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Life span chapter 7
- 1. Chapter 7 Physical andCognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood 6-11 Years-of-Age PowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier, Butchered by Professor Carney
- 2. Body Growth &Change Slow, consistent growth – About 2 - 3” a yr Gain 5 - 7 lbs. yr – Increases in size of Skeletal systems Muscular systems Size of body organs 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 3. Body Growth &Change Brain – Brain volume Stabilizes end of late childhood – Significant changes continue Ex: Focus due to: – Activation of prefrontal cortex 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 4. Focal Activation Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic pruning – Areas not being used Lose connections – Areas being used Increase in connections 6-11 Years-of-Age
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- 6. Motor Development Middle/late childhood: –Smoother movement – Better coordination – Mastered skills source of pleasure – Boys better gross motor skills Fine motor skills – Improvement due to increased myelination – Able to write script 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 7. Exercise Research: – Exercise Important in growth & development. 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 8. Children with Disabilities Gov’t defines learning disabilities – Top of pg. 179 complete def. 3x’s more common in boys Children excluded: – Severe emotional disorders – 2nd language background – Sensory disabilities EX: Blind – Neurological deficits 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 9. What Are PrevalentDisabilities in Children? Who Are Children With Disabilities? Elementary school – More sensitive about “differentness” @ 14% of U.S. children aged 3 - 21 – Receive special education / related services – 5.6% learning disabilities – 3.0% speech, language impairments – 1.1% mentally retarded – 0.9% emotional disturbance Ages 6 - 11
- 10. Children with Disabilities Learningdisabilities definition includes: – Significant difficulty in school-related area Listening Thinking Reading Writing Spelling Math – 80% of LD’s also have reading problems 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 11. Specific Disabilities Dyslexia – Severeimpairment in ability to read & spell Common problem Writing may be extremely slow & illegible Spelling errors – Problem matching sounds & letters 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 12. Causes of LearningDisability Nature: Genes – LDs run in families Nurture: Environmental influences – How can this occur? 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 13. Causes of LearningDisability Unlikely – Reside in 1, specific brain location More likely – Due to problems such as: Integrating information from multiple brain regions 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 14. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) ADHD – Characteristics Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity Easily bored Impulsive – Do not think before acting Can’t save a penny 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 15. Treatment of ADHD Combinationof – Stimulant medication Ritalin or Adderall – Behavior management Improves behavior better than either alone Exercise Thoughts? – Physicians too quick to prescribe stimulants for kids with milder forms of ADHD? – Bipolar Disorder R/O 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 16. Caring for Children CognitiveDevelopment Theory Piaget 7 - 11 yrs. Concrete operational Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications
- 17. Piaget Can reason logically –Must have a specific example – Has conservation – Can do in head what did on paper – Understand dad has other functions in life 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 18. Information Processing Information-processing –How children process information about their world Dramatic improvement (6-11) – Sustain & control attention improves 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 19. Memory After age 7 –Short-term memory Not as much of increase as preschool period – Long-term memory Increases with age – Improvements reflect increased Knowledge Use of memory strategies 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 20. Thinking Critical thinking – Thinkingreflectively & productively – Evaluating evidence Creative thinking – Think in novel & unusual ways – Unique solutions – May be creative in 1 area, not another 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 21. Creative Thinking Guilford (1967)distinguished between: – Convergent thinking – Divergent thinking 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 22. Convergent thinking Divergent thinking 6-11Years-of-Age
- 23. Intelligence Intelligence – Abilityto solve problems & to adapt & learn from experiences 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 24. Historic Assessments of Intelligence Binet & Simon, France 1904 – Developed test Purpose – Identify children unable to learn in school – Developed concept of mental age (MA) An individual’s level of mental development relative to others 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 25. Wechsler Scales Overall IQ –Verbal Comprehension Index – Working Memory Index – Processing Speed Index Determines weak & strong areas 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 26. Types of Intelligence: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligence – 3 forms of Intelligence: 1. Analytical intelligence 2. Creative intelligence 3. Practical intelligence 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 27. Triarchic theory ofintelligence Sternberg Cont. 1. Analytical intelligence – Ability to: Analyze Judge Evaluate Compare Contrast 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 28. Triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg Cont. 2. Creative intelligence – Ability to: Create Design Invent Originate Imagine 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 29. Triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg Cont. Practical intelligence – Ability to: Use Apply Implement Put ideas into practice 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 30. Triarchic theory of intelligenceSternberg Cont. In school: – High analytic Favored in conventional schooling – High creative Not at top of class, do not conform to expectations – High practical Do not relate well to demands of school Often successful as adults 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 31. Types of Intelligence:Howard Gardner 8 types of intelligence, or “frames of mind” – verbal – mathematical – spatial – bodilykinesthetic – musical – interpersonal – intrapersonal – naturalist Everyone has all of these intelligences to varying degrees. Which are your strengths? 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 32. Interpreting Differences inIQ Scores Most researchers agree: –Genetics –Environment Interact to influence intelligence 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 33. Group Differences IQ testsU.S. children – Score lower than white African-American Latinos Why? – Biased tests? – Cultural differences? – What else? 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 34. Creating Culture-Fair Tests Culture-fairtests – Intended to be free of cultural bias 2 types devised – 1. Items familiar to children from all socioeconomic & ethnic backgrounds Or – Items that are familiar to the children – 2. No verbal questions 6-11 Years-of-Age
- 35. Using Intelligence Tests Psychologicaltests are tools Avoid using information in negative ways – Avoid stereotyping & expectations – IQ NOT sole indicator of competence – Use caution in interpreting an overall IQ score 6-11 Years-of-Age