This document outlines data collection and analysis procedures in research, detailing various primary data collection techniques including interviews, participant observation, focus groups, and questionnaires. It discusses the basic types of data collection procedures such as observations and document reviews, as well as the necessary components of an interview protocol. Additionally, it describes data analysis techniques like coding, content analysis, and the use of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software.

1. Data Collection and
Analysis Procedures
Lesson 3

2. Ask Yourself…
How should I plan the data gathering procedures for
my research?

3. Data Collection and
Analysis Procedures
Lesson 3

4. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
 Interview
 Participant Observation
 Focus Group Interview
 Observational Evaluation
 Biography/Autobiography
 Questionnaire

5. a. Interview
Depending on the research design.
Interview can be unstructured
(open-ended questions), structured
(closed-ended questions), semi-
structured (both closed and open
ended-questions), one time
interview, multiple interview with
same participants.

6. b. Participant Observation
Data are collected through the
researcher’s immersion in the
natural setting of research
participants for the researcher to
see, hear, feel, and experience the
participant’s daily life.

7. c. Focus Group Interview
Six to eight people participate in
the interview and because of the
variety and depth of opinions,
views, and perspectives shares, this
type of interview is a very rich
sources of data.

8. d. Observational Evaluation
The research observes and records
the verbal and non-verbal behavior
of a person or group of persons.
Participation on the part of
researcher is optional.

9. e. Questionnaire
A more formal way of gathering
facts, data, opinions, through well-
constructed instruments with very
clear purpose, directions and print.

10. BASIC TYPES OF DATA
COLLECTION PROCEDURES
 Observations
 Interviews
 Documents
 Audio and Visual materials

11. a. Observation
 observing while at the same time,
taking field notes on the behavior
and activities of research
participant at the research site.

12. a. Interview
 conducting face to face,
telephone, or focus group
interview using open-ended
questions that are intended to elicit
views and opinions from the
research participants.

13. c. Document
 poring over and recording notes
on public documents (newspapers,
minutes of meetings, official
reports) or private documents
(personal journals, diaries, letters,
emails.)

14. d. Audio and Visual materials
 studying photographs, art objects,
videotapes or any form of sound
for relevant themes, similarities,
differences among others.

15.  Cresswell (2003) adds that the researcher must equip
himself/herself with an interview protocol, so that
interview will remain focused, either face-to-face or
focus group discussion.
1. Heading
2. Instruction to the interviewer, such as opening
statements
3. The key research questions
4. Probes to follow key questions
5. Transition messages for thee interviewer
6. Space for recording interviewee’s comments and
space in which the researcher records reflective
notes.

16. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
 Coding
 Recursive Abstraction
 Content or Discourse Analysis
 Computer Assisted Qualitative Data
Analysis

17. a. Coding
 reads the data, marks segments within the data,
each one of which is labelled with a “code”-a word
or phrase that suggests how associated data
segments address the research objectives. When
coding is complete, the analyst prepares a report
summarizing codes that consistently surface,
discussing similarities and differences, or showing
the relationship between one or more codes.

18. b. Recursive Abstraction
 summarizes the sets of data, then,
further summarizes them, and so
on, resulting in a compact, distilled,
easily understood analysis.

19. c. Content or Discourse Analysis
 counts words or phrases, or
coincidences of tokens within that
data, analyses phrases and
exchanges in conversation.

20. d. Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
 uses programs in editing, revising,
and coding which allow for work
sharing, peer reviews and recursive
examination of data through any of
the following qualitative data
analysis software.

21. GENERIC STEPS TO FOLLOW IN DATA ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE
 Organize and prepare the data for analysis.
 Read through all the data.
 Begin detailed analysis with coding process.
 Use the coding process to generate a description of the
setting or people, as well as categories or themes for
analysis
 decide how the description and themes will be presented.
 Make an interpretation of data-lessons, meanings,
suggestions for new questions that need to be asked.

22. PERFORMANCE TASK #3
• With your groupmates, start working
with gathering data you needed for
your own research, then analyzed the
data collected once done.

23. Research Presentation End