This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar concepts in 12 sections, including: 1. The present tense conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs 2. Stem-changing verbs that change form except in the nosotros/vosotros forms 3. Irregular "yo" forms such as -go, -zco, ser, ir, saber, and dar 4. The difference between saber and conocer 5. Reflexive verbs where the subject and object are the same 6. The impersonal "se" construction 7. Verbs with diphthongs in the present tense 8. Verbs ending in -uir/-guir, -

1. Grammar BookBy: Tabitha Cruickshank

2. Table of ContentsPresent tenseStem changersIrregular ‘yo’Saber vs. conocerReflexives‘Se’ impersonalPresent tense w/ dipthongs-uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-girVerbs like…Hace + _____ + que + presentSer vs. estar

3. PresentARYo oTu asEl, ella, ud. aNosotros amosVosotros aísEllos, ellas, uds. anER/IRYo oTu esEl, ella, ud. eNosotros emos/imosVosotros éis/ísEllos, ellas, uds. en

4. Stem ChangersStem changers are verbs that change in every form EXCEPT the nosotros and vosotros forms.E > IRepetirRepitoRepitesRepiteRepetimosRepetísRepitenO > UEContarCuentoCuentasCuentaContamosContáisCuentanE > IECerrarCierroCierrasCierraCerramosCerráisCierranO > UEDormirDuermoDuermesDuermeDormimosDormísDuermen

5. Irregular “yo”Irregular “yo” verbs are verbs that change in the yo form such as go, zco, and other verbs like ser and ir.-go verbsPoner – to putPongoDecir (e<i) – to sayDigoTener – to haveTengoTraer – to bringTraigoHacer – to doHagoOir – to hearOigo-zco verbsConocer - ConozcoProducirProduzcoConducirConduzcoOther verbsSer – to beSoyEstar – to beEstoyIr – to goVoyVer – to seeSaber – to knowSeDar - Doy

6. Saber vs. Conocer

7. ReflexivesIn Spanish, when you talk about an action being performed on yourself, you show the reflexive nature of the action with a reflexive verb. Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject of the sentence has performed an action on itself. In other words, in a reflexive sentence the subject is the same as the object.

8. Se impersonal

9. Presente tense w/ dipthongsA dipthong is a weak vowel like i, y, or u and a strong vowel like a, e, or o and the accent is placed on the weak vowel.

10. -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir-uir/-guirAtribuir ConcluirConstruirContribuirDestruirDistribuir Excluir Incluir Instruir-ger/-gir *Change the G>J in the yo form. In the other forms, use G.Coger – to catch Exigir – to demandCojo ExijoCoges ExigesCoge ExigeCogemos ExigemosCogéis ExigisCogen Exigen-cer/-cirAtribuir ConcluirConstruirContribuirDestruirDistribuir Excluir Incluir Instruir

11. verbs like...

12. hace + ____ + que + present tense

13. Ser vs. Estar