This document contains a table of contents and overview of Spanish grammar topics including: 1. Stem-changing verbs like "perder" and "dormir" and irregular verbs like "saber". 2. The difference between "saber" and "conocer" and use of reflexive verbs. 3. Accents on diphthongs and verbs like "seguir", "perseguir", and "proteger". 4. The equation "Hace + time + que + present tense" to discuss how long ago an action happened. 5. The difference between using "ser" and "estar".

1. Libro de Gratimatica Vanesa McCormick 7 th Period

2. Tabla de Materias Present Stem Changers Irregulars *yo Saber Vs. Conocer Reflexives “ se” impersonal Dipthongs with accents Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/Gir Verbs like… Hace+__ +que+present pretense Ser vs. Estar

3. Present -ar, er, ir(Endings) en en an Ellos(as)/ Ustedes imos emos amos Nosotros(as) e e a El/Ella/ Usted es es as T ú o o o Yo IR ER AR

4. Stem Changers “ e” se convierte a “ie” - perder “ e” se convierte a “i” - pedir “ o” se convierte a “ue” - dormir “ u” se convierte a “ue” - jugar *It doesn’t change in the nosotros or vosotros form.

5. Irregulars *yo “ go” verbs: caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir Oigo a me maestra. “ zco” verbs: (-cer/-cir), conocer, producir, conducir Los demas- ser, estar, ir, ver, saber, dar

6. Saber vs. Conocer Saber- to know Conocer- to know Which one do you choose? Use Saber to express knowledge or information about a certain thing. Caleb sabe cienca. Use Conocer to show recognizing a person, place, or object. Yo conozco a Claire.

7. Los Reflexivos Reflexives are what are reflected upon oneself or other Me, te, se, nos, os, se Lavarse (to wash): Me lavo mi cara. Peinarse (to comb): Te peinas pelo. Cepillarse (to brush): Se cepilla mis dientes. Pedirse (to ask): Nos pedimos a maestra. Levantarse (to get up): Os levant íos a mi cama. Rescarse (to stratch): Se rascan los brazos.

8. “ se” impersonal “Se” Impersonal Used to make general statements Passive Voice Reciprocal Action Se + 3 rd Person Form

9. Dipthongs with accents Enviar- to send Continuar- to continue Envío Enviamos Continúo Continuamos Envías Enviáis Continúas Continuáis Envía Envían Continúa Continúan Esquiar- to ski Graduarse- to graduate Esquío Esquiamos Me gradúo Nos graduamos Esqías Esqui á is Te gradúas Os graduáis Esquía Esquían Se gradúa Se gradúan Estudiar and Limpiar- no accents, stress not “,” E-studio, Limp-pia-mos

10. Verbs Like… Uir/Guir Uir/Guir Distinguir (to distinguish) Distingo Distinguimos Distingues Distingu í s Distingue Distinguen Extinguir (to extinguish) Seguir (e->i)(to follow/continue) Conseguir (e->i)(to get, obtain, succeed in) Perseguir (e->i)(to pursue, persecute) Proseguir (e->i)(to continue)

11. Verbs Like… Cer/Cir Cer/Cir Cocer (to cook): cuezo Torcer (to twist): tuerzo Mecer (to rock): mezo Ejercer (to practice a profession): ejerzo Vencer (to overcome): venzo Ofrecer (to offer): ofrezo Obedecer (to obey): obedezco

12. Verbs Like… Ger/Gir Ger/Gir Coger (to catch, grab) Cojo Cogemos Coges Cog é is Coge Cogen Exiger (to demand) Exijo Exigimos Exiges Exig í s Exige Exgen *Exijo que los estudiantes hablen espa ñ ol.

13. Verbs Like… Ger/Gir Ger/Gir Proteger (to protect): protejo Escoger (to choose): escojo Recoger (to pick up): recojo Encoger (to shrink): encojo Dirigir (to direct): dirijo Fingir (to pretend): finjo Elegir (e->i)(to elect): elijo Corregir (e->i)(to correct): corrijo

14. Hace+____ +que+present pretense This equation tells how long it has been since the subject has done something. Hace un dia que ducho. Add “no” in front of the verb to make the action negative. Hace tres dias que no camino mis perros.

15. Ser vs. Estar Estan Son Ellos(as)/ Ustedes Estáis Sois Vosotros Estamos Somos Nosotros Está Es El/Ella/ Usted Estás Eres Tú Estoy Soy Yo Estar Ser

16. Ser vs. Estar HELPING DOCTOR PED ING: -ar-ando -er/ir-iendo or yendo Present Condition Location Emotions Health Estar Dates Events Possession Relationships Occupation Time Characteristics Origin Descriptions Ser