirect, semi-direct and general lighting. It also discusses types of lamps including incandescent, fluorescent, LED and OLED. The document recommends lux levels for different indoor activities and emphasizes the importance of energy efficient lighting and integrating daylight with electric lighting.
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum perceived by human eyes. It is best to provide uniform illumination using both natural and artificial lighting. Lighting quality and quantity should be considered to minimize glare and ensure uniform illuminance over workspaces. A variety of light sources have different characteristics that make some more suitable than others depending on the application.
Lighting jargon de mystified - bluff your way in lighting with this simple gu...Christine Gupta
The document provides definitions for various lighting terms and jargon. It explains terms like ballast, Breeam rating, candela, CFL, efficacy, fluorescent lights, halogen light, HID, incandescent, induction lighting, IP rating, kelvin, LED, lumen, and metal halide. Each term is concisely defined in a sentence or two to give the reader a high-level understanding of common lighting industry terminology.
The document discusses different types of lamps used for lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, mercury vapor, and LED lamps. It provides details on their operation such as the materials used in each, efficiency in lumens per watt, typical lifetime, and whether they produce mainly incandescent or discharge light. Pros and cons are listed for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
This document discusses lighting options and their energy usage. It begins by explaining how light output, energy use, and lamp efficiency are measured. It then discusses various lighting technologies like incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen lights. Compact fluorescent lights are highlighted as the most efficient option, using around 75% less energy than incandescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light. While more expensive initially, compact fluorescent bulbs save significantly on energy costs over their longer lifespan. The document provides examples showing the financial savings of switching to more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs.
Lighting is deliberately used in television production to achieve practical and aesthetic effects. Various lighting instruments like Fresnel lights, LED lights, ellipsoidal spotlights, scoops, and fluorescent lights are used to provide adequate illumination, establish mood, and show viewers what objects look like. Care must be taken when using quartz lamps and factors like intensity, color, direction, and focus must be considered when lighting a scene.
This document discusses various types of lighting fixtures and lamps. It describes luminaires like recessed lights, pendants, wall sconces, and track lighting. It also covers different types of lamps including incandescent, CFL, halogen, LED, and fluorescent. Finally, it provides examples of specific lighting fixtures, their typical applications, and cost ranges.
The document summarizes information about incandescent light bulbs. It describes how an incandescent bulb works by heating a thin tungsten filament to produce light. The filament is supported inside a glass bulb that contains either a vacuum or inert gas. The document outlines the key parts of an incandescent bulb and provides a brief history of its development. It also compares the efficiency and energy usage of incandescent bulbs to CFL bulbs. Finally, it lists different types and common uses of incandescent light bulbs.
Gracika Benjamin , Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Gracika Benjamin , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Harsha Chhaparwal, Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Harsha Chhaparwal , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Harsha Chhaparwal, Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
This document is a project report submitted by Harsha Chhaparwal, a second year fashion design student, toward fulfilling the requirements of a two-year diploma in fashion design. The project focused on print development, where the student learned about various Indian art and craft techniques for creating motifs. Under faculty guidance, the student explored different print creation methods like block printing and developed a print design for bedsheets using software. The report includes sections on print types, case studies, market research, inspiration boards, and the final bedsheet design and specification sheet.
Harsha Chhaparwal, Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Harsha Chhaparwal , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Sushmita Bhati, Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Sushmita Bhati, Second Year Fashion Design. This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Sushmita Bhati, Diploma Fashion Design Second Yeardezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Sushmita Bhati, Second Year Fashion Design. This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Sushmita Bhati, Diploma Fashion Design Second Year, (How to Design for Fashio...dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Sushmita Bhati, Second Year Fashion Design. This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Somya Jain, Diploma Fashion Design Second Year, (How to Design for Fashion In...dezyneecole
Somya Jain chose fashion design as her career after discovering her creativity and interest in design through school activities. She learned the basics of design at Dezyne E'cole College, including elements, principles, shape, form, and bringing designs to life. Somya wants to become a renowned minimalist fashion designer who focuses on simple, elegant styles with a mixture of trends and her own touch. She is thankful for the skills and values Dezyne E'cole College helped develop in her and wants to continue learning to improve her design abilities.
This document describes an ATM system designed by Gitesh Chhatwani. It discusses the key functions of creating new accounts and accessing existing accounts. The new account process involves providing information like name, DOB, gender, address, contact number, deposit amount, email, account number and password. The existing account process requires entering the existing account number and password to perform operations like withdrawal, deposit, transfer, view mini statement, and check account info.
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College , Anurag Yadav , B.Voc-Interior Design First Year .This Is The Portfolio Of His Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Namita Bakoliya, Diploma Fashion Design First Year, (Corel Draw Project)dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College , Namita Bakoliya, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College,Sheikh Anjum Firdoush , Second Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From Second Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Gouri Ramchandani, Diploma Fashion Design First Year, (Embroidery Project)dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Gouri Ramchandani, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Gouri Ramchandani, Diploma Fashion Design First Year, (Corel DrawProject)dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College, Gouri Ramchandani, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Dimple Mordani, Diploma Fashion Design First Year, (illustration for Fashion ...dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College , Dimple Mordani, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
Dimple Mordani, Diploma Fashion Design First Year, (Design Basics Project)dezyneecole
Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College , Dimple Mordani, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
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Portfolio Of Student Of Dezyne E'cole College , Dimple Mordani, First Year Fashion Design.This Is The Portfolio Of Her Work From First Year .For More Details Visit www.dezyneecole.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light. In practice, color temperature is only
meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to the radiation
of some black body.
The color temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted form an ideal black body
is defined as its surface temperature in KELVINS.
Color temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colors (bluish white), while lower color
temperatures (2,700-3,000 K) are called warm colors (yellowish white through red).
COLOR TEMPERATURE OUTDOOR / INDOOR
3. COLOR TEMPERATURE:
-Defined as the tone of light or how the light looks in terms of whiteness
-Higher the color temperature = whiter/cooler the light source
-Unit measurement = kelvin (K)
COLOR TEMPERATURE OUTDOOR / INDOOR
4.
5.
6. The color rendering index (CRI), sometimes called color rendition index, is a
quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various
objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source.
Color rendering: Effect of an illuminant on the color appearance of objects by
conscious or subconscious comparison with their color appearance under a reference
illuminant.
Finishes should be evaluated under the type of lamp (lamp and/or daylight) which will
actually be used in the interiors.
Color rendition depends on lamp color spectrum, reflective property of surfaces and
context and condition in room.
Judgment of apparent surface color depends also on the experience and expectations
of and individual with normal color vision.
7. Color Temperature in Kelvin (K) Degrees
Warm White Cool White Daylight
How does Color Temperature affect the appearance of a room?
8. Light fixture is integral part of building electrical system,
transforming energy into usable illumination.
Light fixture requires: electrical connection (power
supply), lamp holder, lamp (design to diffuse, reflect,
focus light).
Form of lighting fixture, lighting source, light illumination:
point sources, linear sources, planar sources, volumetric
sources.
LIGHTING FIXTURES
9. An assembly used to house one or more light sources. Also called lighting fixture.
LIGHTING LUMINAIRE
10. CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES
Recessed
Ceiling Mounted
Track Mounted
Wall Mounted
Suspended
Architectural
Portable
Pole Mounted
Bollard
Outdoor
Wall washer
Floor washer
Up Lighter
Down Lighter
33. INCANDESCENT LAMP
WHAT?
HOTWIRE – FILAMENT SEALED
IN A
GLASS JAR (BULB)
HOW?
ELECTRIC CURRENT PASS
THROUGH
THE WIRE HEATS IT TO
INCANDESCENCE, AND THE
WIRE EMITS LIGHT. USE
STANDARD VOLTAGE CIRCUIT.
34. INCANDESCENT LAMP
Inside the glass is a gas
such as argon and/or
nitrogen. At the center of
the lamp is a tungsten
filament. Electricity heats
this filament up to about
2,500 degrees Celsius.
Just like any hot metal,
the tungsten gets “white
hot” at that heat and
emits a great deal of
visible light in a process
called incandescence.
35. INCANDESCENT LAMP
1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUME OR GAS
FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4.5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8.11.ELECTRIC FUSE
6. BASE
36. INCANDESCENT LAMP
ADVANTAGES:
1. LESS EXPENSIVE
2. EASIER TO DIM WITH RHEOSTATS
3. WARMER COLOR THAN FLUORESCENT
AND THUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS RELATIVELY HIGH
5. EXCELENT COLOR REDERING
6. CAN BE DIMMED
DISADVANTAGES:
1. ENERGY INEFFICIENT
2. SHORT LAMP LIFE TIME
3. WARM SOURCE
37. INCANDECENT LAMP
SHAPE OF LAMPS:
AROUND 100 COMBINATIONS OF GLASS AND QUAERZ BULB
SHAPES AND SIZES.
SYMBOLS:
1ST PART = ONE OR MORE LETTERS IDNDICATES THE SHAPE OF BULB
2ND PART = NUMBER, INDICATES DIAMETER OF THE BULB IN EIGHTS OF AN
INCH
EXAMPLE:A19 = ARBITRARY SHAPED, 19/8 INCH DIAMETER
42. LAMP LIFE TIME:
1. STANDARD-LIFE LAMP: High temperature for the filament to operates, emits more light,
shorter life time – “burns out”
2. LONG-LIFE LAMP: Given wattage produces less light, designed for longer life
LAMP EFFICIENCY=
LIGHT OUTPUT: INSERT GAS (ARGON,NITOGEN, KRYPTON) SLOWS BULB
BLACKENING CAUSED BY CONDENSATION ON THE BUMB WALL
INCANDECENT LAMP
43. BULBS ARE SOLD BY WATTS – MEASURE OF POWER CONSUMED
LUMENS TELLS HOW MUCH LIGHT LAMP EMITS
HOURS PF OPERATION IS PRODUCTIVE LIFE – TIME (750 - 1000H, UP TO F2500H FOR
EXTENDED SERVICE LAMPS)
ENERGY SAVING LAMPS – REDUCED WATTAGE, REDUCED LIGHT OUTPUT
INCANDECENT LAMP
44. INCANDECENT LAMP
LAMP TYPES:
1. NON DIRECTIONAL (emits light in all directions – A, C, G, P, PS, S and
T shapes, requires additional external elements for brightness, glare
and distribution control)
2. SEMI DIRECTIONAL (silver bowl or white bowl lamps, coating on
inner side of bulb, reduce filament glare)
3. DIRECTIONAL (complete optical systems: source, reflector, lens or
filament shield, R, AR, MR, PAR built-in beam control)
47. INCANDECENT LAMP
DIRECTIONAL
Left: R reflector lamp
with soft glass bulb
and ellipsoid reflector
with moderate
focusing power.
Right: PAR reflector
lamp with pressed
glass bulb and
powerful parabolic
reflector
R lamp PAR lamp
49. WHAT?
SELECTED GAS OF THE HALOGEN FAMILY
HOW?
HALOGEN GAS COMBINES WITH TUNGSTEN
MOLECULES THAT SPUTTER OF THE FILAMENT
DEPOSITS TUNGSTEN BACK ON THE FILAMENT
AND FILAMENT AND EMITSCONSTANT LEVEL
OF LIGHT
TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN
50. TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN
A halogen bulb has a filament made of
Tungsten, which glows when electricity is
applied, same as a regular incandescent bulb.
The halogen gas removes the carbon deposits
on the inside of the bulb, caused by the
burning of the tungsten filament, and
redeposit it back on the filament, resulting in
a light bulb which can be burned at a higher
51. TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN
HIGH OPERATING
TEMPERATURE
(500C), HIGH
COLOR
TEMPERATURE
QUARTZ INSTEAD
OF GLASS
EQUIPED WITH
OUTER BULB,
GLASS COVER,
MESH SCREEN
52. TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN
ADVANTAGES:
1. HIGH COLOR TEMPERATURE MAKE THEM
“WHITER” THAT STANDARD INCANDESCENT
LAMPS
2. LONGER LIFE TIME
3. GREAT EFFICIENCY
4. COMPACT IN SHAPE AND SIZE
They come in many shapes and sizes, some
directional others not, some quite small others
the size of regular bulbs, some fit into normal
sockets other require special sockets and voltages
to work.
53. TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN
There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp, the most common ones are
the G9 capsule lamp, GU10 spot lamp and linear halogen lamps which are all domestic
mains voltage, and G4 capsule lamp, (integral reflector) MR16, MR11 spot lamps which
are low voltage lamps.
Linear G4 G6.35 G9 GU10 MR11
54. NOTE: the number following the letter designation refers to the maximum diameter of the
bulb in units of 1/8 inch.
EXAMPLE: MR16 has a diameter of 2 inches (16 x 1/8” = 2’)
55. LOW - VOLTAGE LAMPS
• LOW – VOLTAGE LAMPS – incandescent and tungsten – halogen
lamps that operate between 6V and 75 V.
• Standard building current of 115 V-125V must be stepped down
by the use of transformer.
• Low–voltage luminaries with integrated transforms are larger in
size and bulkier.
• Practical system is line-voltage equipment.
56. LOW - VOLTAGE LAMPS
LOW VOLTAGE MULTIFACETED
MIRROR REFLECTOR
(halogen lamp)
LOW VOLTAGE PAR56
(halogen lamp)
61. DISCHARGE LAMPS
WHAT?
Gas, phosphor, cathode, discharge
How?
Light is produced by passage of an electric current
through a vapor or gas, rather than through a
tungsten wire as in incandescent lamp.
65. FLUORESCENT LAMP
ADVANTAGES:
• Heat is relatively low
• Energy efficient
• Range from low grade to high grade
• Long lamp life
• Usually cool source
• Control gears
DISADVANTAGE:
• Color temperature
• Require ballast: preheat, instant start, rapid-
start
• Requires controlling elements for glare control
68. BALLAST/DRIVER
• Equipment required to control the starting and operating
voltage of electrical gas discharge lights.
Magnetic
Ballast
(Traditional)
Electronic
Ballast
Integrated
Ballast (CFL)
69. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS (HID LAMPS)
• Type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by
means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed
insides a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused
alumina arc tube.
• This tube is filled with both gas and mental salts. The gas
facilitates the arc’s initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats
and evaporates the metal salts forming a plasma, which greatly
increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its
power consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of
arc lamp.
70. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS (HID LAMPS)
PYREX ENVELOPE
Resists thermal shock
NICKED/BRASS BASE
For positive electrical
contact, while resisting
corrosion
SPECIAL FILL GASES
Unique blend of Sodium,
Scandium, Thorium lodide,
Mercury and Argon
QUARTZ ARC TUBE
Withstands high temperature
operation, ceramic ends to
control temperature
HELICAL ELECTRODES
Separate starting
electrodes with bi-metal
starting switches
NICKEL PLATED
STEEL SUPPORTS
Resist shock and
vibration
73. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS (HID LAMPS)
When energy efficiency and/or
light intensity are desired.
These areas include
gymnasiums, large public
areas, warehouses, movie
theaters, football stadiums,
outdoor activity areas,
roadways, parking lots, and
pathways. Ultra-High
Performance (UHP) HID lamps
are used in LCD or DLP
projection TV sets or projection
displays as well.
74. LED LIGHT
Red and infrared LEDs are made with gallium arsenide
Bright Blue is made with GaN-gallium nitride
White LEDs are made with yttrium aluminum garnet
There are also orange, green, blue, violet, purple, ultraviolet LEDs.
77. BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
LED lights are usually around 3mm-
8mm long. The small size and
profile of the LED lights allow them
to be used where other light bulbs
may not fit.
78. BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
Where other lights give off more energy
by shining in different areas, LED lights
only shine in a specific direction
becoming more efficient.
79. BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
35,000 to 50,000 hours, compared to
750 to 2,000 hours for an
incandescent bulb, 8,000 to 10,000
hours for a compact fluorescent and
20,000 to 30,000 hours for a linear
fluorescent bulb.
80. BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTING
LEDs remain cool. In addition, since
they contain no glass components, they
are not vulnerable to vibration or
breakage like conventional bulbs.
LEDs are thus better suited for use in
areas like sports facilities and high-
crime locations.
81. LED LIGHTING
LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit
easily into an electrical circuit. But
unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs,
they don’t have a filament that will
burn out, and they don’t get especially
hot. They are illuminated solely by the
movement of electrons in a
semiconductor material, and they last
just as long as a standard transistor.
The lifespan of an LED surpasses the
short film of an incandescent bulb by
thousands of hours.
Epoxy lens/case
Wire bond
Reflective cavity
Semiconductor die
Anvil
Post } Lead frame
Flat spot
CathodeAnode