This document discusses characteristics of toddlerhood between ages 1-3 including physical, cognitive, communication, and psychosocial development. It covers growth patterns, vital signs, developmental milestones, discipline strategies, nutrition, sleep, play, safety considerations, and health promotion practices for toddlers.

1. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Med 3060
Chapter 7
Dr. Emilee Young
Toddlerhood
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

2. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Toddlerhood
 Characteristics
 1–3 years of age
 Growth rate: slow and steady
 Improved fine and gross motor skills
 Language development
 Developing independence or autonomy
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

3. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Physical Characteristics of the
Toddler
 Height and weight- 3 in/yr and 4-6 lbs/yr
 Body proportions- extremities grow faster
than trunk
 Face and teeth- 20 teeth at 2 ½ yrs
 Bone development- ossification occurs;
anterior fontanel closes by 18 months
 Sensory development- 20/40 vision
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

4. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Vital Signs
 Temperature- 98 to 99 Farenheit
 Pulse- 90-120 bpm
 Respirations- 20-30 bpm
 Blood pressure- 99/64 mm Hg
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

5. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Developmental Milestones
 Motor development
 Gross motor skills- stairs; running
 Fine motor skills-self-feeding, dressing, playing
 Toilet training- bowel control before bladder
control; achieved by 3 ½ yrs
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

6. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Psychosocial Development
 Erikson: developing autonomy
 Toileting
 Dressing
 Feeding
 Making choices
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

7. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Discipline
 Be consistent
 Reinforce limits
 Give time outs
 Eliminate temptations
 Offer praise and positive reinforcement
 Minimize negativistic behavior
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

8. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Psychosocial Concerns
 Separation anxiety
 Be honest
 Reinforce when you will return
 Use familiar time references
 Sibling rivalry
 Sharing time, attention, and affection difficult
 Regression at times of stress
 Birth of a new baby
 Following illness
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

9. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Cognitive and Moral Development
 Cognitive development
 Piaget: preoperational thought- 2 yrs
 Object permanence develops- things don’t
disappear if they cannot be seen
 Moral development
 Learning right from wrong
 Learning socially acceptable behaviors
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

10. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Communication
 Language automatic and spontaneous
 Based on symbolic function and memory
 2-year-old
 Uses words to represent actions or needs: “Up”
 50 word vocabulary
 3-year-old
 Uses short three-word sentences: “Give to me”
 1,000 word vocabulary
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

11. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Nutrition
 Teach good eating patterns
 Offer appropriate amounts of food categories
 Avoid junk foods
 Offer hand-held foods
 Ritualistic food preferences are common
 Meals should be family time
 Teach simple table manners
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

12. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Sleep and Rest
 Establish bedtime rituals- reading
 Sleep problems related to
 Nightmares
 Inconsistent routines
 Illness
 Fear of separation
 Physical exhaustion
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

13. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Play
 Play mimics adult activities
 Symbolic play- building a city with blocks
 Parallel play- alongside other children
without interaction
 Play helps
 Ego development
 Cognition
 SocializationCopyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

14. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Safety
 Accident prevention
 Common accidents for toddlers- car
accidents; burns; choking; aspiration;
drowning
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

15. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Health Promotion
 Good health practices
 Use of health services
 Early diagnosis and treatment
 Regular immunizations
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company