1) The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and the different types of radiation emitted by the sun and earth. It explains concepts like incoming shortwave radiation, outgoing longwave radiation, and how net radiation determines if the earth's temperature is increasing, decreasing, or in equilibrium.
2) Key concepts covered include the greenhouse effect, how greenhouse gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb and emit infrared radiation, and how this impacts the earth's energy budget and surface temperature.
3) The document provides information on specific heat and how much energy is required to raise the temperature of different materials like water, ice, and air. It also discusses factors that influence diurnal temperature variations.
La razón principal para el estudio de atmósferas planetarias es tratar de entender el origen y evolución de la atmósfera de la tierra. Por supuesto, en el intento de comprender el funcionamiento de nuestro sistema solar o incluso la evolución de la Tierra como un organismo, la atmósfera de la tierra es esencialmente irrelevante, ya que su masa es despreciable.
La razón principal para el estudio de atmósferas planetarias es tratar de entender el origen y evolución de la atmósfera de la tierra. Por supuesto, en el intento de comprender el funcionamiento de nuestro sistema solar o incluso la evolución de la Tierra como un organismo, la atmósfera de la tierra es esencialmente irrelevante, ya que su masa es despreciable.
Energy conservation in gensets installed in comsats lahoreMuhammad Abbas
This presentation is regarding 'Energy Conservation', presented to our respected teacher Prof. Dr. Moinuddin Ghauri.
It is a small scale design of a heat recovery system made on gensets installed in CIIT Lahore Campus. This shows how heat lost to the environment can be saved. Although the quamtum of heat on a 50 kVA genset may not be significant, but it is a demo of bigger installations which, if installed in an industry with its own power generation system, can give huge monetary benefits.
It contains the description of the Solar radiation relation with the astronomical movements of both Earth and sun. Used in the class of Hydrology at the University of Trento
Maybe too in-depth for most elementary students, but very good broad coverage for teacher background or more advanced students in elementary or middle school.
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Energy conservation in gensets installed in comsats lahoreMuhammad Abbas
This presentation is regarding 'Energy Conservation', presented to our respected teacher Prof. Dr. Moinuddin Ghauri.
It is a small scale design of a heat recovery system made on gensets installed in CIIT Lahore Campus. This shows how heat lost to the environment can be saved. Although the quamtum of heat on a 50 kVA genset may not be significant, but it is a demo of bigger installations which, if installed in an industry with its own power generation system, can give huge monetary benefits.
It contains the description of the Solar radiation relation with the astronomical movements of both Earth and sun. Used in the class of Hydrology at the University of Trento
Maybe too in-depth for most elementary students, but very good broad coverage for teacher background or more advanced students in elementary or middle school.
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Hello I am presenting before you a presentation on global warming which includes the mechanism of it and even the detailed information about how they occur due to different GHG. Hope it will be helpful to the students in understanding the global warming.
Thank You,
Tirthankar Majumder
MTech
Dept. of earth and environmental science
NIT- Durgapur
This powerpoint shows the radiation from the sun and what happens to it at the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere. The effect of greenhouse gases is included.
http://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/mod
ule-2/how-greenhouse-effect-
works.php
This figure shows the blackbody spectra of Earth and sun. The incoming radiation from
the sun is much more intense (Y-axis) than that of outgoing radiation from the Earth
because the energy emitted from a blackbody is proportionate to its temperature to the
fourth (σT4) – i.e. the sun emits a far greater amount of energy than the Earth. Incoming
solar radiation is shortwave (X-axis, wavelength in microns) and in the wavelength range
of ultraviolet and visible radiation (shown as the rainbow spectrum of colors). Outgoing
Earth’s radiation is long wave and and is in the range of infrared radiation (shown in red).
Below the blackbody spectra, molecules in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases,
interfere with incoming and outgoing radiation. For instance, ozone (O3) in the
stratosphere absorbs some of incoming radiation and is known as the ozone layer. That
said, greenhouse gases (N2O, O3, CO2, and H2O) mainly interfere with outgoing radiation.
Let’s talk about the molecular motion of these greenhouse gases to understand the
greenhouse effect.
Molecular Motions and the Greenhouse Gases H2O and CO2
2349cm-1 667cm-1
Here are the physical causes (molecular motion) of the greenhouse effect. But first… it
may be a bit chunky, so sit back, take a deep breath!
Gas molecules can absorb or emit radiation in the infrared range in two different
ways. One way is by changing the rate at which the molecules rotate. The theory of
quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter on a microscopic scale – that is,
the size of molecules and smaller. According to this theory, molecules can rotate only
at certain discrete frequencies as if vibrations of a piano string in that they tend to be
at specific “ringing” frequencies. (The rotation frequency is the number of revolutions
that a molecule completes per second.) The molecule can absorb incident wave
(energy), if this incident wave has just the right frequency.
This frequency of the radiation that can be absorbed or emitted depends on the
molecule’s structure. The H2O molecule is constructed in such a manner that it
absorbs infrared radiation of wavelengths of about 12 micrometers and longer. This
interaction gives rise to a very strong absorption feature in Earth’s atmosphere called
the H2O rotation band. As shown in the previous slide, virtually 100 % of infrared
radiation longer than 12 micrometers is absorbed with a combination of CO2 and H2O.
(By the way, the H2O rotation band extends all the way into the microwave region of
the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. above a wavelength of 1000 micrometer, which is
why a microwave oven is able to heat up anything that contains water.)
Molecular Motions and the Greenhouse Gases H2O and CO2
2349cm-1 667cm-1
The second way in which molecules can absorb or emit infrared radiation is by changing
the amplitude at which they vibrate. Molecules ...
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
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My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
5. Net radiation is positive
R net E in E out 0
E in
E out
Is earth’s temperature increasing or decreasing?
5
6. Net radiation is negative
R net E in E out 0
E in
E out
Is earth’s temperature increasing or decreasing?
6
7. Net radiation is zero
Radiative Equilibrium
R net E in E out 0
E in
=240 W/m2
E out
=240 W/m2
The earth’s temperature is constant!
7
8. E in
Solar energy
sun
Solar Luminosity (L)
Constant flux of energy put out by the Sun
L = 3.9 x 1026 W
Solar Flux Density (Sd)
the amount of solar energy per unit area on a
sphere centered at the Sun with a distance d
Sd = L / (4 p d2) W/m2
8
d
9. E in
Incoming Short-Wave Radiation
Solar Constant (S )
The solar energy density at the
mean distance of Earth from the
sun (d =1.5 x 1011 m)
d
S = L / (4 π d2)
= (3.9 x 1026 W) / [4 x 3.14 x (1.5 x 1011 m)2]
= 1370 W/m2
Earth
9
10. E in
Solar energy reaching the earth
So = 1370 W/m2
Ein= (solar constant) x (shadow area)
=So p re2
11. E in
How much solar energy reaches the Earth?
Ein = So p re2
BUT THIS IS NOT QUITE CORRECT!
**Some energy is reflected away**
Ein
re
12. E out
How much solar energy reaches the Earth?
Albedo (A) = % energy reflected away
Ein = So p re2 (1-A)
A= 0.3 today
Eout
Ein
Calculation is not required on the test
re
13. Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
Ein = So p re2 (1-A)
Eout = T4(4 p re2)
Eout
Ein
Calculation is not required on the test
14. E in E out
Radiative Equilibrium
Energy emitted by Earth = Energy absorbed by Earth
σTe4 x (4π R2Earth ) = S π R2Earth x (1-A)
σTe4 = S (1-A)/4
= 1370/4 W/m2 (1-0.3)
=342.5 W/m2 (1-0.3)
=240W/m2
Te
4
240 / 255K (-18 C )
o
14
17. The property of Greenhouse gases is its ability to
absorb and emit infrared radiation
• Main Greenhouse
Gases
– Water vapor (H2O)
– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Methane (CH4)
– Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
– Ozone (O3)
• Bonded more loosely,
vibrate and stretch
and absorb heat
• Release IR radiation
• Other Gases in
Atmosphere
– N2 = 78%
– O2 = 21%
• Tight bonds, do not
vibrate or stretch
• IR radiation passes
through
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm
18. Absorption of radiation by greenhouse gases
Relative radiation
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Sun
6400oC
Earth
-18oC
Atmospheric window
Wavelength (m)
Absorption
Absorption by
Absorption by
carbon
by water dioxide
ozone
vapor
20. Q: If H2O is a more important greenhouse gas than
CO2, why do we worry about CO2 rather than H2O?
Excess H2O in the atmosphere
causes rain in a few days
Excess CO2 in the atmosphere
takes a few hundred years to remove
21. Earth energy balance
Ri
Ro
Heat transfer
At a given latitude
Ri – Ro = D
Ri = Incoming SW Radiation
Ro = Outgoing LW Radiation
D = Heat Transfer
22. Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wien’s law tells us what?
Stefan-Boltzman law tells us what?
What is the earth’s radiative equilibrium temperature without atmosphere?
How do you calculate the earth’s energy budget number 240 W/m2 (received by the
earth’s surface from short-wave solar radiation or long-wave radiation emitted by the
earth to the space) without the atmosphere?
5. What is a selective absorber? Why is the atmosphere a selective absorber?
6. Is the atmosphere a blackbody? Why?
7. What is the earth’s radiative equilibrium temperature with atmosphere?
8. What is the difference in the equilibrium temperature between with and without the
atmosphere? How does H2O and CO2 contribute this temperature difference,
respectively?
9. Why do we worry CO2 more than H2O in the atmosphere?
10. Since earth’s energy budget is in equilibrium, why the global becomes warming?
11. What is solar constant?
12. What is latent heat? How is latent heat an important source of atmospheric energy?
13. How does the average speed of air molecules relate to the air temperature?
14. What are the three heat transfer mechanisms? What are examples of these?
15. What is a blackbody?
16. What is radiative equilibrium?
22
24. How much heat is required for water
temperature to raise 1°C?
25. Specific Heat
the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance by
one degree Celsius
An example: for water,
it takes 1 calorie to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 1°C.
So the specific heat for water is
1cal/gram/°C
26. Specific heat of various substances
Substance
cal/g/oC
Water
1.000
Ice
0.500
Soil
0.250
Air
0.250
Gold
0.031
Takes more heat,
temperature rises a little
Takes a little heat,
temperature rises a lot
Q: Which city during summer will exhibit the largest
diurnal temperature variation?
A. Los Angeles or Las Vegas?
B. C. Denver, CO or NYC?
28. Incoming SR
Long-wave R
Reflected SR
Reflected SR
Albedo =
Incoming SR
Albedo=0.9
Snow
emit
Absorbed by snow
Snow is a poor absorber of solar radiation but a great
absorber and therefore emitter of long-wave radiation
31. Q: When is the minimum
temperature during a day?
Q: When is the maximum
temperature during a day?
Outgoing LW radiation
emitted by the earth should
be similar to the daily
temperature, why?
because Stefan-Boltzmann law
E=T4
32. Q: Why there is a lag between maximum
incoming SR and temperature?
Q: What determines temperature
variations?
Net radiation Net R
Net R=Incoming SW- Outgoing LW
if Net R >0, surface is warming
if Net R <0, surface is cooling
Why
lag?