ppt about technique related to data collection

1. PRESENTED BY:- SOHAIL
KHAN
Data Collection Tools & Technique
and Steps of Data Collection
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SUBJECT:- RESEARCH AND STATICS

2. Data and Data Collection
⚫Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through
observation.
⚫Data collection is the process by which the researcher collect the
information needed to answer the research problems.
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3. Types of data
1. By nature
⚫Qualitative
⚫Quantitative
2. By purpose of collection
⚫Primary
⚫Secondary
3. Sources of data/Origin of data
⚫Community
⚫Hospital / clinic
⚫Laboratory
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4. Primary Data
⚫ The data collected for the first time are called primary data.
⚫ The methods mostly used in collecting primary data are survey, observation and
experiment.
⚫ Generally, all these methods are not used in a same project, because they have
both good and bad aspects.
⚫ The question which method of primary data collection should be selected
depends on the nature, time and cost.
⚫ The method should be selected according to the nature, time and cost.
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5. Secondary Data
⚫The data used once are called secondary data.
⚫It becomes much easier to collect secondary data than the primary ones.
⚫Secondary data can be collected from several sources.
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7. Qualitative data
⚫ Qualitative data are mostly non-numerical and usually descriptive or nominal in nature.
This means the data collected are in the form of words and sentences.
⚫ Often, such data captures feelings, emotions, or subjective perceptions of something.
⚫ Qualitative approaches aim to address the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a program and tend to use
unstructured methods of data collection to fully explore the topic.
⚫ Qualitative questions are open-ended.
⚫ Qualitative methods include focus groups, group discussions and interviews.
⚫ They are, however, expensive and time consuming to implement
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8. Quantitative data
⚫ Quantitative data is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed.
⚫ Quantitative data measure uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal scale, ordinal
scale, interval scale and ratio scale. Often, such data includes measurements of something.
⚫ Quantitative approaches address the ‘what’of the program.
⚫ Quantitative approaches have the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized
so comparisons can be easily made and the size of the effect can usually be measured.
⚫ Quantitative approaches however are limited in their capacity for the investigation and
explanation of similarities and unexpected differences
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10. Requirement of data for the researcher
⚫Purpose/Objectives
⚫IndicatorsVariables
⚫Data
⚫Techniques & Tools
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11. Data collection Tools
⚫The instruments or aids that we use for the purpose of collecting
and/or recording the data are called data collection tools.
⚫Questionnaire
⚫Observation checklist
⚫Guidelines (such as FGD guidelines, KII guideline etc)
⚫Survey etc
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12. TOOLS PREPARATION FOR DATA
COLLECTION
⚫Data collected on tools like Qestionnaires or schedules.
⚫Objectives of the study to be kept in mind
⚫Type of participants, nature of information and method of
analysis to kept in mind
⚫List of variables to be prepared
⚫Logical sequencing has to adopted
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13. Data Collection Techniques
⚫ Data collection techniques allow us to systematically collect information about
our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in
which they occur.
⚫ In the collection of data we have to be systematic.
⚫ If data are collected haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research
questions in a conclusive way.
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14. Various data collection techniques can be used such as:
⚫Using available information
⚫Observing
⚫Interviewing (face-to-face)
⚫Administering written questionnaires
⚫Focus group discussions
⚫Social mapping
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16. Questionnaire
⚫ A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or
other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent.
⚫ Often a questionnaire uses both open and closed questions to collect data.
⚫ The data collected from a data collection questionnaire can be both qualitative as well as
quantitative in nature.
⚫ A verbatim response refers to what an interviewer records as an answer to an open-
ended question when writing down the exact words spoken by the respondent which
helps to give the qualitative information on research.
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17. Observation
⚫ Observation method of information gathering is used by monitoring participants
in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day.
⚫ Basically, researchers observe the behaviour of the surrounding environments or
people that are being studied.
⚫ This type of study can be:
⚫Controlled
⚫Natural
⚫Participant
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18. Cont…
⚫Controlled observation is when the researcher uses a standardised procedure of
observing participants or the environment.
⚫Natural observation is when participants are being observed in their natural
conditions.
⚫Participant observation is where the researcher becomes part of the group
being studied.
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19. Observation checklist
⚫An observation checklist is a set of questions that evaluate the
performance and behavior of teachers and students in a classroom setting.
⚫Observation checklists assist an observer to identify skill gaps and
problem areas to further improve teaching strategies, classroom settings,
and student learning development.
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21. Interview
⚫Interview is a qualitative method of data collection whose results are
based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study.
Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the
professionals being interviewed.
⚫Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured
(informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be
conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewees or through
telephone.
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22. Key informant interviews
⚫Key informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews with people
who know what is going on in the community.
⚫The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a
wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or
residents who have first hand knowledge about the community.
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23. How to Conduct the Key Informant Interviews
⚫ Formulate study questions.
⚫ Prepare a short interview guide.
⚫ Select key informants.
⚫ Conduct interviews.
⚫ Take adequate notes.
⚫ Analyse interview data.
⚫ Check for reliability and validity.
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24. Survey
⚫A survey is a research method used for collecting data from a predefined
group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topics
of interest.
⚫They can have multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct it in many
ways depending on the methodology chosen and the study’s goal.
⚫The process involves asking people for information through
a questionnaire, which can be either online or offline.
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25. Focus Group Discussion
⚫A focus group discussion involves gathering people from similar.
backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of. Interest
⚫A focus group is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people
who share similar characteristics or common interests.
⚫Focus groups are a qualitative data collection method “perceptions
attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas”, meaning that the data is descriptive
and cannot be measured numerically.
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26. Cont…
⚫The common and simplest method for selecting participants for focus
groups is called "purposive" or "convenience" sampling.
⚫This means that you select those members of the community who you
think will provide you with the best information.
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27. Steps of Conducting Focus Group Discussion
Step 1: Define the Purpose
Step 2: Select the Participants and Leader
Step 3: Manage theAtmospherics
Step 4: Develop the Questions
Step 5: Conduct the Session
Step 6:Analyse the Results
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28. Social Mapping
⚫Social mapping is a visual method of showing the relative location of
households and the distribution of different people together with
the social structure, groups and organisations of an area.
⚫Social mapping is making visible what has been invisible for a very long
time (i.e the cultural and indigenous landscapes). It helps us understand
histories and our sense of connection with them, and provides perspectives
on the future.
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29. Steps to Data Collection
Step 1: Clarify your data collection goals.
Step 2: Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Step 3: Validate the measurement system.
Step 4: Begin data collection.
Step 5: Continue improving measurement system and ensure people are
following the data collection guidelines.
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30. The GATHER steps
G= Greet clients in an open, respectful manner
A=Ask clients about themselves and pay attention to what clients express
T= Tell clients about the objectives of the interview
H= Help clients about to choose their answer and give their opinion
E= Explain fully about the survey and its benefits too.
R= Return
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