Here are some additional questions to test understanding of key concepts from the document:
- Changes in Earth's orbit and axis, volcanic eruptions, variations in solar output
- Carbon dioxide is the most important for modern change. Methane is the fastest growing.
- During colder periods, less CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allowed more outgoing infrared radiation to escape to space, cooling the planet. During warmer periods, higher concentrations of GHGs trapped more heat in the lower atmosphere.
Earth's Energy Budget and solar radiation (with Animations)Sameer baloch
about earth's Energy budget. how much coming and how much radiation leaving from our surface to atmosphere from atmo to space with animated picture.
it clears your concept by animated gif photos
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Earth's Energy Budget and solar radiation (with Animations)Sameer baloch
about earth's Energy budget. how much coming and how much radiation leaving from our surface to atmosphere from atmo to space with animated picture.
it clears your concept by animated gif photos
Hollow earth, contrails & global warming calculations lectureMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
GOALS AND BENCHMARKS OF THE REFLECTION YEARЮрій Шеляженко
Asserting the Greatest Value of Human and thus fulfilling the will of God, in the Reflection Year the religious community of Believers in the Greatest Value of Human (www.ludstvo.org.ua) suggests that the believers pursued the following goals and benchmarks: protection of individuality, brainstorming, personal development, open culture, and overcoming of poverty.
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
GOALS AND BENCHMARKS OF THE REFLECTION YEARЮрій Шеляженко
Asserting the Greatest Value of Human and thus fulfilling the will of God, in the Reflection Year the religious community of Believers in the Greatest Value of Human (www.ludstvo.org.ua) suggests that the believers pursued the following goals and benchmarks: protection of individuality, brainstorming, personal development, open culture, and overcoming of poverty.
*All who have had in their possession Patillo Family Manuscript and rec'd wit...Terrell Patillo
Genesis 12:3Amplified Bible (AMP)
3
And I will bless (do good for, benefit) those who bless you,
And I will curse [that is, subject to My wrath and judgment] the one who curses (despises, dishonors, has contempt for) you.
And in you all the families (nations) of the earth will be blessed.”
Ezra 7:26Amplified Bible (AMP)
26 Whoever does not observe and practice the law of your God and the law of the king, let judgment be executed upon him strictly and promptly, whether it be for death or banishment or confiscation of property or imprisonment.”
Hosea 4:6-9Amplified Bible (AMP)
6
My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge [of My law, where I reveal My will].
Because you [the priestly nation] have rejected knowledge,
I will also reject you from being My priest.
Since you have forgotten the law of your God,
I will also forget your children.
7
The more they multiplied [in numbers and increased in power], the more they sinned against Me;
I will change their glory into shame.
8
They (the priests) [a]feed on the sin offering of My people
And set their heart on their wickedness.
9
And it shall be: like people, like priest [both are wicked and both will be judged];
So I will punish them for their ways
And repay them for their deeds.
Trinity Kings World Leadership: Sent to Allegheny Co. District Attorney Steph...Terrell Patillo
*Sent evidence and solution (Family Franchise Systems) w/A Leaders Heart Devotional(Leadership Playbook) by John Maxwell to Allegheny Co. District Attorney Stephen Zappala about fraud being done to me(3rd Generation Air Force Veteran whose leadership that has been signed off by Government Officials) by attorney Milton Raiford (who has previous history of being disbarred for this kind of behavior) and Allegheny Co. Family Court Judge Kim Clark. Before and after Attorney General Kathleen Kane said her priority was to protect Veterans from fraud, scams, and abuse...
Michele Lupo, Gianfranco Vincenzo Pandiscia
Evoluzione della fascia costiera jonica fra i fiumi Bradano e Basento attraverso l'analisi di cartografia e orto immagini storiche e recenti
Convegno Annuale A.I.C., Gorizia, 5-7 maggio 2010
Trinity Kings World Leadership: The Law of Empowerment: Elders Are to Mentor ...Terrell Patillo
Titus 2:1-7Amplified Bible (AMP)
Duties of the Older and Younger
2 But as for you, teach the things which are in agreement with sound doctrine [which produces men and women of good character whose lifestyle identifies them as true Christians]. 2 Older men are to be temperate, dignified, sensible, sound in faith, in love, in steadfastness [Christlike in character].
3 Older women similarly are to be reverent in their behavior, not malicious gossips nor addicted to much wine, teaching what is right and good, 4 so that they may encourage the young women to tenderly love their husbands and their children, 5 to be sensible, pure, makers of a home [where God is honored], good-natured, being subject to their own husbands, so that the word of God will not be dishonored.
6 In a similar way urge the young men to be sensible and self-controlled and to behave wisely [taking life seriously]. 7 And in all things show yourself to be an example of good works, with purity in doctrine [having the strictest regard for integrity and truth], dignified,
This presentation talks about our atmosphere, its composition, the layers of the atmosphere, effects of EM radiation, EM spectrum, Visible spectrum, factors affecting our atmosphere, terrestrial long wave flux and how earth's radiation release and income gets balanced in brief, the sources from which the information has been taken is mentioned in the end of the presentation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. 15 Lecture Material for Introduction of
Environmental Physics
Class 12 EE Batch
1. Sound and Light
2. Radiation Understanding
3. Global Warming
4. Terrestrial Environment
5. Extra-Terrestrial Environment
6. Natural and Man made radiation
7. Universe understanding
8. Understanding water
9. Cloud formation
10. Climate
11. Climate change
3. Radiation Understanding
1. EATRH’S ATMOSPHERE
2. STRUCTURE
3. SUN’S ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
4. Energy from the Sun
5. Atmospheric Greenhouse Effects
4. Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere
• The earth’s global average surface temperature in present
climate is 15C (59F). Without the atmosphere, it would be -18C
(-0.4F),
• About 33C or 59.4F colder! Atmosphere is the most important
component of the earth’s climate.
• Radiation vs. other heat sources:
• Total energy enter the earth’s atmosphere: 174 petawatts or
174X1015 Watts
• Solar: 99.978%, Geothermal: 0.013%, waste and fossil fuel:
0.007%, tidal: 0.002%
5. Earth’s Atmosphere
1. What is it?
A thin gaseous envelope around the planet.
Blue sky!
2. Composition
Today’s atmosphere: nitrogen (78%), oxygen
(21%), other (1%) – trace gases!
Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and most
other gases are invisible.
Clouds are not gas, but condensed vapor in the form of
liquid droplets or ice particles.
Ground based smog, which is visible, contains reactants of
nitrogen and ozone.
3. Structure Four layers:
Troposphere (overturning) From surface to 8-18 km
Stratosphere (stratified) From troposphere top to 50 km
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
6. The Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
1. Four layers defined by
temperature
Troposphere: T decreases with elevation
Stratosphere: T increases with elevation
Mesosphere: T decreases with elevation
Thermosphere: T increases with elevation
2. Importance to climate and climate change
Troposphere:
80% of Earth’s gases
Most of Earth’s weather happens
Most of the measurements
Stratosphere:
19.9% of Earth’s gases
Ozone layer:
Blocking Sun’s ultraviolet radiation
7. Energy from the Sun
1. Characteristics
Travels through space (vacuum)
in a speed of light
In the form of waves:
Electromagnetic waves
In stream of particles (Photons)
Releases heat when absorbed
2. Electromagnetic spectrum
From short wavelength, high energy,
gamma rays to long wavelength, low
energy, radio waves
3. Importance to climate and
climate change
Primary driving force of Earth’s climate engine
Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared
8. Sun’s Electromagnetic Spectrum
Solar radiation has peak intensities in the shorter
wavelengths, dominant in the region we know as visible, thus
shortwave radiation
9. Longwave & Shortwave Radiation
The hot sun
radiates at
shorter
wavelengths
that carry more
energy, and the
fraction
absorbed by the
cooler earth is
then re-radiated
at longer
wavelengths.
10. Atmospheric Greenhouse Effects
T= 15°C
(59°F)
Surface Temperature With the
Atmosphere T= –18°C
(0°F)
Surface Temperature Without the
Atmosphere
Greenhouse effects make Earth’s surface warmer!
11.
12. Greenhouse Gases
What are they?
Water vapor (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)
Ozone (O3) Chlorofluorocarbons Nitrous oxide (N2O)
(CFC’s)
Water vapor accounts for 60% of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, CO2 26%,
and the remaining greenhouse gases 14%.
CO2 contributes most (55-60%) to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect,
and methane is a distant second (16%).
CFCs cause the strongest greenhouse warming on a molecule-for-molecule
basis.
13. Nitrous
Atmospheric Absorption Oxide
Methane
Solar radiation passes
rather freely through
Earth's atmosphere. Ozone
Absorption
Earth emits longwave
Water Vapor
(100%)
energy, which either
leaks through a narrow
window or Carbon
Dioxide
is absorbed by
UV
greenhouse gases and IR
radiated back to Earth.
Total Atmo
Wavelength
14. Solar Intensity and Latitude
Solar intensity, defined as the energy per area, is different at
different latitude.
A sunlight beam that strikes at an angle is spread across a greater
surface area, and is a less intense heat source than a beam
impinging directly.
15. Unequal Radiation on a Sphere
Insolation is
stronger in the
tropics (low
latitudes) than in
in the polar
regions (high
latitudes).
17. What controls the elevation of the Sun above the horizon?
Earth’s Tilt Primarily Determines Season
18. Earth's Annual Energy Balance
The balance is
achieved locally
Incoming Solar
at only two lines
Radiation
of latitude.
A global balance
Outgoing Longwave
is maintained by Radiation
excess heat from
the equatorial
region
transferring
toward the
poles.
Unequal heating of tropics and poles
19. The Global Energy Budget: Driver of Atmospheric Motion
A balance exists between
the incoming solar and
outgoing longwave energy
averaged over the globe
and the year
However, the tilt of the
SURPLUS DEFICIT Earth means this balance
is not maintained for each
latitude
20. Questions:
• What is the current global mean surface temperature?
• Why it is 33C or 59F warmer than it would be without the
atmosphere?
• Why is climate dominated by the radiation balance of the
atmosphere?
• What are the main greenhouse gases in the earth’s
atmosphere?
• In what latitudes the earth’s gain and lost radiative energy
(heat), respectively?
21. Questions:
• What is the current global mean surface temperature?
– 15C or 59F
• Why it is 33C or 59F warmer than it would be without the
atmosphere?
– Because of greenhouse effect of the atmosphere
• Why is climate dominated by the radiation balance of the
atmosphere?
– It contributes to 99.978% of total heat flux into the atmosphere
• What are the main greenhouse gases in the earth’s
atmosphere?
– H2O, CO2, CH4, O3, CFCs, NO2
• In what latitudes the earth’s gain and lost radiative energy
(heat), respectively?
– Gain heat in the tropics or 40S-40N, loss heat in high latitudes
(50S-50N)
22. Interested in more questions? Try these
questions:
• Can you name one or more main causes of glacier
and interglacier climate change?
• What is the most important greenhouse gases for
modern climate change? What is the fastest growing
greenhouse gas?
• Earth’s climate has been much colder and warmer
than that of today. Do you know in what ways the
earth’s radiation balance was altered?