Rheumatoid arthritis by ved prakash panda
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This document provides an overview of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It defines RA as a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing swollen and painful joints, most commonly in the wrists and hands. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of RA. The treatment section explains the main categories of drugs used to manage RA, including NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, and biological therapies that target cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-1.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of joints which can lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Key symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling and fatigue. The disease is caused by an immune system attack on the joints that results in inflammation mediated by cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. Treatment involves non-pharmacologic measures as well as disease-modifying drugs like methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine and biologics that target cytokines to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, especially in the hands and feet. It affects around 1% of the population and is more common in women. If left untreated, chronic inflammation can lead to joint damage and disability. Management involves reducing inflammation and pain with medications like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with the goal of achieving remission and preventing long-term joint damage and deformity.
Rheumatois arthritis , pain management..
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. It affects around 1-3% of the population and is more common in women. Symptoms include joint stiffness, pain, swelling, and loss of function. Left untreated, it can cause permanent joint damage and disability. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation and prevent joint damage, including NSAIDs, steroids, DMARDs such as methotrexate, and biologic medications that target specific immune system proteins. The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms, prevent disability, and induce remission if possible through a combination of medications, physical therapy, education, and lifestyle changes.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints which can lead to joint damage and physical disability. It is a progressive disease affecting the synovial lining of peripheral joints, causing symmetrical inflammation and potentially deforming polyarthritis. Symptoms include tender swollen joints, morning stiffness lasting hours, fatigue, and rheumatoid nodules under the skin. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, reducing inflammation, protecting joints, maintaining function, and controlling systemic effects through use of drugs like NSAIDs, DMARDs, biologics, glucocorticoids, and surgery.
Drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
This document provides an overview of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It discusses the epidemiology and etiology of RA and outlines past, present, and future treatment paradigms. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized. Diagnostic criteria and methods for assessing disease severity are presented. Guidelines are provided for using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biological response modifiers (BRMs) to treat RA. Specific DMARDs and BRMs discussed include methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, and
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes symmetrical joint inflammation. It affects around 1% of the population, predominantly women aged 30-50. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. RA is characterized by synovitis and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the synovium, resulting in cartilage and bone destruction. Common clinical features include pain, stiffness, and swelling of small joints. Left untreated, RA can cause joint deformity and damage to other body systems. Investigations reveal elevated inflammatory markers and autoantibodies. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression.
DMARDs
This document discusses disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It describes the goals of treatment as relieving pain, reducing inflammation, slowing joint damage, and improving functioning. The main drug classes used are synthetic DMARDs like methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and biologic DMARDs that target cytokines like TNF-α. Specific drugs discussed in more detail include abatacept, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, and rituximab. For each drug, information is provided on their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, and
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining of joints which can lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Key symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling and fatigue. The disease is caused by an immune system attack on the joints that results in inflammation mediated by cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. Treatment involves non-pharmacologic measures as well as disease-modifying drugs like methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine and biologics that target cytokines to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, especially in the hands and feet. It affects around 1% of the population and is more common in women. If left untreated, chronic inflammation can lead to joint damage and disability. Management involves reducing inflammation and pain with medications like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with the goal of achieving remission and preventing long-term joint damage and deformity.
Rheumatois arthritis , pain management..
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. It affects around 1-3% of the population and is more common in women. Symptoms include joint stiffness, pain, swelling, and loss of function. Left untreated, it can cause permanent joint damage and disability. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation and prevent joint damage, including NSAIDs, steroids, DMARDs such as methotrexate, and biologic medications that target specific immune system proteins. The goals of treatment are to relieve symptoms, prevent disability, and induce remission if possible through a combination of medications, physical therapy, education, and lifestyle changes.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints which can lead to joint damage and physical disability. It is a progressive disease affecting the synovial lining of peripheral joints, causing symmetrical inflammation and potentially deforming polyarthritis. Symptoms include tender swollen joints, morning stiffness lasting hours, fatigue, and rheumatoid nodules under the skin. Treatment focuses on relieving pain, reducing inflammation, protecting joints, maintaining function, and controlling systemic effects through use of drugs like NSAIDs, DMARDs, biologics, glucocorticoids, and surgery.
Drug treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
This document provides an overview of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It discusses the epidemiology and etiology of RA and outlines past, present, and future treatment paradigms. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized. Diagnostic criteria and methods for assessing disease severity are presented. Guidelines are provided for using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biological response modifiers (BRMs) to treat RA. Specific DMARDs and BRMs discussed include methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, and
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes symmetrical joint inflammation. It affects around 1% of the population, predominantly women aged 30-50. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development. RA is characterized by synovitis and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the synovium, resulting in cartilage and bone destruction. Common clinical features include pain, stiffness, and swelling of small joints. Left untreated, RA can cause joint deformity and damage to other body systems. Investigations reveal elevated inflammatory markers and autoantibodies. Management involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications to relieve symptoms and slow disease progression.
DMARDs
This document discusses disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It describes the goals of treatment as relieving pain, reducing inflammation, slowing joint damage, and improving functioning. The main drug classes used are synthetic DMARDs like methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and biologic DMARDs that target cytokines like TNF-α. Specific drugs discussed in more detail include abatacept, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, and rituximab. For each drug, information is provided on their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, and
rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, typically affecting the small joints in the hands and feet. It results in warm, swollen, and painful joints and symptoms often worsen with rest. While the cause is unknown, it involves the immune system attacking the synovium lining of joints, causing swelling and damage over time. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, physical exam findings, and blood tests for rheumatoid factor or anti-CCP antibodies. Complications can include joint deformity and damage, as well as increased risk of osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, heart and lung problems.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints and causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. It impacts around 1% of the adult population worldwide. While conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate are usually the first line of treatment, biological DMARDs or biologics targeting molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are used for cases that are resistant to conventional DMARDs. Biologics have revolutionized RA treatment by providing rapid relief and preventing long-term joint damage. The monoclonal antibody rituximab depletes B cells and is effective for RA by reducing inflammation and rheumatoid factor levels. It is administered as two 1000 mg intravenous
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Dmards
DMARDs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are a heterogeneous group of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is a common first-choice DMARD with a more rapid onset than others. It works by inhibiting folic acid metabolism. Other DMARDs discussed include sulfasalazine, gold compounds, penicillamine, chloroquine, and leflunomide. While they have different mechanisms of action and chemical structures, DMARDs may halt or reverse the underlying disease process in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints that can lead to long-term joint damage and disability. It is caused by the immune system attacking the synovial membrane and joint lining, causing swelling and stiffness. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness in the small joints of the hands and feet. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and preventing further joint damage through medications, physical therapy, exercise, and sometimes surgery.
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The document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints. It begins by defining RA and noting its prevalence. The etiology is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology involves the immune system attacking the synovial tissue lining joints. Clinical features include symmetric joint pain and stiffness. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, labs like rheumatoid factor, and imaging. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and joint damage through medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and biologics. Lifestyle changes like exercise and nutrition can also help manage symptoms.
Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, causing swelling, warmth, pain, and stiffness. It results from an autoimmune reaction where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissue. This leads to a proliferative synovitis that can cause cartilage and bone destruction over time. RA is characterized by symmetrical inflammation of multiple joints that typically involves the hands, feet, wrists, and knees. It has both articular and extra-articular effects and is associated with an increased risk of comorbidities such as lung or heart disease. The cause is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial joints, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling. It affects around 1% of the population worldwide. The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, blood tests for rheumatoid factor and CRP levels, and x-ray evidence of joint damage. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and prevent further joint destruction, using medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and biologics. Surgery may be required in advanced cases to repair damaged joints.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation and damage over time. Common symptoms include pain and stiffness in the small joints of the hands and feet that is usually worse in the morning. If not treated early, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint deformity and increased disability. The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies, and x-rays of affected joints.
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The document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints and can damage heart tissue over time. It provides definitions of RA, discusses common symptoms like joint pain and stiffness, outlines diagnostic criteria and investigations used to diagnose the condition, such as checking for rheumatoid factor in the blood. The document also summarizes the pathological stages of RA and long term effects like joint deformity and disability.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, swelling, and pain in the joints. It affects approximately 1% of the world's population and 0.92% of the adult population in India. There are two main types - seropositive RA, where the body produces immune reactions to normal tissue, and seronegative RA, where tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies are negative. Risk factors include age 40-60, family history, smoking, obesity, and female sex. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, x-rays of affected joints, and blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies. Treatment includes non-pharmacological therapies as well as drugs like
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This document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the synovium lining the joints, causing pain, swelling, and inflammation. It covers signs and symptoms of RA like joint stiffness and pain. Risk factors include genetics and gender, with most cases occurring between ages 35-50. Treatment involves NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, biologics, and JAK inhibitors to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression. The pathology involves cytokines and immune cells that promote inflammation, and diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical exam, blood tests, and x-rays.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by symmetric synovitis and joint erosions. Approximately 1% of adults are affected. RA results in significant costs, morbidity, and mortality. The pathogenesis involves genetic and immunological factors. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow structural damage. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are first-line treatments, with the goal of controlling disease activity and slowing progression. Combination DMARD therapy may provide superior outcomes to single agents. New therapies are still needed to further improve safety profiles and disease control.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, typically affecting the small joints in the hands and feet. It results in warm, swollen, and painful joints and symptoms often worsen with rest. While the cause is unknown, it involves the immune system attacking the synovium lining of joints, causing swelling and damage over time. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, physical exam findings, and blood tests for rheumatoid factor or anti-CCP antibodies. Complications can include joint deformity and damage, as well as increased risk of osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, heart and lung problems.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints and causes pain, stiffness, and swelling. It impacts around 1% of the adult population worldwide. While conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate are usually the first line of treatment, biological DMARDs or biologics targeting molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are used for cases that are resistant to conventional DMARDs. Biologics have revolutionized RA treatment by providing rapid relief and preventing long-term joint damage. The monoclonal antibody rituximab depletes B cells and is effective for RA by reducing inflammation and rheumatoid factor levels. It is administered as two 1000 mg intravenous
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DMARDs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are a heterogeneous group of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate is a common first-choice DMARD with a more rapid onset than others. It works by inhibiting folic acid metabolism. Other DMARDs discussed include sulfasalazine, gold compounds, penicillamine, chloroquine, and leflunomide. While they have different mechanisms of action and chemical structures, DMARDs may halt or reverse the underlying disease process in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints that can lead to long-term joint damage and disability. It is caused by the immune system attacking the synovial membrane and joint lining, causing swelling and stiffness. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness in the small joints of the hands and feet. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and preventing further joint damage through medications, physical therapy, exercise, and sometimes surgery.
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The document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints. It begins by defining RA and noting its prevalence. The etiology is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology involves the immune system attacking the synovial tissue lining joints. Clinical features include symmetric joint pain and stiffness. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, labs like rheumatoid factor, and imaging. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and joint damage through medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and biologics. Lifestyle changes like exercise and nutrition can also help manage symptoms.
Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, causing swelling, warmth, pain, and stiffness. It results from an autoimmune reaction where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissue. This leads to a proliferative synovitis that can cause cartilage and bone destruction over time. RA is characterized by symmetrical inflammation of multiple joints that typically involves the hands, feet, wrists, and knees. It has both articular and extra-articular effects and is associated with an increased risk of comorbidities such as lung or heart disease. The cause is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial joints, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling. It affects around 1% of the population worldwide. The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, blood tests for rheumatoid factor and CRP levels, and x-ray evidence of joint damage. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and prevent further joint destruction, using medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and biologics. Surgery may be required in advanced cases to repair damaged joints.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.pptx
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation and damage over time. Common symptoms include pain and stiffness in the small joints of the hands and feet that is usually worse in the morning. If not treated early, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint deformity and increased disability. The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam, blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies, and x-rays of affected joints.
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The document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints and can damage heart tissue over time. It provides definitions of RA, discusses common symptoms like joint pain and stiffness, outlines diagnostic criteria and investigations used to diagnose the condition, such as checking for rheumatoid factor in the blood. The document also summarizes the pathological stages of RA and long term effects like joint deformity and disability.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, swelling, and pain in the joints. It affects approximately 1% of the world's population and 0.92% of the adult population in India. There are two main types - seropositive RA, where the body produces immune reactions to normal tissue, and seronegative RA, where tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies are negative. Risk factors include age 40-60, family history, smoking, obesity, and female sex. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, x-rays of affected joints, and blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies. Treatment includes non-pharmacological therapies as well as drugs like
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Rheumatoid arthritis
This document discusses rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the synovium lining the joints, causing pain, swelling, and inflammation. It covers signs and symptoms of RA like joint stiffness and pain. Risk factors include genetics and gender, with most cases occurring between ages 35-50. Treatment involves NSAIDs, DMARDs, corticosteroids, biologics, and JAK inhibitors to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression. The pathology involves cytokines and immune cells that promote inflammation, and diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical exam, blood tests, and x-rays.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage breakdown. It is the most common form of arthritis, often affecting the knees in 70% of people over age 60. Osteoarthritis can cause functional impairment and disability in older adults and is a leading cause of joint replacement surgery. Risk factors include age, obesity, genetics, and joint trauma. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and preserving function through lifestyle changes, physical therapy, braces, and medications like acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids. Surgery is considered for severe, treatment-resistant cases.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by symmetric synovitis and joint erosions. Approximately 1% of adults are affected. RA results in significant costs, morbidity, and mortality. The pathogenesis involves genetic and immunological factors. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow structural damage. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate are first-line treatments, with the goal of controlling disease activity and slowing progression. Combination DMARD therapy may provide superior outcomes to single agents. New therapies are still needed to further improve safety profiles and disease control.
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This document provides an overview of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including its definition, incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, diagnosis, and treatment. RA is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, most commonly in the hands, feet and wrists. It occurs in around 3% of adults and is more common in females. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis. Clinically, it presents with symmetric joint swelling, stiffness, and can involve extra-articular structures. Investigations include blood tests and x-rays. Treatment aims to control symptoms, prevent joint damage, and involves medications like DMARDs and biologics, as well as physical therapy and surgery.
Muscle weakness & rash (Dermatomyositis)
This document discusses muscle weakness and skin rash (dermatomyositis). It provides information on the clinical presentation, causes, diagnostic criteria and classification, investigations, histopathological findings, treatment and prognosis of dermatomyositis. Key points include that dermatomyositis involves proximal muscle weakness and a skin rash. Diagnosis involves elevated muscle enzymes, electromyography, muscle biopsy and the presence of a skin rash. Treatment primarily involves oral steroids. Prognosis depends on factors like age, presence of malignancy and disease recalcitrance.
Rheumatic arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints.Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body.
Septic arthritis
This document discusses septic arthritis, which is a joint infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms invading the joint space. Common causes include bloodstream dissemination from a distant infection, adjacent soft tissue infection, or trauma. Symptoms include intense joint pain, swelling, and inability to move the joint. Diagnosis involves joint fluid analysis showing inflammatory cells. Treatment requires appropriate antibiotics based on culture results as well as surgical drainage of the joint in some cases. Risk factors include diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or immunosuppression. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent joint destruction and systemic infection.
septicarthritis-140504005810-phpapp01.pdf
This document discusses septic arthritis, which is a joint inflammation caused by an infection. It most commonly affects children under 5 and joints like the knee, hip, elbow and shoulder. Common causes are bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms include fever, pain and reluctance to move the joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, joint aspiration and imaging. Treatment requires antibiotics, joint drainage if needed, and several weeks of immobilization. Complications can include joint destruction if left untreated. It also describes Tom Smith arthritis, a type of septic arthritis of the hip that destroys the femoral head in infants.
Septic arthritis
This document discusses septic arthritis, which is a joint inflammation caused by infection. It most commonly affects children under 5 and joints like the knee, hip, elbow and shoulder. Common causes are bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Symptoms include fever, pain and reluctance to move the joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, joint aspiration and imaging. Treatment requires antibiotics, joint drainage if needed, and several weeks of immobilization. Complications can include joint destruction and osteomyelitis if not treated promptly.
Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are common forms of arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease that affects the joints and other organs, causing progressive joint deformity if not treated early. It can be a potentially fatal illness with increased risks of infections, renal impairment and cardiovascular disease. Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disorder and affects older individuals, particularly the weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees. It involves the breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint. Management of both conditions involves conservative measures as well as medications aimed at reducing pain and inflammation.
Septic arthritis in children
This document discusses septic arthritis in children. It notes that septic arthritis is a joint inflammation caused by infection, most commonly involving synovial joints. The most common age for septic arthritis is 1 month to 5 years. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Symptoms include fever, pain and reluctance to move the joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays and ultrasound, and joint aspiration. Treatment involves antibiotics, rest, and sometimes surgical drainage of the joint. Complications can include joint destruction and deformity if not treated properly.
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Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
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Leukemia and lymphoma are blood cancers.
A cancer of blood-forming tissues, hindering the body's ability to fight infection.
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Both Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are diseases of the brain. Both may cause forgetfulness. However, the similarities end there. In fact, researchers believe that even the memory disorder that results from Parkinson’s is distinct from the memory disorder that Alzheimer’s causes.
One main difference between the diseases is how they affect the body:
Alzheimer’s disease primarily affects memory. In advanced stages, the disease also impairs motor functions.
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Column chromatography
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Endocarditis
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Gene therapy
Gene therapy involves introducing genes into cells to treat disease. It can be used for both somatic and germ line cells. Viruses are often used as vectors to deliver therapeutic genes. Gene therapy for diabetes may involve transplanting genetically modified islet cells to produce insulin in response to blood glucose levels, inducing tolerance to one's own islet cells to prevent autoimmune destruction, or adding genes to increase islet cell survival. The goals are to maintain normal blood glucose levels regardless of diet and provide an unlimited source of insulin-producing cells.
Rational drug use
This document discusses rational drug use and the role of pharmacists in promoting it. It defines rational drug use as using the appropriate drug, dose, and dosage form for the right patient at low cost. Irrational drug use can occur through incorrect diagnosis, prescription, or dispensing. Some common types of irrational prescription and dispensing are identified. Obstacles to rational drug use include financial incentives for over-prescribing and easy drug availability. Measures like education, regulation, and management can help promote rational use. Pharmacists can play a role by selecting essential drugs, maintaining good inventory, and advising patients.
Patch clamp techniques
The patch clamp technique allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. It works by isolating a patch of a cell's membrane electrically and recording the current flowing through ion channels in that patch. Some key applications include identifying calcium channel types, studying electrophysiological cell properties, and evaluating antiarrhythmic drugs. There are several variations of the patch clamp technique that provide access to different surfaces of the cell membrane and channels.
Stem cells therapy
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide through mitosis. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and fetal stem cells which have different potency and sources. Stem cell therapy works by stem cells differentiating into the surrounding tissue when signals are received. Current applications of stem cell therapy include treatment of diseases like diabetes, baldness, blindness, brain/spinal cord injuries, and heart disease. However, there are also potential obstacles like ethical concerns regarding the source of stem cells and difficulty with transplantation.
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Rheumatoid arthritis by ved prakash panda
- 1. Presented by Ved prakash panda M.Pharm (pharmacology)
- 2. Introduction Epidemiology Aetiology Pathophysiology Clinical menifestation Diagnosis Treatment
- 3. Defination :rheumatoid arthritis is a long term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically result in swollen & painful joints. Most commonly, the wrist & hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. Epidemiology: approximately 1% of the population world wide is affected by rheuatoid arthritis, with females being 3 times more commonly affected then men.
- 4. Aetiology : 1. genetic factors contributes 60% of the risk of developing the disease. A MHC antigen HLA- DR4 is the major genetic factor. 2. Cigaratte smoking is a strong risk factor for developing Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Synovial injury/ infection with joints leads to cause of rheumatoid arthritis. As all the above factors cause modification of auto antigen.
- 5. Pathologically, RA is characterised by the infiltration of variety of inflammatory cells into the joints. Synovial membrane is made up of the cell called fibroblast or synovocytes. Because of modification of auto antigen, this is recognised by antigen presenting cell, which activates APC to initiate an immune response. APC migrate to lymph nodes and activates T- cell & B- cell. B- cell proliferate into plasma cell and produce antigen against your own antibody, and migrate to joint tissue.
- 7. Macrophage in synovium secrete cytokines like THF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6. Cytokines stimulate synovial fibroblast, they are activated, proliferate & stimulate RANKL expression which stimulate osteoblast activity i.e bone erosion. Synovial fibroblast secrete protease causing cartilage degradation. The synovial membrane becomes highly vascularised & hypertrophied, creating a pannus formation and inflamation.
- 8. Clinical manifestation: Pain, stiffness & swelling of finger, thumbs, wrists, knee & toes. Morning stiffness may last for 30min to several hours. Symmetric arthritis Extraarticular features, including osteoporosis, subcutaneous nodules. Ankylosis formation( fusion of bone in the joints).
- 9. Diagnosis: Blood test, x- rays for presence of synovitis & erosion of bones or cartilage. Morning stiffness for at least 6 weeks Swelling of 3 or more joints for at least 6 weeks. Presence of positive rheumatoid factors, it is an auto antibody present in 80% of patient with rheumatoid arthritis and term as seropositive.
- 10. Treatment: Non-pharmacological treatment: 1. Physiotherapy is found to be effective in treating both acute as well as chronic state. 2. Heat, cold & electrotherapy 3. Exercise 4. Surgeries: Joint replacement procedure- Arthroplasty Bonegrafting- artrodesis Synovial membrane is removed- synovectomy
- 11. 4 main categories of drugs employed in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 1. NSAIDs 2. DMARD’S 3. GLUCOCORTICOIDS 4. BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES
- 12. NSAIDs: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase(COX) enzyme NSAIDs inhibit production of inflammatory prostanoids. Drugs: salicylates-aspirin Acetates- diclofenac Indoles-indomethacin Propionates-ibuprofen Cox-2 selective inhibitors: Celecoxib valdecoxib
- 13. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic agents(DMARDs): All DMARDs inhibit the release or reduce the activity of inflamatory cytokines such as TNF- alpha, IL-1,IL-2,IL-6. DRUGS: Sulfasalazine Methotrexate Cyclosporin Azarhiprine
- 14. CORTICOSTEROIDS: Inhibit chemotaxis & migration of leukocyes and activity of B & T cells. Drugs: Methylprednisolone. Triamcinlone acetonide. CYTOKINES INHIBITORS: TNF alpha- Inhibitors-Infliximab, Etanercept IL-1 Antagonist-Anakinra