The document provides guidance on conducting literature reviews and research ethics. It defines key terms like literature and studies. It outlines important steps like developing a theoretical framework, searching literature sources, taking notes, choosing a review type, and including one's own research. Rules are presented for writing literature reviews and finding information. Different literature review types and their functions are described. Characteristics of cited materials and citation style guides are also discussed. The document concludes with sections on research ethics, plagiarism, and intellectual property protection.

1. Learning from Other
Studies and Reviewing
the Literature
Chapter 3

2. Importance of Related Theories and Concepts
• A theoretical framework can be thought of as a map or travel plan. It is
important to consider relevant theory underpinning the knowledge base
of the phenomenon to be researched.
1. What do I know about the phenomenon that I want to study?
2. What types of knowledge are available to me?
3. What theory will best guide my teaching practice?
4. Is this theory proven through theory-linked research?
5. What other theories are relevant to this practice?
6. How can I apply these theories and findings in practice?

3. Definition of Literature
• Written works collectively, especially, those
enduring importance, exhibiting creative
imagination and artistic skill which are
written in a particular period, language and
subject.
• Any written materials published in book,
journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook
and encyclopedia are considered literature.

4. Definition of Studies
•Published and unpublished research
studies such as thesis, dissertation,
and research proceedings are
sources of materials that are
included in this section.

5. Rules for Writing a Literature Review
• Define the topic and audience.
• Search and re-search the literature.
• Take notes while reading.
• Choose the type of review you wish to
write.
• Keep the review focused, but make it of
broad interest.

6. Rules for Writing a Literature Review
• Be critical and consistent.
• Find a logical structure.
• Make use of feedback.
• Include your own relevant research.
• Be up to date in your review of literature
and studies.

7. What, Where and How to Find Information
• It is necessary that you list down all the important
variables which you need in your study and any theories
which you think can generate your hypothesis and those
that can explain the relationships among your variables.
• After the variables are determined, the relationship
between them posited and either a preliminary
hypothesis or investigative question stated, you continue
your search for information related to your problem
being studied.
• Check the population you want to include in your study.

8. What, Where and How to Find Information
• Know how to write citations where you can include
the author, the title, the publisher and the date of
publication, the volume number, the page number,
information about the study and the findings.
• Review and synthesize those findings that support
or reject your hypothesis or research questions.
• Use online computers for searching and retrieval of
information.
• Synthesize the reviewed literature.

9. Types of Literature Reviews
• Argumentative Review
• Integrative Review
• Historical Review
• Methodological Review
• Systematic Review
• Theoretical Review

10. Functions of Review of Literature and Studies
• To provide justification of the study
• To identify gaps, problems and needs of
related studies
• To provide rationale of the study as well as
the reasons of conducting the study
• To have basis that will be used to support the
findings of the study

11. Characteristics of the Materials Cited
• The materials must be as recent as possible,
may be 10 years back.
• Materials must be as objective and unbiased
as possible.
• Materials must be relevant to the study.
• Coherence principle must be observed in
writing literature review.

12. Citation Style Guides
• APA (American Psychological Association) – is an
author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on
the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely
identify it.
• MLA (Modern Language Association) – is most often applied
by the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA. It is
arguably the most well used of all the citation styles.
• Harvard – is very similar to APA. Where APA is primarily
used in the USA, Harvard referencing is the most well used
referencing style in the UK and Australia, and is encouraged
for use with the humanities.

13. Citation Style Guides
• Vancouver – is mainly used in medical and scientific
papers.
• Chicago and Turabian – are two separate styles but
are very similar, just like Harvard and APA. These
are widely used for history and economics.

14. APA
In text citation
Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and
include page numbers
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that “language involves attaching
meaning to symbols” (p.188). Alternatively, “Language involves attaching
meaning to symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188)
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks
Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written
language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).
Citations from a secondary source
As Hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of different groups”
(as cited in Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 14)

15. Research Ethics
Ethical writing is clear,
accurate, fair and
honest.

16. Basic Principles of Ethical Practice
• Obtained informed consent from participants
• There should be no pressure on individuals to
participate.
• Respect individual autonomy.
• Avoid causing harm.
• Maintain anonymity and confidentiality.
• Take particular care in research with vulnerable
groups.

17. Plagiarism
• It is the most widely recognized and one of
the most serious violations of the contract
between the reader and the writer.
• It is the using of someone else’s words or
ideas, and passing them off as your own.

18. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• An ethical writer always acknowledges the contributions of others and
the source of his/her ideas.
• Any verbatim text taken from another author must be enclosed in
quotation marks.
• We must always acknowledge every source that we use in our writing;
whether we paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it in quotations.
• When we summarize, we condense, in our own words, a substantial
amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into a
sentence.
• Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing, we must always identify
the source of the information.

19. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others’ work we must
reproduce the exact meaning of the other authors’ ideas or facts
using our words and sentence structure.
• In order to make substantial modifications to the original text that
result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough
understanding of the ideas and terminology being used.
• A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to readers, and to
the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect other’s ideas
and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and whenever
possible, to use one’s own words when paraphrasing.
• When in doubt as to whether a concept or fact is common
knowledge, provide a citation.

20. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• Authors who submit a manuscript for publication containing data,
reviews, conclusions, etc. that have already been disseminated in some
significant manner must clearly indicate to the editors and readers the
nature of previous dissemination.
• If the results of a single complex study are best presented as a “cohesive”
single whole, they should not be partitioned into individual papers.
• Because some instances of plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and even some
writing practices that might otherwise be acceptable can constitute
copyright infringement, authors are strongly encouraged to become
familiar with basic elements of copyright law.
• Authors are urged to adhere to the spirit of ethical writing and avoid
reusing their own previously published text, unless it is done in a manner
consistent with standard scholarly conventions.

21. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• Authors are strongly urged to double-check their citations.
• The references used in a paper should only be those that are
directly related to its contents.
• Authors should follow a simple rule: Strive to obtain the actual
published paper.
• Generally, when describing others’ work, do not rely on a secondary
summary of that work.
• If an author must rely on a secondary source to describe the
contents of a primary source, s/he should consult writing manuals
used in his/her discipline to follow the proper convention to do so.

22. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• When borrowing heavily from a source, authors should always craft their
writing in a way that makes clear to readers, which ideas are their own
and which are derived from the source being consulted.
• When appropriate, authors have an ethical responsibility to report
evidence that runs contrary to their point of view.
• Authors have an ethical obligation to report all aspects of the study that
may impact the independent replicability of their research.
• Researchers have an ethical responsibility to report the results of their
studies according to their a priori plans.
• Only those individuals who have made substantive contributions to a
project merit authorship in a paper.

23. Twenty Five Ethical Guidelines
• Faculty-student collaborations should follow
the same criteria to establish authorship.
• Academic or professional ghost authorship in
the sciences is ethically unacceptable.

24. Protecting the Intellectual Property in the Philippines
• It is enshrined in the Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines, officially known as
Republic Act No. 8293.
• Under Philippine law, original intellectual
creations in the literary and artistic domain
are copyrightable.