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![B)Anterior epithelium
• Single layer of nucleated epithelial cells interconnected with gap
junctions and desmosomes
• The only metabolically active part of lens
• Functionally divided into 2 zones-
i] Pre-equatorial zone- columnar cells
Actively dividing and differentiating into lens fibers
ii]Central zone-cuboidal cells
i) Transports solutes between lens and aqueous
ii) Secretes capsular material
• Maintains the osmotic balance of lens
8/25/2012 9](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lens-120825100219-phpapp02/85/Lens-9-320.jpg)
Uploaded byVishnu Narayanan
Lens
The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the lens. It discusses the lens's biconvex shape and ability to change shape to accommodate. The lens is divided into an anterior and posterior epithelium, cortex, and nucleus. It maintains transparency through organized fiber structure, hydration, and antioxidants. The lens focuses light and accommodates through changes in shape mediated by the ciliary body and zonules. Aging and various diseases can impact the lens's structure and function.
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Lens
- 1. LENS-ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY VISHNUNARAYANAN M.R
- 2. ANATOMY 1. Gross anatomy •Biconvex, transparent, crystalline structure • Ability to change shape • divides eye into anterior and posterior segments • 2 surfaces-anterior and posterior 8/25/2012 2
- 3. ciliary body Zonules Lens Zonules ciliary body 8/25/2012 3
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- 6. DIMENSIONS OF LENS 10 mm 6 mm 8/25/2012 6
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- 8. A)Capsule • Acellular elasticstructure • basement membrane -type 4 collagen+sulphated GAG • Variable thickness • Zonules run from ciliary processes and fuse onto outer layer of capsule • Main function is to mold the shape of the lens in response to tension from zonules 8/25/2012 8
- 9. B)Anterior epithelium • Singlelayer of nucleated epithelial cells interconnected with gap junctions and desmosomes • The only metabolically active part of lens • Functionally divided into 2 zones- i] Pre-equatorial zone- columnar cells Actively dividing and differentiating into lens fibers ii]Central zone-cuboidal cells i) Transports solutes between lens and aqueous ii) Secretes capsular material • Maintains the osmotic balance of lens 8/25/2012 9
- 10. C)Lens substance • Composedof lens fibres • Consist of primary and secondary fibers • Produced by mitosis of epithelial cells in the pre- equatorial zone • They elongate and undergo differentiation with pyknocytosis and eventual loss of cell oraganelles and nucleus • This is an important factor in the transparency of the lens 8/25/2012 10
- 11. • As lensfibres elongate and new ones form, the older ones are pushed towards the depth of the lens • Lens bow-shifting of lens nuclei forms a visible line in the equator • Fibres are arranged in zones in which fibres growing from opposite directions meet in sutures • Consist of nucleus and cortex 8/25/2012 11
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- 15. Cortex • Youngest lensfibres • It is located peripherally, and is composed of secondary fibres formed continuously after puberty 8/25/2012 15
- 16. Nucleus • Central part with oldest fibres • Dense and compactly arranged lens fibres • Higher refractive index than capsule • Different zones depending on period of development 8/25/2012 16
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- 19. Anterior Suture posterior suture ( erect Y ) inverted Y 8/25/2012 19
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- 21. Zonules of zinn •Suspensory ligaments/ciliary zonules • Series of fibres from ciliary process • Holds the lens in position • Assist action of ciliary muscle • Attached to lens capsule at zonular lamella 8/25/2012 21
- 22. Parts of ciliaryzonules 8/25/2012 22
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- 25. EMBRYOLOGY 1)Formation of lensvesicle • 4 weeks • Optic vesicle induces lens placode from ectoderm • Lens placode invaginates and becomes lens pit • Optic vesicle also invaginates and becomes optic cup • Lens pit separates from ectoderm to become the lens vesicle 8/25/2012 25
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- 27. 2)Formation of lensfibers and zonules • Primary lens fibres—fibres formed upto 3rd month Cells in posterior portion of lens vesicle elongate to fill vesicle forms emryonic nucleus • Secondary lens fibres—3rd month to entire life Cells in anterior portion of vesicle divide actively and elongate includes all other nucleus • Lens capsule-produced by anterior epithelial cells • Lens zonules—from neuroectoderm in ciliary area(3rd – 5th month) • Tunica vasculosa lentis--nourishment to embyonic lens branch of hyaloid artery disappears before birth 8/25/2012 27
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- 29. LENS PROTEINS Water solublelens crystallins • 90% of total lens protein 1) Alpha crystallin • Largest crystallin • Accounts for 31% total lens protein 2) Beta crystallin • Most abundant crystallin, accounts for 55% total lens protein • Most heterogenous group, 6 distinct subgroups 3) Gamma crystallin • Smallest crystallin • Least abundant-2% Water insoluble proteins • Insoluble albuminoids-12% 8/25/2012 29
- 30. WATER • Lens –dehydratedstate • Unique arrangement of proteins within lens fibres • Low protein osmotic activity within lens • Tightly packed fibres with minimum extracellular spaces • Lens epithelium transports water into the fibre mass • Half of the water -protein hydration • Water excreted via aquaporin in the equator into aqueous • Important factor maintaining lens transparency 8/25/2012 30
- 31. Electrolytes • Active transportof ions and low molecular weight metabolite takes place between lens and aqueous humour • Epithelium contains Na-K-ATPase and a calmodulin- dependent Ca-activated ATPase for the active transport of electrolytes • Fibre cells contain large concentrations of negatively charged crystallines • Positively charged cations enter the lens cell to maintain electrical neutrality • pH- 6.9-7.2 • Aminoacids transported in lens via energy dependent carrier mechanisms 8/25/2012 31
- 32. • Lipids-high concentrationof cholesterol and sphingomyelin membrane rigidity • Glutathione –major antioxidant in lens synthesized by GSH in lens present in reduced state • Ascorbic acid-synthesized by cililary body into aqueous antioxidant property • Inositol- osmolyte membrane rigidity • Taurine- osmolyte antioxidant 8/25/2012 32
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- 34. Functions of lens •Refraction Accounts for 35% of total refractive power of eye (15D out of total of 58D) • Light transmission Focusing of visible light rays on the fovea Preventing, damaging- ultra-violet radiation, from reaching the retina • Accomodation • Organizer of anterior segment 8/25/2012 34
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- 36. ACCOMODATION • Lens hasthe capacity to change the focussing power of the eye for distant and near vision • Accomodation can be divided into physical process- measure of change in shape of lens physiological process- measure of ciliary muscle contraction • Near reflex-Contraction of ciliary muscles Contraction of pupils 8/25/2012 Convergence of visual axis 36
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- 38. Theories of accomadation 1)Helmholtztheory-ciliary muscle contraction relaxation of zonules lens-spherical • aging—lens rigid—difficulty to change shape • Classical theory 8/25/2012 38
- 39. 2) Schachar’s theory–ciliary muscle contraction equatorial zonules tensed shape changes in lens Aging—diameter of lens grow—less space for proper functioning of ciliary muscles 3) Coleman’s theory— • Lens and zonules—diaphragm • Shape altered by pressure difference b/w aqueous and vitreous • Ciliary muscle-alters pressure gradient 8/25/2012 39
- 40. Maintenance of transparency • Thin epithelium • Regular arrangement of lens fibers • Little cellular organelles • Little extracellular space • Orderly arrangement of lens proteins • Relative dehydration • Semipermeable character of lens capsule • Avascularity • Antioxidants 8/25/2012 40
- 41. LENTICULAR METABOLISM • Continoussupply of ATP required for- 1. Transport of ions and aminoacids 2. Maintanence of lens dehydration 3. Continous protein synthesis 4. GSH synthesis • Major site – epithelium • Source of nutrient supply-aqueous humour 8/25/2012 41
- 42. Glucose metabolism • Energyproduction entirely dependent on glucose metabolism • Glucose enters lens by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion • Epithelial cells- GLUT-1 • Lens fibre cells-GLUT-3 • Glucose is rapidly metabolized via glycolysis so that level of free glucose in lens < 1/10 level in aqueous 8/25/2012 42
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- 44. 1)Anaerobic metabolism • Accountsfor 85% of glucose metabolism by lens • Provides > 70% of energy for lens • 1 mole of glucose gives 2 moles of ATP • Lactate generated undergoes 2 pathways of metabolism • Further metabolism via Kreb’s cycle • Diffusion from lens into aqueous 2)Aerobic metabolism (Krebs cycle) • Limited to epithelium • 1 mole of glucose gives 38 moles of ATP • Only 3% of lens glucose metabolized by this pathway • But generates up to 20% of total ATP needs of lens 8/25/2012 44
- 45. 3)Hexose monophosphate shunt •Accounts for 5% of glucose metabolism by lens • Important source of NADPH required for other metabolic pathways e.g. sorbitol pathway and glutathione reductase 4)Sorbitol pathway • Accounts for 5% of glucose metabolism by lens • When sorbitol accumulates within cells of lens, it sets up an osmotic gradient that induces influx of water and lens swelling, and ultimate loss of lens transparency 8/25/2012 45
- 46. Changes during aging 1)Changesin structure • Crystallins—proteolysis,decresed solubility,aggregation racemization and deamidation of aminoacids • Cytoskeleton—proteolysis and insolubilization—disassembly of fibres • Leads to opacities –nuclear sclerosis—senile cataract 2)Less elasticity of lens— loss of power of accomodation— presbyopia 3)Overall reduction in light transmission 8/25/2012 46
- 47. DISEASES OF LENS 1)CONGENITALDISORDERS • Coloboma • Lenticonus • Lentiglobus • Microspherophalus • Mittendorf dot 2)CATARACTS • Congenital • Acquired 8/25/2012 47
- 48. 3) Miscellaneous disorders •Posterior capsular opacification • Aphakia • Pseudophakia • Exfoliation of capsule • Psuedoexfoliation and psuedoexfoliation glaucoma • Lens induced glaucoma • Ectopia lentis • Lens induced uveatits • Loss of accomodation-aging,cataract,surgery 4)Several systemic diseases are also associated with disorders of the lens 8/25/2012 48
Editor's Notes
- #8 Anterior thickness greaterInverted basmnt membrane
- #9 Thiker anteriorlyThiker in pre equatorial regions
- #11 Fibre cell cycle stops-CDK INHIBITORS AND Rb geneElongation—microtubuleesFibredifferensiation—fibroblast gf and insulin likgfOrganelle degradation-15 lipoxygenase
- #13 Adhesive junctions by microtubules—early stagesBall and socket junctions– on reaching the sutures—membrane intact during accomodation
- #23 •Pars orbicularis –The part of the zonules which lie over pars plana.•Zonular plexus- part of the zonules that lie between the cilliary processes.•Zonular fork¬- the point of angulation of the zonule, which lies at the mid zone of cilliary valleys.•Zonular limbs- consists of◦Anterior zonular limb: passes from pars plana to preequatorial part of the lens.◦Posterior zonular limb: passes from pars plicata to postequatorial part of the lens.◦Equatorial Zonular limb: passes from pars pliacata to lens equator.Pars orbicularis –The part of the zonules which lie over pars plana.Zonular plexus- part of the zonules that lie between the cilliary processes.Zonular fork¬- the point of angulation of the zonule, which lies at the mid zone of cilliary valleys.Zonular limbs- consists ofAnterior zonular limb: passes from pars plana to preequatorial part of the lens.Posterior zonular limb: passes from pars plicata to postequatorial part of the lens.Equatorial Zonular limb: passes from pars pliacata to lens equator.
- #25 Hyaloidzonules are the single layers of fibers which connect the anterior hyaloid of vitreous at the border of the patellar fossa to pars plana and pars plicata.
- #30 Alpha-chaperone activity-heat shock protein-prevent protein aggregation and precipitationBeta gamma—buffering of calcium in lens fiber cell cytoplasm
- #31 The composition enables the lens to have a refractive index considerably greater than its fluid environment and yet remain sufficiently hydrated to be deformable during the process of accommodation
- #33 Ascorbic acid also is pro-oxidant
- #35 Lens if not formed– absence of corneal endothelium abnormaldifferensiation of corneal stroma absence of iris,ciliarybody,anterior chamber
- #41 CatarcatNuclera sclerosis
- #47 Insoluble esp alpha crystallins—bind to hydrophobic domains of misfolded proteins