1. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Med 3060
Chapter 7
Dr. Emilee Young
Toddlerhood
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

2. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Toddlerhood
 Characteristics
 1–3 years of age
 Growth rate: slow and steady
 Improved fine and gross motor skills
 Language development
 Developing independence or autonomy
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

3. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Physical Characteristics of the
Toddler
 Height and weight- 3 in/yr and 4-6 lbs/yr
 Body proportions- extremities grow faster
than trunk
 Face and teeth- 20 teeth at 2 ½ yrs
 Bone development- ossification occurs;
anterior fontanel closes by 18 months
 Sensory development- 20/40 vision
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

4. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Vital Signs
 Temperature- 98 to 99 Farenheit
 Pulse- 90-120 bpm
 Respirations- 20-30 bpm
 Blood pressure- 99/64 mm Hg
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

5. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Developmental Milestones
 Motor development
 Gross motor skills- stairs; running
 Fine motor skills-self-feeding, dressing, playing
 Toilet training- bowel control before bladder
control; achieved by 3 ½ yrs
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

6. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Psychosocial Development
 Erikson: developing autonomy
 Toileting
 Dressing
 Feeding
 Making choices
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

7. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Discipline
 Be consistent
 Reinforce limits
 Give time outs
 Eliminate temptations
 Offer praise and positive reinforcement
 Minimize negativistic behavior
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

8. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Psychosocial Concerns
 Separation anxiety
 Be honest
 Reinforce when you will return
 Use familiar time references
 Sibling rivalry
 Sharing time, attention, and affection difficult
 Regression at times of stress
 Birth of a new baby
 Following illness
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

9. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Cognitive and Moral Development
 Cognitive development
 Piaget: preoperational thought- 2 yrs
 Object permanence develops- things don’t
disappear if they cannot be seen
 Moral development
 Learning right from wrong
 Learning socially acceptable behaviors
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

10. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Communication
 Language automatic and spontaneous
 Based on symbolic function and memory
 2-year-old
 Uses words to represent actions or needs: “Up”
 50 word vocabulary
 3-year-old
 Uses short three-word sentences: “Give to me”
 1,000 word vocabulary
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

11. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Nutrition
 Teach good eating patterns
 Offer appropriate amounts of food categories
 Avoid junk foods
 Offer hand-held foods
 Ritualistic food preferences are common
 Meals should be family time
 Teach simple table manners
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

12. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Sleep and Rest
 Establish bedtime rituals- reading
 Sleep problems related to
 Nightmares
 Inconsistent routines
 Illness
 Fear of separation
 Physical exhaustion
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

13. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Play
 Play mimics adult activities
 Symbolic play- building a city with blocks
 Parallel play- alongside other children
without interaction
 Play helps
 Ego development
 Cognition
 SocializationCopyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

14. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Safety
 Accident prevention
 Common accidents for toddlers- car
accidents; burns; choking; aspiration;
drowning
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company

15. Journey Across the Lifespan,
4th Edition
Health Promotion
 Good health practices
 Use of health services
 Early diagnosis and treatment
 Regular immunizations
Copyright © 2011. F.A. Davis Company