Let it Flow! Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments

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© 2015 Armtec LP • Confidential & Proprietary
Patrick Biro, P.Eng.
Region Engineer
Armtec
Drainage Solutions
Roger Goobie
Sales Representative
Armtec
Drainage Solutions
FRIDAY NOVEMBER 20, 2015 / 9AM PST / 11AM CST / 12PM EST
TECHNICAL WEBINAR
CULVERT DESIGN 101
BASIC HYDRAULICS, CULVERT LOCATION & END TREATMENTS

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LET IT FLOW! - CULVERT DESIGN 101
LET IT FLOW - CULVERT DESIGN 101

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YOUR SPEAKERS
Patrick Biro P.Eng.
Region Engineer
Patrick.Biro@armtec.com
Roger Goobie
Sales Representative
Roger.Goobie@armtec.com

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AGENDA
Let it Flow! – Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert
Selection, Placement and End Treatments
1. Basic Hydraulics
2. Culvert Placement
3. Durability
4. Culvert Types & Applications
5. End Treatments

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Let it Flow! – Culvert Design 101 –Basic Hydraulics,
Culvert Location & End Treatments
BASIC HYDRAULICS

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VOLUMETRIC FLOW
• Culvert capacity is measured by flow rate, Q
• Flow rate is a function of:
• Cross section area, A
• Water velocity, V
𝑄 ( 𝑚3
𝑠) = 𝐴𝑉
A (m2)
V (m/s)
• Volumetric flow:

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OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
• Velocity of water in a culvert is a function of:
• Pipe slope, S
• Cross section area, A
• Wetted perimeter, WP
• Pipe roughness, n
𝑉 =
𝑅
2
3 𝑆
1
2
𝑛
• Manning’s Equation:
A (m2)
S
WP where ( 𝑅 =
𝐴
𝑊𝑃
)

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CONVEYANCE
• Culvert capacity can be compared using one term,
conveyance, K:
𝐾 =
𝐴𝑅
2
3
𝑛
where ( 𝑄 = 𝐾𝑆
1
2 )
A1 A2 = 1.3 A1
K1 K2 = 1.4 A1
Arched Pipe
(same periphery)
Round Pipe
• Arched pipe has
greater conveyance at
the same water
elevation in an
equivalent round pipe

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PIPE ROUGHNESS
0.034 0.033
0.025
0.021
0.013 0.013 0.012
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
Manning's n
Conveyance,K,increases

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INLET CONTROL
• Shallow, high velocity flow
• Water can flow through and out faster than it can enter
• Discharge not influenced by roughness and length
• Factors that affect
discharge, Q:
1. End area
2. Inlet geometry
3. Headwater
elevation

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INLET CONFIGURATION
• Inlet geometry affects entrance loss:
0.90
0.70
0.50 0.50
0.25
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Projecting
end
Bevelled
end
Square
headwall
End section Bevelled
ring
Entrance Loss ke

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OUTLET CONTROL
• Deep, low velocity flow
• Water can flow into the culvert faster than it flow through
and out
• Discharge influenced by energy loss
• Factors that affect
discharge, Q:
1. Tailwater elevation
2. Inlet geometry
3. Slope
4. Roughness
5. Length

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SPECIAL HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS
• Uplift forces at the inlet end can cause buoyancy type
failure during high flows
• Can be avoided by anchoring the inlet
• Piping caused by seepage along the barrel wall can
cause culvert and/or embankment failure
• Can be prevented by protecting ends with end
treatment or clay seals
• Can also be
prevented by
using anti-
seepage collars
FRP anti-
seepage collar.

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END TREATMENT
• One of the major causes of culvert failure is scouring or
piping at the inlet/outlet
• Proper end treatment protects the pipe and embankment
• End treatment can also improve hydraulics of inlet/outlet
• Can be in the form of armouring and/or funnelling
Various failed or failing culverts.

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CULVERT PLACEMENT

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BURIED CULVERTS
TRAFFIC LOADING
CORRUGATED
METAL PIPE
DIA.
SOIL COVER (H)
LIVE LOAD
DEAD LOAD

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MINIMUM COVER
TRAFFIC LOADING
CORRUGATED
METAL PIPE
D
Min. COVER (Hmin)
• Minimum cover is required to:
• Keep bending moments small enough to be safely neglected
• Prevent soil wedge upheaval
H 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐷
6
*or 300mm; whichever
is greater; for culverts
<3000mm dia.

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MINIMUM SPACING
CORRUGATED
METAL PIPE
D
Min.
SPACING
(Smin)
S 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐷
2
• Minimum spacing depends on shape, size, and type of
backfill materials
*or 300mm min. to
900mm max.; for round
culverts up to 3000mm
dia.

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CULVERT ALIGNMENT
1. Minimize impact to
natural alignment
2. Provide stream with
direct entrance and exit
3. Avoid course change
near exit

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CULVERT ALIGNMENT
• Culverts buried below natural streambed can lose
anticipated waterway depth
• Ideal grade should:
• Minimize length
• Account for settlement
• Account for sediment
• Ideal grade should not:
• Produce sediment
• Induce excessive
velocity
• Cause scour

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CULVERT ALIGNMENT
• Skewed culverts require balanced fill
• Warped embankment or full head walls may be required
𝑑 = 1.5 (𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)

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FISH-BEARING STREAMS
• Fish-bearing streams may require a natural stream bed
• Can be achieved with embedded culverts or open-
bottom arches
• Some regulations require minimum embedment
• Sensitive streams may require undisturbed stream bed
Arched PipeRound Pipe Open-Bottom Arch
20% embedded
40%
embedded
Natural or undisturbed
stream bed

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DURABILITY

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COATINGS
Galvanized. ALT2.
Polymer-laminated (TRENCHCOAT). Polymer-coated (Strata-CAT).

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COATINGS – pH AND RESISTIVITY
• pH and Resistivity (Ohm-cm) can be used to determine the
life of a steel culvert
• Resistivity is a function of CaCO3 and Cl concentration

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COATINGS – pH AND RESISTIVITY
Vinegar – 3 pH
Orange Juice – 4 pH
Coffee – 5 pH
8 pH - Toothpaste
9 pH – Hand Soap
11 pH – Ammonia
1000 ppm – Brackish
35000 ppm - Seawater
City Water – 100 ppm
Fresh Water < 1000 ppm
Soft Water < 60 ppm
Mod. Hard 61-120 ppm
121-180 ppm Hard Water
> 180 ppm Very Hard
Non-Aggressive 2000-
8000 Ohm-cm
*Soft water + high
resistivity poses risk to
galv. coating

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PIPE DURABILITY
Galvanized
• 43 µm zinc coating
• Hard water
• 50 yrs.
- Non-aggressive
Aluminized
• 43 µm aluminum coating
• Soft water
• Mildly acidic water
• 75 yrs.
- Non-aggressive
Polymer Laminated /
Coated
• 12.0 mil (0.30mm) coating
• Soft water
• Acidic water
• Almost brackish
• 75-100 yrs.

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HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE /
STEEL-REINFORCED
POLYETHYLENE
• Polyethylene pipe or
polyethylene encapsulated
steel
• Anything but jet fuel
• 100 yrs.
PIPE DURABILITY

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BENEFIT/COST
Cost Comparison
1.0 1.2
1.9
1.6
4.0
2.0
4.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Relative Cost ($/m)
Durability

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GOOD CULVERT DESIGN
1. Properly takes care of water, bed-load, and floating debris
2. Accommodates increased runoff from anticipated
development
3. Inlet and outlet resists undermining and washout
4. Avoids detrimental change in flow pattern above and
below structure
5. Non-erosive flow within right-of-way and below the culvert
6. Will function properly after fill has caused settlement
7. Anticipates future sediment
8. Minimum cover and balance of fill
9. Material/coating meets design service life

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RESOURCES
www.cspi.ca www.ncspa.org

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CULVERT TYPES &
APPLICATIONS

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CULVERT TYPES & APPLICATIONS
Corrugated Steel Pipe - (100-3600 mm)
Corrugation types:
 38 x 6.5 mm
 68 x 13 mm
 76 x 25 mm
 125 x 25 mm
 Ultra Flo
Coatings:
 Galvanized
 Aluminized Type 2
 Polymer Laminated
 Aluminum
Applications:
 Forestry Roads
 Highways
 Storm Sewers

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Boss 2000 HDPE Pipe
 210 or 320 kPa
 100 mm – 900 mm diameter
 Dual wall
 Manning’s “N”--.012
 PH Range—1.25—14
 Plain End, Clip Bell or Bell & Gasket
Applications:
 Storm Sewers
 Drainage
 Forestry Roads

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Multi Plate
 152 mm x 51 mm Corrugation
 3 mm – 7 mm thickness
 Variety of Shapes & Sizes
 Galvanized or Polymer-coated
 Modular Lengths, 610 mm
Increments
 Stackable, Nestable Plates
Applications:
 Culverts
 Underpasses
 Conveyor Tunnels
 Bridges
 Caissons
 Mine Portals
Hearts Content Barrens, NL

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Bridge Plate
 4.3 mm – 8 mm Thickness
 4 - 18 m Standard Spans
 Variety of Standard Shapes and
Sizes
 Custom Applications
 Modular Lengths, 1200 mm
Increments
 Galvanized or Polymer-Coated
Applications:
 Bridges
 Culverts
 Pedestrian Tunnels
 Mine Portals
 Stockpile Tunnels
LET IT FLOW—CULVERT DESIGN 101

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Aluminum Structural Plate
 Marine Grade Aluminum
 Corrosion and Abrasion Resistance
 Ideal for Salt Water applications
Applications:
 Small Bridges
 Culverts
 Underpasses
Lawrencetown, N.S.

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STRUCTURAL PLATE - BENEFITS
• Segmental plate structures economically shipped to remote or
international locations via containers.
• Ease of installation w/o large cranes. They are readily available &
can be field assembled with unskilled labour.
• Less design & construction time is required, allowing earlier project
completion.
• Wide range of loading conditions
a) Deep bury.
b) Heavy live loads (haul trucks,
track vehicles).
c) Typically have reserve
capacity for overload
conditions.
d) Seismic forces.

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STRUCTURAL PLATE - BENEFITS
• Eliminates bridge decks & icy deck problems.
• No bridge deck deterioration problems.
• Eliminates constant maintenance of bridge approaches and painting
of superstructure.
• Permits the use of a constant roadway section in the vicinity of the
structure.
• The roadway is easily widened by
simply extending the ends.
• Environmentally preferred since
they permit the natural appearance
of earth slope & vegetation to be
utilized.
• Economical

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END TREATMENTS

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END TREATMENTS - CSP
• Round CSP with Large Armour Stone/
Small Cobble
• Used mainly in Highway and Forestry
road crossings
• Driveway Culverts
• Projected Ends
LET IT FLOW—CULVERT DESIGN 101

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 Arched Alzd Type 2 c/w Large
Armour Stone
 Arch CSP used where low road
profiles exist but specific end
areas are required
 Used mainly in large stream
crossings
 Projected Ends
 Higher flow rate with Arched pipe
TCH, Port Blandford, NL

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 Wooden plank used to create
Headwall
 Custom End Treatments can be
installed to blend product to make
it aesthetically appealing
 Used in areas such as Parks and
Historic Sites
Catamaran Park, NL

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END TREATMENTS - BOSS 2000
 Boss 2000 with backfill
 Pipe is sometimes left longer to
compensate for road slope
Pine Pond Forest
Access Road, NL

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 Cast in Place Concrete Headwall
 Allows length of culvert to be
shortened
 Protects roadway from erosion
and pipe undermining
Gander, NL

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 Pro-Eco-Lite Composite Headwall
 Helps funnel water into culvert
 Aesthetically appealing in
neighborhood areas
 Can be equipped with Trash
Racks and Safety Grates
Corner Brook, NL

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END TREATMENTS - STRUCTURAL PLATE
 Tunnel Liner used as Reline
 Beveled end c/w Concrete Wing
walls
 Scour protection
Terra Nova National Park, NL

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 Armour Stone protection and
Concrete Scour Wall
 Minimum roadway protection
during storm conditions
Deadman’s Bay, NL

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 Welded Wire Walls
 Wall shaped to structure in field
 Allows Structure Length to be
shorter
 Easy installation
 Structure and Wall can be
backfilled simultaneously
Fleur D’Lys, NL

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 Concrete Headwall
 Good protection in floodwater
conditions
 Trench-Coat CSP
Sydney Mines, NS

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 Concrete Headwalls c/w Gabion
Basket Wingwalls
 Aluminum Box Culvert
 Retain lower fill heights and is
aesthetically appealing
Old Perlican, NL

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 Welded Wire Wall c/w Concrete
Headwall and Scour protection
 Better protection during floodwater
conditions
Heart’s Content Barrens, NL

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 Green Mira Mesh Wall c/w
Concrete Collar
 Aesthetically Appealing
appearance
Suncor, Fort McMurray, AB

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 Bridge Plate Headwall c/w Bin
Wall Wing Walls
 Used in higher fill areas
 Holding Tank Area
 Access Roads were elevated in
case of spills
LNG Canada, Saint John, NB

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END TREATMENT
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE)
Fabric-wrapped wall. Geocell wall.

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END TREATMENT
Precast Panel Walls
RECO wall. Lock + Load wall.

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END TREATMENT
Lock + Load Walls

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 Aluminum Headwall c/w Aluminum
Wing Walls
 Marine Grade Aluminum
 Used in Salt or corrosive areas
 Prefabricate design to suit structure
design
 Ease of installation
English Harbor, Trinity Bay, NL

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CASE STUDIES
 Case Studies available on-line for
many applications
 Contact your local Armtec
Representative
Terra Nova National Park, NL

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UPCOMING WEBINARS
Keep it Flowing! – Culvert
Design 201 – Structural Design,
Durability & Installation
Friday, December 11th 2015
Presenters:
Randy McDonald P.Eng.
Frank Klita
For more info please visit
www.armtec.com/events
Remember – For CPD
certificates, send names & emails
to webinars@armtec.com!

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QUESTIONS?

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Contact Your Local Sales Rep:
www.armtec.com/sales-offices/
Todays Speakers:
Patrick Biro
Patrick.Biro@armtec.com
Roger Goobie
Roger.Goobie@armtec.com

Let it Flow! Culvert Design 101 – Basic Hydraulics, Culvert Location & End Treatments

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