This document discusses lighting design essentials, including types of lamps and basic lighting terminology and calculations. It describes various lamp types like incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, CFL, and LED lamps. It also defines key lighting terms such as luminous flux, luminous efficacy, illuminance, luminance, and utilization factor. Finally, it outlines the basic steps for performing lighting design calculations, which involve selecting a luminaire, determining the required number and spacing of luminaires based on the room's illumination level, area, and reflection coefficients.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels in indoor spaces. It describes the lumen method, which uses calculations involving flux, illumination levels, room dimensions, and reflectance values to determine lighting requirements. It also covers utilization factors, maintenance factors, glare indices, and considerations for lighting layout and control of glare. The goal is to provide uniform illumination while avoiding discomfort glare through analytical lighting design methods.
SHAJIM Engineering is located in Pakistan and specializes in green technologies including lighting, hardware/software solutions, security, renewable energy, and energy assessments. The company distributes leading brands and uses DIALux software to design lighting plans and optimize lighting quality before installation. Key considerations in lighting design include illumination levels, energy efficiency, budget, daylight integration, and control strategies.
SAUDI ARAMCO INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING USING DIALUX 4.11_DAY TWOMichael Santiago
This two-day seminar and hands-on training covered outdoor and security lighting applications based on Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards (SAES-P-123) using DIALux 4.11 lighting calculation software. On the second day, participants learned about calculating outdoor lighting, security lighting, and printing outputs in DIALux. They reviewed design recommendations and objectives, lighting terminology, manual calculations, and fixture recommendations for areas like roads, fences, and transformer bays. The training aimed to build skills in designing, calculating, and estimating lighting levels for Saudi Aramco industrial projects.
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels. It introduces the lumen method and point method. The lumen method calculates illuminance based on the total lumens of a light source and area of the surface. The point method calculates illuminance based on light intensity and distance. The zonal cavity method is introduced as an application of the lumen method for interior spaces. It includes coefficient of utilization and light loss factors to account for light lost from the source and room characteristics. Correction factors are needed because not all light reaches the surface and light output decreases over time.
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels in indoor spaces. It describes the lumen method, which uses calculations involving flux, illumination levels, room dimensions, and reflectance values to determine lighting requirements. It also covers utilization factors, maintenance factors, glare indices, and considerations for lighting layout and control of glare. The goal is to provide uniform illumination while avoiding discomfort glare through analytical lighting design methods.
SHAJIM Engineering is located in Pakistan and specializes in green technologies including lighting, hardware/software solutions, security, renewable energy, and energy assessments. The company distributes leading brands and uses DIALux software to design lighting plans and optimize lighting quality before installation. Key considerations in lighting design include illumination levels, energy efficiency, budget, daylight integration, and control strategies.
SAUDI ARAMCO INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING USING DIALUX 4.11_DAY TWOMichael Santiago
This two-day seminar and hands-on training covered outdoor and security lighting applications based on Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards (SAES-P-123) using DIALux 4.11 lighting calculation software. On the second day, participants learned about calculating outdoor lighting, security lighting, and printing outputs in DIALux. They reviewed design recommendations and objectives, lighting terminology, manual calculations, and fixture recommendations for areas like roads, fences, and transformer bays. The training aimed to build skills in designing, calculating, and estimating lighting levels for Saudi Aramco industrial projects.
This document discusses methods for calculating illumination levels. It introduces the lumen method and point method. The lumen method calculates illuminance based on the total lumens of a light source and area of the surface. The point method calculates illuminance based on light intensity and distance. The zonal cavity method is introduced as an application of the lumen method for interior spaces. It includes coefficient of utilization and light loss factors to account for light lost from the source and room characteristics. Correction factors are needed because not all light reaches the surface and light output decreases over time.
The document provides an overview of lighting design considerations for a presentation by Sandal Usmani and Momin Mohammad Zaki. It discusses key factors in lighting design including lighting quantity through task illuminance levels, and lighting quality in terms of light distribution, integration of daylighting, and considerations for the space and workplace environment. Specific design elements are outlined, such as using task and ambient lighting, minimizing light pollution and trespass, providing flexibility, and addressing color appearance, luminance, and glare.
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
In this presentation, we will discuss about definition of illumination, good illumination advantages, types of lighting systems , feature of good lighting scheme , illumination is what and what are the advantages of illumination /lighting .
Fire sprinkler systems have been in use since the late 1880s to provide fire protection for buildings and their occupants. There are four main types of sprinkler systems - wet pipe, dry pipe, deluge, and pre-action - each with different components and activation methods appropriate for various conditions. Sprinkler systems are required by building codes and are highly effective at controlling fires, with most being contained by five or fewer sprinkler heads. Proper installation, maintenance, and oversight by professionals is necessary for systems to function as designed in the event of a fire emergency.
The document discusses lighting considerations for art galleries. Effective lighting is important to properly illuminate artwork while also preserving light-sensitive materials. Daylight is ideal but controllable artificial lighting is often necessary. Different light sources have varying color rendering and heat emissions that affect their suitability. Precise lighting setups using techniques like accent lighting can highlight artwork without damage. Lighting design must balance visual quality and material preservation.
The document discusses various types of light sources and their characteristics. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), high intensity discharge (HID) lamps including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor lamps. It also discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). For each light source, it provides a brief overview of its history, operating principle and common applications. The document is intended to provide fundamental information on different lighting technologies and their uses.
This document summarizes different types of automatic fire sprinkler systems. It describes wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems, explaining their components, design concepts, and applications. The document emphasizes that sprinkler systems are effective for both property protection and life safety when fires occur. Regular inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure systems function properly.
The document provides lecture notes on the utilization of electrical energy. It covers topics such as illumination, electric heating and welding, electric traction, and the economic aspects of utilizing electrical energy. For illumination, it defines key terms such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, and candlepower. It also discusses interior lighting, outdoor lighting, and the nature of light. The notes provide information on different light sources as well as factors involved in lighting design such as lamp efficiency and space-to-height ratio.
This document summarizes the lighting design calculations for two spaces:
1) A music studio with two parts was analyzed for daylight factor, room index, and lumen method calculations to determine lighting requirements.
2) A practice studio/exhibition hall was also analyzed using the same calculation methods to specify the lighting needs. Daylight factor and room index results showed it has strong daylighting.
3) Calculation methods included daylight factor, room index, and lumen method, with considerations for window area, surface reflectance, and required illuminance levels.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
This document discusses the coefficient of utilization (CU), which is a factor used to determine the efficiency of a lighting fixture in delivering light for a specific application. The CU is determined as the ratio of light output from the luminaire that reaches the workplane compared to the total light output of the lamps. Factors like the luminaire design, geometry of the space, and surface reflectances influence the CU. To calculate the CU for a space, you determine cavity ratios, effective ceiling and floor reflectances, and select the appropriate CU value from the luminaire manufacturer's data based on the room cavity ratio. An example calculation is provided.
This document defines key lighting terminology and discusses artificial lighting systems. It defines terms like luminaire, lumen, lux, luminous intensity, and utilization factor. It also covers different lighting systems like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and sodium lamps. The document discusses lighting design methods, including calculating required fixtures based on illuminance needs, room dimensions, and utilization factor. Design aids discussed include heliodons and software for thermal/lighting analysis like Autodesk Ecotect.
The lumen method is a widely used lighting design method that calculates illumination levels based on the total lumens output of lamps, the utilization factor, and maintenance factor. It can be used to either check or directly design a lighting scheme. Two example problems are provided to demonstrate how to use the method to calculate the number of lamps needed based on the desired illumination level and room area. The watts-per-square-foot method involves multiplying the room area by recommended wattages per square foot to determine total lighting power needs. Two example problems apply this method to determine the number of luminaires required.
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps produce light through an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside an arc tube. They create more visible light per unit of power than fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Different types of HID lamps use various chemistries in the arc tube to achieve desired light characteristics, including mercury vapor, metal halide, sodium vapor, and xenon short-arc lamps. HID lamps are commonly used when large amounts of bright, energy efficient lighting is required, such as in warehouses, stadiums, and outdoor areas. They provide benefits like higher visibility, longer lifespan, and greater energy efficiency compared to traditional lighting. However, HID systems can also be expensive and produce extremely bright light.
Technical Report - Intensity Distribution and Light Output RatioMartin Jesson
This document compares the light output ratio (LOR) of four common lamps - a 20W Philips CFL, 100W Philips Softone incandescent, 70W Philips halogen, and 100W Sylvania incandescent. It conducts a photometric test of each lamp in a Dot 122 downlight luminaire and calculates the zonal flux and LOR. The 20W CFL had the highest LOR of 0.632, followed by the 100W Sylvania at 0.558, 70W halogen at 0.510, and 100W Softone at 0.538. Limitations of the experiment are noted regarding measuring only one intensity plane and potential lamp mispositioning within
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document defines and explains key terms related to illumination:
Illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux which is equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminance is the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of a light source, measured in candela per square meter. Luminous flux, measured in lumens, is the total perceived power of light emitted by a source in all directions. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted in a given direction within a unit of solid angle, measured in candelas.
Jamel gantt depth knowledge of lightingJamel Gantt
Jamel Gantt uses high-end devices and is well-versed in HDR digital photography. The HDR photos exceptionally take your listed residence in the most amazing lighting. This is the nearest your customer can come to individually experiencing the beauty of the property you’re trying to sell. His goal is to showcase your listed properties in a way that really converse to the customers. We accomplish this goal for all our customers.
The document provides an overview of lighting design considerations for a presentation by Sandal Usmani and Momin Mohammad Zaki. It discusses key factors in lighting design including lighting quantity through task illuminance levels, and lighting quality in terms of light distribution, integration of daylighting, and considerations for the space and workplace environment. Specific design elements are outlined, such as using task and ambient lighting, minimizing light pollution and trespass, providing flexibility, and addressing color appearance, luminance, and glare.
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides details on calculating illumination levels in lux based on the lumen method. Key factors discussed include lumens, utilization factor, and maintenance factor. Recommended illumination levels for offices are 500 lux for general tasks and 300 lux for less demanding tasks. Lighting system efficacy is defined as lumens per watt. Standards and guidelines suggest providing daylight where practicable but there are no absolute legal requirements.
In this presentation, we will discuss about definition of illumination, good illumination advantages, types of lighting systems , feature of good lighting scheme , illumination is what and what are the advantages of illumination /lighting .
Fire sprinkler systems have been in use since the late 1880s to provide fire protection for buildings and their occupants. There are four main types of sprinkler systems - wet pipe, dry pipe, deluge, and pre-action - each with different components and activation methods appropriate for various conditions. Sprinkler systems are required by building codes and are highly effective at controlling fires, with most being contained by five or fewer sprinkler heads. Proper installation, maintenance, and oversight by professionals is necessary for systems to function as designed in the event of a fire emergency.
The document discusses lighting considerations for art galleries. Effective lighting is important to properly illuminate artwork while also preserving light-sensitive materials. Daylight is ideal but controllable artificial lighting is often necessary. Different light sources have varying color rendering and heat emissions that affect their suitability. Precise lighting setups using techniques like accent lighting can highlight artwork without damage. Lighting design must balance visual quality and material preservation.
The document discusses various types of light sources and their characteristics. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), high intensity discharge (HID) lamps including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor lamps. It also discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). For each light source, it provides a brief overview of its history, operating principle and common applications. The document is intended to provide fundamental information on different lighting technologies and their uses.
This document summarizes different types of automatic fire sprinkler systems. It describes wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems, explaining their components, design concepts, and applications. The document emphasizes that sprinkler systems are effective for both property protection and life safety when fires occur. Regular inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure systems function properly.
The document provides lecture notes on the utilization of electrical energy. It covers topics such as illumination, electric heating and welding, electric traction, and the economic aspects of utilizing electrical energy. For illumination, it defines key terms such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, and candlepower. It also discusses interior lighting, outdoor lighting, and the nature of light. The notes provide information on different light sources as well as factors involved in lighting design such as lamp efficiency and space-to-height ratio.
This document summarizes the lighting design calculations for two spaces:
1) A music studio with two parts was analyzed for daylight factor, room index, and lumen method calculations to determine lighting requirements.
2) A practice studio/exhibition hall was also analyzed using the same calculation methods to specify the lighting needs. Daylight factor and room index results showed it has strong daylighting.
3) Calculation methods included daylight factor, room index, and lumen method, with considerations for window area, surface reflectance, and required illuminance levels.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
This document discusses the coefficient of utilization (CU), which is a factor used to determine the efficiency of a lighting fixture in delivering light for a specific application. The CU is determined as the ratio of light output from the luminaire that reaches the workplane compared to the total light output of the lamps. Factors like the luminaire design, geometry of the space, and surface reflectances influence the CU. To calculate the CU for a space, you determine cavity ratios, effective ceiling and floor reflectances, and select the appropriate CU value from the luminaire manufacturer's data based on the room cavity ratio. An example calculation is provided.
This document defines key lighting terminology and discusses artificial lighting systems. It defines terms like luminaire, lumen, lux, luminous intensity, and utilization factor. It also covers different lighting systems like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and sodium lamps. The document discusses lighting design methods, including calculating required fixtures based on illuminance needs, room dimensions, and utilization factor. Design aids discussed include heliodons and software for thermal/lighting analysis like Autodesk Ecotect.
The lumen method is a widely used lighting design method that calculates illumination levels based on the total lumens output of lamps, the utilization factor, and maintenance factor. It can be used to either check or directly design a lighting scheme. Two example problems are provided to demonstrate how to use the method to calculate the number of lamps needed based on the desired illumination level and room area. The watts-per-square-foot method involves multiplying the room area by recommended wattages per square foot to determine total lighting power needs. Two example problems apply this method to determine the number of luminaires required.
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps produce light through an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside an arc tube. They create more visible light per unit of power than fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Different types of HID lamps use various chemistries in the arc tube to achieve desired light characteristics, including mercury vapor, metal halide, sodium vapor, and xenon short-arc lamps. HID lamps are commonly used when large amounts of bright, energy efficient lighting is required, such as in warehouses, stadiums, and outdoor areas. They provide benefits like higher visibility, longer lifespan, and greater energy efficiency compared to traditional lighting. However, HID systems can also be expensive and produce extremely bright light.
Technical Report - Intensity Distribution and Light Output RatioMartin Jesson
This document compares the light output ratio (LOR) of four common lamps - a 20W Philips CFL, 100W Philips Softone incandescent, 70W Philips halogen, and 100W Sylvania incandescent. It conducts a photometric test of each lamp in a Dot 122 downlight luminaire and calculates the zonal flux and LOR. The 20W CFL had the highest LOR of 0.632, followed by the 100W Sylvania at 0.558, 70W halogen at 0.510, and 100W Softone at 0.538. Limitations of the experiment are noted regarding measuring only one intensity plane and potential lamp mispositioning within
Daylighting techniques like light wells, skylights, clerestory windows, and atriums can provide natural light and reduce energy usage in buildings. Various types of lighting fixtures use different light sources like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, and sodium vapor lamps. Calculating lighting needs involves factors like luminous flux, intensity, luminance, solid angle, and utilization factor to determine the number and placement of lamps required.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document defines and explains key terms related to illumination:
Illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux which is equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminance is the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of a light source, measured in candela per square meter. Luminous flux, measured in lumens, is the total perceived power of light emitted by a source in all directions. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted in a given direction within a unit of solid angle, measured in candelas.
Jamel gantt depth knowledge of lightingJamel Gantt
Jamel Gantt uses high-end devices and is well-versed in HDR digital photography. The HDR photos exceptionally take your listed residence in the most amazing lighting. This is the nearest your customer can come to individually experiencing the beauty of the property you’re trying to sell. His goal is to showcase your listed properties in a way that really converse to the customers. We accomplish this goal for all our customers.
Comprehensive presentation on the different types of lighting technology used with sight glasses. It compares LED, halogen, and other styles of sight glass lighting.
The document discusses lighting calculation methods and standards. It provides the lumen method formula for calculating lighting levels: Lux x Area / Lumen Output x Maintenance Factor x Utilization Factor. It lists recommended illumination levels for various spaces from 50-1500 lux depending on the task. It also discusses controlling glare through limiting luminance of light sources, positioning luminaires out of the field of view, and maintaining small source sizes.
Energy performance assessment of lighting systemsSajid Sheikh
This document provides an overview of assessing the energy performance of lighting systems through calculating the Installed Load Efficiency Ratio (ILER). It defines key lighting terms and describes the procedure for measuring illuminance levels throughout an interior to determine the average maintained illuminance. An example calculation is provided to demonstrate how to determine the ILER of a lighting system by measuring factors like floor area, circuit watts, and average illuminance. The ILER is then compared to target values to identify areas for potential improvement to lighting efficiency. Good practices for energy efficient lighting are also outlined.
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum perceived by human eyes. It is best to provide uniform illumination using both natural and artificial lighting. Lighting quality and quantity should be considered to minimize glare and ensure uniform illuminance over workspaces. A variety of light sources have different characteristics that make some more suitable than others depending on the application.
The document provides an overview of lighting systems and energy conservation measures related to lighting. It discusses the types of lamps commonly used in commercial lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and LED lamps. It also covers lighting fundamentals such as lumens, illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and color temperature. Key energy conservation measures for lighting systems include installing more efficient lamps and using lighting controls.
This document discusses energy efficient lighting design. It covers selecting efficient lighting equipment, using daylighting when available, and occupancy sensors to reduce lighting usage when spaces are unoccupied. Proper lighting design considers occupant safety and comfort, energy minimization, and creating the right atmosphere. The document outlines lighting design stages and factors to consider like illumination levels, color rendering, equipment selection, and control systems.
The document discusses different types of lighting schemes and artificial lighting sources. It describes direct, indirect, semi-direct and semi-indirect lighting schemes. It also explains different artificial light sources like incandescent lamps, CFLs, neon lighting, flood lights, and LEDs. LEDs are highlighted as one of the most efficient and long-lasting light sources available.
Electrical lamps have several advantages over mechanical lamps including cleanliness, easy control, lower cost, ease of use, steady output, reliability, and suitability for many purposes. Common electrical lighting types discussed in the document include incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and light emitting diode lamps. Incandescent lamps work by passing current through a tungsten filament to produce light, while fluorescent lamps use mercury and phosphors to convert ultraviolet light into visible light. Tungsten-halogen lamps improve on incandescent efficiency through the use of halogen gases.
Light source, Choice of lighting, Luminance requirements, and Energy
conservation avenues
Lighting is an essential service in all the industries. The power consumption by the industrial
lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending on the type of industry.
Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting, has given rise to tremendous
energy saving opportunities in this area.
Lighting is an area, which provides a major
Module about Basics of illumination engineering.pdfsuhailcg11
This document discusses illumination engineering and lighting design. It covers various light sources like incandescence, luminescence, fluorescence and phosphorescence. It defines key lighting terms such as luminous flux, lumen, solid angle, candle power, illuminance, luminance and glare. The inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing illumination are explained. Methods for lighting design including the lumen method and short hand, long hand and simplified methods are described.
This document discusses lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It covers various topics such as:
1. The different types of light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and LED lamps.
2. Factors that influence light quality like color temperature, color rendering index, and lighting fixtures.
3. Classifications of lighting fixtures and the different types of lighting like general, accent, task, and decorative lighting.
4. Detailed information about incandescent lamps, their construction, advantages, disadvantages and types.
The document discusses various techniques for conserving energy in lighting systems, including replacing lamps with more efficient options, using efficient ballasts and transformers, installing light controls, and establishing maintenance programs. Some key points covered are replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs or LEDs, using electronic ballasts instead of electromagnetic ones, installing sensors and dimmers to control lighting based on occupancy or daylight, and periodically cleaning lamps and fixtures to maintain light output over time.
This document provides information on lighting design for commercial and residential spaces. It discusses key lighting principles and terms such as foot candles, lux, color temperature, and color rendering index. It also describes different light sources like incandescent lamps, types of lighting fixtures and luminaires, and how to classify luminaires. Recommended light levels for various activities are provided.
- Lighting basics include light output measured in lumens, light level measured in lux, brightness measured in luminance, luminous flux measured in lumens, luminous intensity measured in candela, and exitance.
- Color temperature is used to describe the color of light sources, ranging from warm/orange light at low temperatures to cooler/whiter light at higher temperatures.
- Common light sources include incandescent, fluorescent, compact fluorescent, high intensity discharge such as mercury vapor and sodium vapor lamps, and light emitting diodes. Each has advantages like efficacy, color qualities, lifespan, and compatibility with dimming.
This document provides guidance on lighting design for libraries. It discusses key lighting concepts and terminology, different types of light sources including their advantages and disadvantages for library use, standards and approaches for lighting bookstacks and other library areas, and considerations for daylighting, exterior lighting, lighting controls, accessibility, and architectural design factors. The goal is to provide libraries with the information needed to achieve proper lighting that supports visual tasks like reading while avoiding glare and ensuring visual comfort.
This document discusses different types of electrical lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, compact fluorescent, LED, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and applications of each lamp type. The document is intended to educate readers about the elements and members of electrical engineering related to various lighting technologies.
1. The document discusses various types of electric lighting sources, their characteristics, and applications. It focuses on illuminance, efficacy, color rendering index, and the differences between incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and discharge lamps.
2. Incandescent lamps have low efficacy but are inexpensive, while fluorescent lamps have higher efficacy but require ballasts. Halogen lamps have better efficacy than incandescents and are used for accent lighting.
3. The best lighting design uses the most efficient source appropriate for the application and design goals. Incandescents should be limited to infrequent or short use cases due to their inefficiency.
The document defines key terminology used in illumination, including luminance, illuminance, lux, lumen, candela, foot-candle, efficacy, efficiency, glare, and luminaires. Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from a surface, illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, and lux is a unit of illuminance or luminous flux per unit area. Glare can be direct from a light source or indirect from reflections, and causes visual discomfort or disability depending on its severity. Luminaires are lighting fixtures or fittings used to hold and distribute light sources.
This document defines key lighting design terminology including light, luminous intensity, luminous efficacy/efficiency, luminous flux, and luminous efficiency. It explains that light is electromagnetic radiation perceived by human eyes between 380-780 nm wavelengths. Luminous intensity describes the quantity of light radiated in a particular direction and is represented by the luminous intensity distribution curve. Luminous efficacy is the ratio of luminous flux to electrical power consumed and is a measure of a light source's economic efficiency. Luminous flux describes the quantity of light emitted by a source per second, measured in lumens.
The document discusses harmonic distortion in electrical systems. It defines total demand distortion (TDD) as a measure of current distortion and total harmonic voltage distortion (THD) as a measure of voltage distortion. TDD and THD(I) are similar but not equal, with TDD decreasing and THD(I) increasing as load decreases. Harmonic distortion can cause overheating, neutral conductor overloading, protective device tripping, capacitor overstressing, and transformer overloading. Basic mitigation techniques include separating linear and non-linear loads, using special transformer connections, installing line reactors, and increasing the number of rectifier pulses.
The document discusses the revolution of LED technology in the lighting industry. It states that LED technology will enable new lighting design possibilities and applications. It will fundamentally change the lighting industry by creating a system replacement business rather than a lamp replacement one, challenging existing players and allowing new entrants. LEDs will disrupt the industry like digital recording disrupted the music industry.
The document discusses the revolution of LED technology in the lighting industry. It states that LED technology will enable new lighting design possibilities and applications. It will fundamentally change the lighting industry by creating a system replacement business rather than a lamp replacement one, challenging existing players and allowing new entrants. LEDs will disrupt the industry like digital recording disrupted the music industry.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to light and illumination. It begins with definitions of light as electromagnetic radiation capable of affecting sight. It then discusses the wavelength and frequency of light, the visible light spectrum, and properties of light like reflection and refraction. The nature of light as both a wave and particle is explained. Concepts like photons, light rays, and shadows are introduced. The document also covers the luminous flux, luminous intensity, and other units used to measure light, including lumens and candelas. Examples problems demonstrate applying concepts like calculating shadow sizes and luminous intensity.
This document provides an overview of lighting design fundamentals and applications. It discusses basic light concepts including photometric quantities used to measure light, illumination quality, and different types of lamps such as incandescent, fluorescent, and high intensity discharge lamps. It also covers topics such as quantity and quality of light, lighting control systems, and current lighting equipment and practices.
The document discusses the design of lighting, HVAC, and plumbing systems for high-performance buildings, noting that lighting systems account for a large portion of energy use in commercial buildings and impact cooling loads. It provides guidance on designing efficient ambient, task, accent, and safety lighting systems that integrate with daylighting and occupancy sensors to reduce energy use. The document also discusses HVAC system design and the importance of coordinating it with the building envelope design to minimize heating and cooling loads.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
3. INCANDESCENT LAMP
• Light is generated by heating a filament with temperature of 2700
K to 2800 K.
• It emits most of it’s energy in the form of infrared radiation or heat.
• Only 5% of energy is converted into visible radiation or light.
• This is one of the main reasons why incandescent lamps are
inefficient in terms of the light emitted and energy that is
consumed.
• As the filament of an incandescent lamp must have very high
temperature in order to give off light, the material of the filament
evaporates relatively quickly.
• It have short lifespan up to 1000 hours.
4. HALOGEN INCANDESCENT LAMP
• Temperature of the filament is increased to 3000 K.
• The filament material or tungsten gets evaporated
• Later chemically it reacts with the halogen in such a manner that
an important part of the evaporated filament material returns to
the filament.
• This process is known as halogen cycle.
• Hence, due to this process, the lifetime of this lamp is having
longer lifespan than that of normal incandescent lamp up to 2000
- 4000 hours.
5. FLUORESCENT LAMP
• It consists to have a lamp, the ballast, the luminaire to hold all
of the parts and pieces.
• It has life span of 7,000 – 15,000 hours.
• 60cm lamps are rated to be 18W and 120cm lamps are rated as
36W.
• This happens to be half coated. The bottom half is clear
whereas the upper half is coated with phosphorous.
• Blue emission can be observed – electrical arc stream.
• This excites the gases in the mercury to a higher energy state
so that they can cause phosphorous to glow and hence create
visible light.
6. COMPACT FLUORESCENT
LAMP(CFL)
• Designed as a replacement for incandescent or halogen
lamps.
• Lifespan: 8,000 – 10,000 hours.
• Recently designed CFLs produce more light per watt,
warms up more quickly, has better light quality, and is
inexpensive.
• CFLs and normal fluorescent lamps function in the same
manner only difference is their shape and size.
• Used for both commercial and residential purpose.
7. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED)
LAMP
• It is the most efficient source of light.
• Lifespan is up to 50,000 hours.
• It has high power factor about 0.92 and emits high amount
of heat.
• 18W of fluorescent is equivalent to 9W of LED lamp.
• 36W of fluorescent is equivalent to 18W of LED lamp.
• Nowadays, almost everywhere whether it is for commercial,
industrial or domestic purpose, it is replacing fluorescent
blubs.
8. • They are small point light sources that can be used
individually or in a cluster of more than one chip.
• Optical materials can be used around LED chip or cluster to
direct and screen light.
• If the LED chip or cluster with it’s driver is encapsulated in a
bulb with a conventional lamp foot, they are known as LED
retrofit lamps which can be used as direct replacement of
incandescent lamps.
• Spectral power distribution characterizes light by giving the
power of light at each wavelength in the visible spectrum.
12. • Under lighting arrangement in the room will cause
decline in efficiency of the task for which lightings are
designed.
• Over lighting arrangement can cause unnecessary
expenditure.
13. CONSIDERATIONS IN PRACTICAL
• Lumen output will not be constant in its full lifespan.
• Deposition of the dust on lamps will also cause to reduce output of the
lights.
• Based on the paintings of the room, the lighting design is required to be
different.
• No. of factors that depends on lighting design explained in the upcoming
slides.
15. LUMINOUS FLUX
• It is the quantity of light emitted by a light source per unit
time(second).
• It is measured in lumens and is represented by symbol - Φ. Unit
– 𝑙𝑚.
• It specifies total amount of light emitted by a lamp.
• Often found in datasheets and specifications of the lamps.
• It does not specify at which direction(s) the light is rated.
• According to IEC, it is measured when lamp operates under
standard condition.
16. LUMINOUS EFFICACY
• It is the ratio between the luminous flux of a lamp and power
consumed in lamp.
• It is actually the measure of how energy-efficient light can be
produced.
• Formula:
𝐾 =
Φ
𝑃
• Represented by symbol - 𝐾. Unit – 𝑙𝑚/𝑊.
• Higher the lamp efficacy, greater energy efficient the lamp
source.
17. • CFL lamp has the highest luminous
efficacy in contrast to incandescent and
LED lamps.
• Hence CFL lamp is more energy efficient
compared to incandescent and LED lamps.
18. LUMINOUS INTENSITY
• It is the quantity of light emitted per second in
specified direction from a point source.
• It is measured in candela. Unit – 𝑐𝑑.
• It is also the luminous flux in a specified
direction radiated per unit of solid angle
omega(𝜔).
• A solid angle can be best described as the
opening angle of a cone.
• Therefore, intensity is the luminous flux
contained in an infinitely small cone divided by
the solid angle of that cone.
19. ILLUMINANCE
• It is the number of lumens or luminous flux
falling on the surface per unit square area. It is
represented by equation:
𝐸 =
Φ
𝐴
• E – Illuminance, Φ – luminous flux, and A – area
at which light will fall over.
• Unit – lux.
• Examples shown in the next slide.
20. Summer at noon under a clear sky – 100,000
lux
Heavy cloudy day – 5,000 lux
Office Artificial light – 500 lux Full moon clear night – 0.25 lux
21. LUMINANCE
• It is the measure of the luminous intensity
emitted per unit area of that surface in a
specific direction.
• It describes the amount of light that passes
through or is emitted from a particular area.
• Unit - candela per square metre (
𝑐𝑑
𝑚2).
• Examples shown in the next slides.
22. Luminance of the sun – 1,650,000,000
𝑐𝑑
𝑚2 Filament of incandescent lamp– 7,000,000
𝑐𝑑
𝑚2
Fluorescent lamp– 5,000,000 – 15,000,000
𝑐𝑑
𝑚2
Road surface under artificial lighting 0.5 − 2
𝑐𝑑
𝑚2
23. ILLUMINANCE AND LUMINANCE
RELATIONSHIP
• In the case of light emitting surface, the luminous intensity that the surface emits
is usually not known. But very often, the illuminance on the surfaces is.
• Illuminance is independent of the type of surface. It doesn’t matter if it’s a wall,
desk or table top. It only depends on the amount of light falling on that surface.
• For perfectly diffusing surface, a relationship exists between the illuminance on
the surface, the surface reflectance and the luminance of the surface.
• Reflectance refers to the fraction of incident light that is reflected from a surface.
24. ROOM INDEX (R.I.)
• It is based on share and size of room that describes room’s
length, width and height.
• Range: 0.75 – 5m.
• It is represented by formula:
𝑅. 𝐼. =
𝑙 × 𝑤
ℎ𝑤𝑐(𝑙 + 𝑤)
• 𝑙 – length of the room, 𝑤 – width of the room, ℎ𝑤𝑐 – height
between work plane i.e. bench to ceiling.
• It is applicable when 𝑙 < 4𝑤.
25. MAINTENANCE FACTOR (M.F.)
• It is also known as the light loss factor.
• It is the ratio of the lamp lumen output after a period of time
to lamp lumen output when it was new. Represented by
formula:
𝑀. 𝐹. =
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑤
• It is always less than 1.
• Typical values:
• For offices and classrooms – 0.8
• For clean industry – 0.7
• For dirty industry – 0.6
26. UTILIZATION FACTOR (U.F.)
• It is the measure of how effective the lighting scheme is.
Represented by the formula:
𝑈. 𝐹. =
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
• It is dependant on:
• Efficiency of luminaire.
• Distribution of luminaire.
• Reflectance of Room.
• Geometry of the space.
• Polar curve.
27. ROOM’S REFLECTION
• Three main surfaces:
1. Floor
2. Walls
3. Ceiling
• Light colours such as white and yellow will have more
reflectance in contrast to dark colours such as blue and
brown.
28. SPACE TO HEIGHT RATIO
• It is the ratio of distance between adjacent luminaires(centre
– centre) to their height above working plane. Formula:
𝑆𝐻𝑅 =
1
𝐻𝑚
𝐴
𝑁
where 𝐻𝑚 - Mounting height, A – Total area of the floor and N –
Number of luminaires
• It should not exceed maximum value of SHR of luminaire as
provided by the manufacturer.
30. 1. Depending for which type of room lighting design to be done, find the value of lux from
IES Room Illumination level sheet -
http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf.
2. Select suitable efficient luminaire.
3. Compute Room Index.
4. Check Utilization Factor table (next slide).
5. Computer number of luminaires which is given by the formula:
𝑁 =
𝐸 × 𝐴
𝐹 × 𝑛 × 𝑈. 𝐹.× 𝑀. 𝐹.
where N – Number of luminaires, E – Illuminance level (𝑙𝑢𝑥), A – Area at working plane (𝑚2
),
F – Average luminous flux from each lamp (𝑙𝑚) , n – Number of lamps in a luminaire
31. UTILIZATION FACTOR TABLE
• It is provided by the manufacturer of the
luminaires
• Room Reflection coefficients: C – Ceiling, W –
Wall reflection and F – Floor reflection
• E.g. if Room Index = 1.5 of a room and reflection
coefficients are C = 0.70, W = 0.3 and F = 0.2,
Utilization factor = 0.54
• This table can differ slightly from one
manufacturer to another.
32. 6. Determine minimum spacing between luminaires. Formula:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆𝐻𝑅 × 𝐻𝑚
7. Determine number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room. Formula:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
8. Determine the number of luminaires in each row. Formula:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
9. Determine axial space between each luminaire. Formula
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
33. 10. Determine the transverse space between luminaires. Formula:
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 =
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
11. Determine the distance between luminaire and wall. Formula:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 2 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠
2
Note: All the distances between luminaires either axial, transverse and distance between
luminaire and wall (vertical as well as horizontal) are distanced from the centre position of
the luminaire(s).
35. SPECIFICATIONS
Note: Please refer to the steps in previous while attempting to solve this
problem on your own or going through the solution of this problem.
36. 1. Value of lux for classroom – 300 lux.
2. Luminaire – 40W Philips BN208C LED Lamp.
3. From ceiling to study table, height = 2 m. Therefore ℎ𝑤𝑐 = 2 𝑚
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
6 × 9
2 × (6 + 9)
= 1.8
4. Determining U.F. from U.F. table and as per the specification as follows:
Therefore, 𝑈. 𝐹. = 0.65 as 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 1.8 ≈ 2
38. 10. 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 =
9
4
= 2.25 𝑚.
11. Distance between luminaire and wall:
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
3
2
= 1.5 𝑚 and
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
2.25
2
= 1.125 𝑚.
Note: Labelled details of the diagram
represented in the next slide.
39.
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