3. Leukemia
Leukemia is cancer that starts in the tissue that forms
blood.
Fatal neoplastic disease that involves that blood
forming tissues, abnormal, uncontrolled and destructive
proliferation of one type of white cell and its precures.
Leukemia affects the bone marrow, causing anaemia,
leukopenia, the production of immature cells,
thrombocytopenia and a decline in immunity
4. Classification
Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is
subdivided into a variety of large groups such
as:
Acute
Chronic
Lymphocytic leukemia
(or "lymphoblastic")
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Myelogenous leukemia
(also "myeloid" or "nonlymphocytic")
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
(or Myeloblastic)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
5. Acute leukemia
Rapid increase in the numbers of
immature blood cells.
Crowding due to such cells makes the
bone marrow unable to produce healthy
blood cells.
Immediate treatment is required due to
the rapid progression and accumulation
of the malignant cells, which then spill
over into the bloodstream and spread to
other organs of the body
Most common in children.
6. Chronic leukemia
Excessive build up of relatively
mature, but still abnormal, white
blood cells.
Typically taking months or years to
progress, the cells are produced at a
much higher rate than normal cells,
resulting in many abnormal white
blood cells in the blood.
Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in
older people, but can theoretically
occur in any age group.
7. 1. Lymphoblastic or lymphocytic
leukemias
The cancerous change takes place in
a type of marrow cell that normally
goes on to form lymphocytes, which
are infection-fighting immune
system cells.
Most lymphocytic leukemias involve
a specific subtype of lymphocyte,
the B cell.
2. Myeloid or myelogenous leukemias
The cancerous change takes place in
a type of marrow cell that normally
goes on to form red blood cells,
some other types of white cells, and
platelets.
8. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
The most common type of leukemia in
young children.
Also affects adults, especially those age 65
and older.
Standard treatments involve chemotherapy
and radiotherapy.
The survival rates vary by age: 85% in
children and 50% in adults.
Subtypes include precursor B acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
Burkitt's leukemia, and acute biphenotypic leukemia.
9. Chronic
lymphocytic
leukemia
(CLL)
Most often affects adults over the age of
55.
Sometimes occurs in younger adults,
but it almost never affects children.
Two-thirds of affected people are men.
The five-year survival rate is 75%.
It is incurable, but there are many
effective treatments. One subtype is
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a
more aggressive disease.
10. Acute myelogenous
leukemia (AML)
Occurs more commonly in adults than
in children, and more commonly in
men than women.
Treated with chemotherapy.
The five-year survival rate is 40%.
Subtypes of AML include acute
promyelocytic leukemia, acute
myeloblastic leukemia, and acute
megakaryoblastic leukemia.
11. Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML)
Occurs mainly in
adults
A very small
number of
children also
develop this
disease
Treatment is with
imatinib (Gleevec
in US, Glivec in
Europe) or other
drugs
The five-year
survival rate is
90%.
One subtype is
chronic
monocytic
leukemia.
12. Pathophysiology of
leukemia
Characterized by
1.Diffuse replacement of bone marrow with
leukemic cells
2.Appearance of abnormal immature white blood
cells in the peripheral circulation
3.Wide spread infiltration of the liver, spleen,
lymphnodes and other tissue throughout the body
13. Signs and symptoms
Anorexia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss
Anaemia, lethargy
Bleeding gum, nose bleed, rectal
bleeding, petechiae, retinal hemorrhage,
hematuria ,etc
High temperatue
Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
Bone or Joint pain
Purplish patches or spots on skin etc
15. Treatment
Chemotherapy- to kill leukemia cells
using strong anticancer drugs
Biologicla therapy: Interferon therapy
work as anti-leukemia activity
Radiation therapy
Bone marrow transplantation
Colony stimulating factors eg -
epogen
16. Recent Research
Treatment options for people with the aggressive
blood cancer acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have
expanded yet again with a new approval from the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA
Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) positive
for internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations of
FLT3 have poor outcomes.
Quizartinib, an oral, highly potent, selective, type 2
FLT3 inhibitor, plus chemotherapy showed antitumour
activity with an acceptable safety profile in patients
with FLT3-ITD-positive newly diagnosed AML.
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of
quizartinib versus placebo on overall survival in
patients with FLT3-ITD-positive newly diagnosed AML
aged 18-75 years.
17. CONCLUSION
Leukemia is a disease that has affected the lives of
many people across the globe.
Researches show various types of leukemia with
different treatment methods. However, all leukemia
types are treated mainly through chemotherapy.
Surgery is not applied for leukemia since the
condition does not have solid tumors.
Powerful drugs aimed to divide the cells are often
used in chemotherapy
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