Saving energy and greenhouse gas emissions in commercial buildings become a very serious request of buildings’ designers and engineering crew. The goal behind the current research is to high light and demonstrate the outcome of utilizing advance and intelligent building management system (IBMS) based in utilizing a fuzzy logic controller that allows the usage and the control of natural light (day light). The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was sat to control the buildings dimming system while utilizing natural light which normally allows to add outdoors illuminance into the inside ones. This control system is significant mean technique that can be used in intelligent buildings commercial buildings, hence energy savings and consequently, greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The proposed control system relies on enumerating the outdoor and the indoor illuminance and allowing some add-on controllers in order to put into effect a photometric computer that capable of comparing and tasking decisions to regulate rooms lighting fixtures. The article also demonstrates energy savings using this technique and then suggest proper markets for using this controlling system whether during the buildings’ design stage, existing commercial buildings.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
As the home energy is used to increasing, and renewable energy systems are deployed, home energy management system (HEMS) needs to consider both the energy consumption and generation simultaneously used. It is used to minimize the energy cost. This paper proposes a smart HEMS architecture that considers both the energy consumption and generation simultaneously. In this project ZigBee-based energy measurement modules are used to monitor the energy consumption of home appliances and lights. An ARM9-based renewable energy gateway is used to monitor the energy generation of renewable energies and control the home appliances. The home server gathers the energy consumption and generation data, it analyzes them for energy estimation, and controls the home energy use schedule to minimize the energy cost. The energy management server gets the energy data from numerous home servers, compares them, and creates useful analysis information. By considering both the energy consumption and generation, the proposed HEMS architecture is expected to optimize home energy. And it will used to reduce the cost of electricity.
Intelligent home energy management system including renewable energy based on...eSAT Journals
Abstract As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected, consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the LCD. Keywords: Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power Line Communication, Microcontroller, Inverter.
Optimized energy efficient lighting system for green buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract
Increasing population places increasing demands on energy supply, which leads to heavy power deficiency. We can supply only a
limited amount of energy to the consumers because we have only limited conventional sources of energy and non-conventional
energy sources are mostly still under research and have not been deployed on a large scale. Not only there is limited amount of
energy to be supplied to the consumers but heavy demand of energy supply also leads to environment degradation. This creates a
need to use the limited energy efficiently. This has given rise to new trend towards reducing the energy consumption: Green
Buildings. About 40% of the energy consumption in the world is consumed by buildings [1]. Energy consumed by lighting systems
accounts for about 15% of total energy consumption of buildings [1]. Thus we need to use energy efficient lighting devices for
illuminating buildings. Thus in this study we to tend to develop optimized energy efficient system, which will use LED lights to
illuminate buildings. The illumination intensity of the LED lights will be decided by the FPGA, which is interfaced to the LED
driver. Based on combined values of light intensity of the room and occupancy of the room using different sensors, the light output
of the LED will be controlled.
Keywords: LED Lighting System, FPGA, Green Buildings, Auto-dimming.
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
As the home energy is used to increasing, and renewable energy systems are deployed, home energy management system (HEMS) needs to consider both the energy consumption and generation simultaneously used. It is used to minimize the energy cost. This paper proposes a smart HEMS architecture that considers both the energy consumption and generation simultaneously. In this project ZigBee-based energy measurement modules are used to monitor the energy consumption of home appliances and lights. An ARM9-based renewable energy gateway is used to monitor the energy generation of renewable energies and control the home appliances. The home server gathers the energy consumption and generation data, it analyzes them for energy estimation, and controls the home energy use schedule to minimize the energy cost. The energy management server gets the energy data from numerous home servers, compares them, and creates useful analysis information. By considering both the energy consumption and generation, the proposed HEMS architecture is expected to optimize home energy. And it will used to reduce the cost of electricity.
Intelligent home energy management system including renewable energy based on...eSAT Journals
Abstract As the numbers of large-sized electric home appliances are increasing, the home energy consumption is also increasing proportionally. To reduce the home energy cost, it is necessary to consider both energy consumption and generation. In this application intelligent home uses renewable energies. The problems of home energy management systems are solved by implementing energy saving method and renewable energy sources. Energy sources are connected to the grid via battery and inverter, the output of battery is connected to microcontroller. For displaying the battery voltage and availability of energy source microcontroller is connected to LCD. Some units will be consumed whenever load is connected, consumed units will be calculated with the help of microcontroller and it is displayed on the LCD. Keywords: Home Energy Management System, ZigBee, Renewable Energy, Power Line Communication, Microcontroller, Inverter.
Optimized energy efficient lighting system for green buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract
Increasing population places increasing demands on energy supply, which leads to heavy power deficiency. We can supply only a
limited amount of energy to the consumers because we have only limited conventional sources of energy and non-conventional
energy sources are mostly still under research and have not been deployed on a large scale. Not only there is limited amount of
energy to be supplied to the consumers but heavy demand of energy supply also leads to environment degradation. This creates a
need to use the limited energy efficiently. This has given rise to new trend towards reducing the energy consumption: Green
Buildings. About 40% of the energy consumption in the world is consumed by buildings [1]. Energy consumed by lighting systems
accounts for about 15% of total energy consumption of buildings [1]. Thus we need to use energy efficient lighting devices for
illuminating buildings. Thus in this study we to tend to develop optimized energy efficient system, which will use LED lights to
illuminate buildings. The illumination intensity of the LED lights will be decided by the FPGA, which is interfaced to the LED
driver. Based on combined values of light intensity of the room and occupancy of the room using different sensors, the light output
of the LED will be controlled.
Keywords: LED Lighting System, FPGA, Green Buildings, Auto-dimming.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to look at how improvements are occurring in zero energy buildings. Improvements in the energy efficiency of appliances, in aerogels for insulation, in solar cells for electricity generation, and in passive solar design are helping us reduce energy usage. The goal is zero energy usage of external electricity and fossil fuels.
In the present world we are facing lot of electricity problem, lack of natural substances, depletion of fossil fuels etc., hence we should think of acquiring maximum with the limited energy resources. Green computing is the term used to denote efficient use of resources in computing .This paper mainly deals with a regenerative approach towards green computing, to enhance the power backup of battery in the laptops. This paper also throws light on regenerative technique (the heat generated by the processor is utilized) and made to harness energy.
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
Abstract: The importance of this paper is providing fundamental statistics for rational and outdoors shading planning, whilst designing high rise and residential buildings, shading gadgets additionally lessen the excessive use of cooling energy, lights. One of a kind techniques are been used to improve indoor thermal surroundings, using a most advantageous shading device, and also the use of a reflective glazing system to reduce sun absorption within the indoor environment. High rise buildings with large glazed façade face a fantastic over heating hassle because of solar radiation.
This paper explains distinctive cooling electricity savings while shading gadgets are applied on façade glazing with exclusive configurations and thermal performance. Glazed façade on high rise building are generally the norm, This paper looked into how shading devices on high upward push buildings have a tendency to reduce sun radiation thinking about a tropical area like Malaysia, and Singapore as a case study .take a look at, and concerning buildings decided on in Malaysia the overall studies has a tendency to show that shading devices are the most green passive cooling layout approach to help control sun radiation in excessive upward thrust buildings located in the tropics.
Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in MalaysiaSteve Lojuntin
This slide is presented at UNDP - JKR Building Sector Energy Efficient Program Conference, on 11 May 2017 at Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
nZEB is a high performance low carbon building that focus mainly on sustainable energy in order to achieve the highest possible low carbon of carbon neutral building performance.
Speaker : Steve Anthony Lojuntin (Mobile +6019-2829102)
White Paper: Smart Materials in the Construction Sectorn-tech Research
In this paper we discuss the market potential for smart materials in the construction space. Various smart materials, coatings and surfaces are addressed along with market sizes
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to look at how improvements are occurring in zero energy buildings. Improvements in the energy efficiency of appliances, in aerogels for insulation, in solar cells for electricity generation, and in passive solar design are helping us reduce energy usage. The goal is zero energy usage of external electricity and fossil fuels.
In the present world we are facing lot of electricity problem, lack of natural substances, depletion of fossil fuels etc., hence we should think of acquiring maximum with the limited energy resources. Green computing is the term used to denote efficient use of resources in computing .This paper mainly deals with a regenerative approach towards green computing, to enhance the power backup of battery in the laptops. This paper also throws light on regenerative technique (the heat generated by the processor is utilized) and made to harness energy.
a survey of energy harvesting sources for io t deviceIJAEMSJORNAL
Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar.
Abstract: The importance of this paper is providing fundamental statistics for rational and outdoors shading planning, whilst designing high rise and residential buildings, shading gadgets additionally lessen the excessive use of cooling energy, lights. One of a kind techniques are been used to improve indoor thermal surroundings, using a most advantageous shading device, and also the use of a reflective glazing system to reduce sun absorption within the indoor environment. High rise buildings with large glazed façade face a fantastic over heating hassle because of solar radiation.
This paper explains distinctive cooling electricity savings while shading gadgets are applied on façade glazing with exclusive configurations and thermal performance. Glazed façade on high rise building are generally the norm, This paper looked into how shading devices on high upward push buildings have a tendency to reduce sun radiation thinking about a tropical area like Malaysia, and Singapore as a case study .take a look at, and concerning buildings decided on in Malaysia the overall studies has a tendency to show that shading devices are the most green passive cooling layout approach to help control sun radiation in excessive upward thrust buildings located in the tropics.
Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in MalaysiaSteve Lojuntin
This slide is presented at UNDP - JKR Building Sector Energy Efficient Program Conference, on 11 May 2017 at Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
nZEB is a high performance low carbon building that focus mainly on sustainable energy in order to achieve the highest possible low carbon of carbon neutral building performance.
Speaker : Steve Anthony Lojuntin (Mobile +6019-2829102)
White Paper: Smart Materials in the Construction Sectorn-tech Research
In this paper we discuss the market potential for smart materials in the construction space. Various smart materials, coatings and surfaces are addressed along with market sizes
Institutional smart buildings energy auditIJECEIAES
Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
An analysis of energy saving through delamping methodIJECEIAES
Electrical energy consumption is one of the focus areas in Green and Sustainable technology in the 21st century. Many energy consultants offers services to reduce the electricity consumption to the commercial consumer. Many proposals are focusing on selling their energy management system product which cost a lot of initial investment. The problem of applying energy management system is that the building needs major renovation. In this paper, electricity consumption is reduced through delamping method. The delamping is strategizing based on energy efficiency audit. This technique complies with the ASHRAE international standard for office building. The number of light reduced and electricity consumption from this exercise can translate into reduction of maintenance and electricity bill. The comparison of payback period for various energy saving techniques were discussed as well.
Understanding the consumption patterns in a working space is important for evaluating the causes of energy wastage and for developing strategies towards specific energy reduction methods. The intent of metering systems in buildings is to provide adequate data that help improve building systems performance. The results of the analysis offer the potential to improve the energy efficiency of the building and reduce the operation costs. Researchers of Polytechnic University of Madrid and American University of Ras Al Khaimah have developed a metering and control system that processes and analyzes the digitalized signals. This system can collect, analyze and manage the electrical consumption in buildings. It is non-intrusive, can be easily deployed in electric boards and sends data to a central base station located away from the metering device. In this article the system is tested in an educational facility with a wide range of uses. The lighting fixtures, power outlets and HVAC devices are analyzed in offices, classrooms and architecture studios. This article concludes that energy audits for longer time periods help building managers understand device profiles, occupant behavior and environmental context.
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Sys...IJERA Editor
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
This article is divided into three parts: the first presents a simulation study of the effect of occupancy level on energy usage pattern of Engineering building of Applied Science Private university, Amman, Jordan. The simulation was created on simulation mechanism by means of EnergyPlus software and improved by using the building’s data such as building’s as built plan, occupant’s density level based on data about who utilize the building throughout operational hours, energy usage level, Heating Ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system, lighting and its control systems and etc. Data regarding occupancy density level estimation is used to provide the proposed controller with random number of users grounded on report were arranged by the university’s facilities operational team. The other division of this paper shows the estimated saved energy by the means of suggested advanced add-on, FUZZY-PID controlling system. The energy savings were divided into summer savings and winter savings. The third division presents economic and environmental analysis of the proposed advanced fuzzy logic controllers of smart buildings in Subtropical Jordan. The economic parameters that were used to evaluate the system economy performance are life-cycle analysis, present worth factor and system payback period. The system economic analysis was done using MATLAB software.
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
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Exergy analysis of day light using fuzzy logic controllers of Jordanian commercial buildings
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2020, pp. 1686~1692
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1686-1692 1686
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Exergy analysis of day light using fuzzy logic controllers of
Jordanian commercial buildings
Ali M Baniyounes1
, Yazeed Yasin Ghadi2
, Mazen Alnabulsi3
1,3
Department of Architecture and Electrical Engineering, Applied Science Private University, Jordan
2
Software Engineering and Computer Science, Al Ain University, United Arab Emirates
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 3, 2020
Revised Apr 26, 2020
Accepted Jul 22, 2020
Saving energy and greenhouse gas emissions in commercial buildings
become a very serious request of buildings’ designers and engineering crew.
The goal behind the current research is to high light and demonstrate the
outcome of utilizing advance and intelligent building management system
(IBMS) based in utilizing a fuzzy logic controller that allows the usage and
the control of natural light (day light). The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was
sat to control the buildings dimming system while utilizing natural light
which normally allows to add outdoors illuminance into the inside ones. This
control system is significant mean technique that can be used in intelligent
buildings commercial buildings, hence energy savings and consequently,
greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The proposed control system relies on
enumerating the outdoor and the indoor illuminance and allowing some add-
on controllers in order to put into effect a photometric computer that capable
of comparing and tasking decisions to regulate rooms lighting fixtures. The
article also demonstrates energy savings using this technique and then
suggest proper markets for using this controlling system whether during the
buildings’ design stage, existing commercial buildings.
Keywords:
Day light
Fuzzy logic
Illuminance
Intelligent building
Saving energy
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Yazeed Yasin Ghadi,
Software Engineering and Computer Science,
Al Ain University,
Al Jimi, Near Al Ain Municipality, Al Ain-Al Jimi-Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Email: yazeed.ghadi@aau.ac.ae
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s intelligent control systems in buildings and intelligent buildings become the center of
attraction between developers, researchers and designers as a result of its capability to control, supervise and
regulate energy consumption and its conservation strategies. Also, intelligent buildings depend on utilizing
unconventional fuzzy logic control system that capable of using the most advance and state-of-the-art control
systems in sequence to accomplish a comfortable indoors living whereas energy savings and consequently,
minimizing negative impact on the environment. Utilizing fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in intelligent
buildings management system (IBMS) develops and progresses real life occurrences as set-point of control
input. The sets of real-life actions such as day-light use (natural light), ambient conditions, Occupancy
density occurrence profile, Natural cooling and heating means, and hence, using surrounding atmosphere
established on its outdoor temperature and humidity.
Commercial buildings are ranging between hospitals, Institutional buildings, hotels, governmental
firms’ offices and etc. All of those buildings acclimate daily occupants’ events, tools and functions.
In commercial buildings, indoor visual and thermal comforts are significantly important to keep indoor
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Exergy analysis of day light using fuzzy logic controllers of Jordanian commercial … (Ali M Baniyounes)
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convenient working and living place and also to supply a health-giving indoor atmosphere for its occupants.
According to [1] buildings’ heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems utilize near 40% of
buildings’ vas energy-usage. The second biggest consumer is lighting systems which accounts foe 20-30%.
Currently, in Jordan, electricity expenditure which feeds indoor and outdoor lighting fixtures is highly
increased. Therefore, the Jordan’s national electricity grid tackles the risk of overcapacity and overloading
which may trigger service interruption and thus economic and environmental hazards [2].
The Jordanian electricity is generated by the means of burning conventional fossil fuel which known
for its negative impact on environment and consequently, climate change which caused by greenhouse gas
emissions [3]. Now a day, the international efforts focusing in reducing energy usage in commercial
buildings have directed on reducing energy used by HVAC systems and lighting fixtures besides the effecive
exploitation of solar energy. IBMS can alter and control time of using artificial lighting fixture
illuminance [4]. FLC can be utilized to control lighting fixtures and day-light together in order to minimize
the expenses of artificial lights use. Based on [5], FLCs concerning lightings control systems are able to
reduce lightings’ energy expenditure by almost 30-50% in current buildings and by nearly 25-35% in freshly
constructed buildings.
FLCs that are used in IBMS accurately capable of adjusting and adding to the luminance of natural
light to the indoor luminance alongside with luminance resulted from artificial lights and in certain times,
make the main source of illuminance is the daylight illuminance which is normally supported by a secondary
artificial illumination source e.g. electric lighting fixture. As natural light denotes a dynamic supplier of
illuminance, artificial electric lighting fixtures control systems is necessary to combine and arrange the
lighting systems while changing in lighting conditions.
Vast number if scholars and developers are focusing in reducing energy consumption of commercial
buildings whose normally thought-out energy reduction via certain construction specification e.g. functional
management, means [6] alongside with thermal comfort means e.g. HVAC system and its efficiencies and
operations [7-10]. Energy conservative, reducing of negative impact of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emission on
the environment and influence on indoor atmosphere have been analyzed and assessed by several of
simulation and experiment research. Researches’ results exhibited that the natural light and electrical
illuminaces can be integrated into IBMS system to guarantee light adequacy stays suitable at all times and is
automatically adjusted for different weather and seasons [11].
A mean of determining the understanding of a domestic occupants to external temperature and the
action of both sun set and sun rise and then utilizing allocated data to adjust the execution of occupants’
arrangement and electric light technique which have been established. The significance of various types for
that kind of system has been evaluated by Beckel et al. [12]. As well as, Martirano et al. [13] recommended a
simulated study of an intelligent office-room, combined by dynamic sheltering, electric-lighting and air
conditioning control system.
Countless present means are able to foresee guesstimate illuminance-set in different locations within
a space, taking into accounts its dimensional characteristics, its global positioning, the solar standing,
the exterior features and the climate situations [14]. Nevertheless, there are few researches that specialize in
intelligent commercial buildings in Jordan.
The aim of this study is to show the way of using FLC controlling system to guess indoor and
outdoor illuminance combination rule in order to save energy. In this study, an FLC model which is able to
picture the associations between the system inputs and outputs is designed and established. The model is able
to quantify the outdoor and the indoor illuminance permitting add-on controllers to execute a photometric
analysis and comparison in order to decide the dimming of artificial electric fixtures. Rather more, the article
evaluates the energy savings due to the usage of natural light by using FLC systems in IBMS and suggests
proper markets of this process as well throughout the proposal phase of a commercial-building, also the
proposal can be carried out later the building formation.
2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTINGS CONTROL
Electric lighting fixtures control systems, and the means of controlling artificial lighting fixtures,
supplies proper illuminance combination considering energy savings and reduction of operating costs.
Intelligent energy management system (IEMS) carry out the task of energy savings throughout illuminance
reduction or by reducing artificial lights operational time. The most important element in lightings’ control
system is consideration of the occupants’ physiological aspects e.g. , a twenty years old individual requires a
1/3 less light intensity than sixty years old person to execute the same task [15]. The majority of literature
studies recommended that majority of lighting control systems depend on the below techniques:
− Tenancy density and resident Count property: wherever illumination is turned ON/OFF based on
residents’ call.
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− Time of Work: when light-fixtures are switched ON/OFF established according to timetable.
− Natural light collecting (the utilization of daylight to light up the place).
− Demand reaction: here, required electric energy feeding electric fixtures is minimized based on
equipment limitation aspects
− Adaptive advantage: here light strength set are lower during night-time than its strength set throughout
day-time.
In general, natural light adaptive controllers consists of two aspects [16]: The control of day-light as
the source of light of a space, and the hand is considering the electric lighting is output. The first option is
limited due to it is sometimes is not able to present adequate quantity and quality of natural light inside a
space; the other mean is able to perform energy savings while maintain the uniform light where natural light
is inadequate. Globally, the main source of lighting in commercial is Fluorescent lighting fixtures with a
color-temperature range between 3-4.500k °Kelvin which similar to the color of natural light [16, 17].
The control of natural light (daylighting) depends on on constant dimming strategy which allow
residents setting lighting illuminance levels and supply adaptable system in comparison to conventional
(step-dimming) control system. Intermittent dimming tracks the day-lighting arrangement thoroughly, it is
sometimes more suitable to resident, and could save more energy, mainly in spots with high varying over
cast. Continuous dimming as well as counters to changes in illuminance output as a reason of dirt reduction
on light fixtures, and lamp lumen decreased as a reason of the lamp age [15, 17].
The sustainable finidngs throughout literature theory has attracted interest in natural light
(daylighting); alongside energy reductions as daylight deliver greater sense of comfortless. However,
the huge attention of light engineers for this technique is depending on its energy reduction potential:
a building that use daylight will need lower electric lighting fixtures throughout day hours, mostly in
sunlit places.
3. FLC CONTROLLING DAY-LIGHTING
Day-light is a rich source of illuminance and the difference in natural and day light is due to seasons
variation which depends on space geographical location e.g. latitude, longitude and also sky conditions.
Several sky-light stages might be carried out under the same sun-light situations, and, similar thinking during
the sky conditions stays unchanged. Also, the range of sun illumination possibly will be maximized due to
transient turbidity filter due to particles scattering over the sun radiation path. Consequently, any estimate
system must be flexible to permit multivariate variation which illustrate the sequence of sun-light and sky-
light [18]. Today, control strategies have been advanced rapidly and have happened to be a very efficeint
mechanism within the trades. Nevertheless, as a reason of beforehand mentioned points, conventional control
systems, that is rely on mathematical models, have exposed their constraint in controlling day lighting.
Therefore, and because of using unplanned conditions and accessibility of natural light and vagueness and
variation of its features, FLC have benefits over regular control methods and assured to be enhance key.
FLC systems the characterized by its ability of reducing complication and it is accomplished by
subjective evaluation of the existing data. Mathematical values are defined using fuzzy sets, anyplace
mathematical values are linked to mankind thinking. The quality of FLC can be dignified only with related
era e.g. adjustment, capability, effectiveness and comfortable during usage. Control codes of FLC attest to
supply well strength and effectiveness during more troubled nonlinear and time changing working situation
compared to conventional proportional–integral–derivative controller PID. A significant advantage of the
FLC plan is the key element that drive straight using human-factors and perceptive. It depends on a semantic
standard, that can be states using a group of IF-commands rules, IF THEN commands.
3.1. Fuzzy based-controller
Fuzzy based-control systems comprise of input data level, a handling level, and also yield stage.
Input stage records readers or additional recorded inputs, e.g. switch-buttons and dimmers to the appropriate
membership rolls and right adjustment. The handling level increases linked instruction and creates outcome
for every single instruction, then the following of the merging the effects of this function. The output level
changes the merged outcome to precise controlled command [19].
The building indoor of fuzzy based-control system includes the following 4 basic units:
− Fuzzification unit: here the unit changes the sharp input-data functions to fuzzified group to be consistent
with the fuzzy-data commands of the progression situation essential to the implication module.
− Knowledge unit: it comprises of dual tasks; a task stations which illustrate the control timetable also an
information set stage which contains the organization of the fuzzification modules indicating the
semantic circumstances utilized in the operation.
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− Inference module: the module produces fuzzification and thus operational behaviors through
implementing the rules in the information module to the existing procedure status.
− Defuzzification unit: changes the fuzzy-based controller act produced by the interference module to a
crisp data quantity which can be depleted to run the regulators.
3.2. Natural light fuzzy based-controllers
The natural light FLC utilize uses as digital circuit of lightings’ system adjustment and constant
electronic reducing stabilities adjusted by using 110-220 volts analog signs as power controlling [19].
The stabilizer obtains a signal as of the controller and then variates the electric-current running through the
light fixture, thus attaining a regular adjusted diminution in the light fixture amount produced. The features of
controlled signs imitate the period and level of the variation in the electric-current and succeeding light
fixture production. Utmost market available regulators switches for control of those light fixtures are electric
rapid-ignition or automatic -start switches, most of regular light fixtures worked using this switches element
BIPIN pedestals normal of RAPID-START light fixtures. By means of the detecting tool, unlike sort of
photosensitive tools, market-available, could be employed. A model is a class room with 20x15m
dimensions, the interior of the building hanged light fixtures structure, intended by usinf a software called
DIALUX; comprises of 50 luminaires containing two 60WT18 regular fluorescent fixtures. The group
attached in six rows of 6 units, like during working time operate part of the space, and reassure an acceptable
light intensity standard of 490 lux [19, 20].
A significant mission involves appropriate collection of controlled parts; a controlled part is a set of
fixtures or single fixture in luminaire which adjusted by one sign. The purpose in developing a controlled
zones and parts is in order to outline zones which receives a constant quantity of natural light at particular
duration and hence, reliable light standards requirement [20-25].
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The fuzzy based control system is suggested so it planed and utilized in Alkhawarezmi building the
faculty of engineering building, at applied science private university which is located in Amman, Jordan as
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Alkhawarezmi building; at applied science private university campus
Figure 2 displays the engineering building’s total lighting energy usage at 100% occupancy during a
hole (24 hours). It has been noted that, the building’s electricity usage is nearly 5 kWh. The building’s
maximum lighting electricity demand is ranging between 7pm-7am. The minimum lightings demand was
happening from 7 am -5 pm at nearly 1.1 kWh.
The suggested natural light fuzzy based-controller would be capable to utilize 4 sensors: occupants
count system, activity and motion detective system and lighting intensity sensor, constantly automatic
dimming switch for each fixture light intending the way of controlling lighting fixture yield, as well as a
fuzzy based control system; the lighting level sensor are positioned in the controlled area of the place to
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represent the controlled command for the suggested control technique, installed to a fuzzy based control
system. Thus, this article is a simulated based control system and all values which could originate from
detector have been substituted by buildings evaluated information utilizing the software of DIALUX and
MATLAB software package.
Daily lighting load
Time
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
kWh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Figure 2. Alkhawarezmi building’s lighting demand.
The input semantic adjusted data of the fuzzy based control system are the adjusted of the light
intensity calculated by the 3 light intensity detectors where the output’s function is the adjusted of the control
sign delivered to Automatic switch in the regulated areas. Each linguistic adjustable has fuzzy quantity data
with triangular membership relationship, as shown in Figure 3 as it demonstrates the inputdata and Figure 4
while the figure shows the output.
Figure 3. Fuziffication set input
Figure 4. Fuzzification membership output
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Considering input data as demonstrated in Figure 3, D embodies black, HD embodies semi dark, M
embodies adequate, HL embodies semi-light and L embodies light. The control system will relate to the out-
put figure which it then resolves the utilization of natural light areas and duration appropriateness depends on
outcome as shown in Figure 4. Employing member ship data set the light intensity quantity is offered through
the suggested fuzzy based controller beneficial quantity and quality of light intensity associated with a
substantial energy reduction.
Natural light has a large hopeful energy-reduction significance and became an appealing substitute
to regular artificial-electric light fixtures. Conventional controllers, which depends on constant dimming,
ignite few problems to set its performing to instant variations in natural-light relying on season, geographical
positioning, and sky conditions. Noting that, the mention facts, fuzzy based controllers is able to perform
suitable problem solving in establishing of natural-light, a dilemma which are not able to be represented by
using mathematic models due to the lack of information’s availability, incompetence, or difficult to handle.
The suggested controller utilizes 4 detecting tools (e.g. Head counting/activity detection device and 3 light
intensity level detection devices), permanent automatic dimming switch for each light fixture intending
controlling light fixtures yield, and fuzzy based control system. Available information acquired by software
that ensure the accuracy of the suggested tool.
5. CONCLUSION
Intelligent smart places and buildings and buildings’ smart controllers are able to reduce energy by
the mean of employing a group of commands that depends on surrounding day conditions e.g. the utilizing of
natural light, climatic information, solar irradiance, occupancy level and much more. Based on the above, the
study highlights the usage of fuzzy based controllers and hence, providing visual comfort and suitable light
intensity. This article at the start outlined the problem, wherever energy-usage, comfortness and the
controlling of the systems are the means of process. Next the article offered electric-current and regular
controlling mechanism and also mentioning its problems associated with it. At last, the article established
few smart controlling mechanisms in order to add on a natural light within lighting fixtures. The continuous
development of buildings controlling mechanisms currently are essential to reduce energy and to the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment.
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