http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Earth's Energy Budget and solar radiation (with Animations)Sameer baloch
about earth's Energy budget. how much coming and how much radiation leaving from our surface to atmosphere from atmo to space with animated picture.
it clears your concept by animated gif photos
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
Earth's Energy Budget and solar radiation (with Animations)Sameer baloch
about earth's Energy budget. how much coming and how much radiation leaving from our surface to atmosphere from atmo to space with animated picture.
it clears your concept by animated gif photos
Earth's energy budget refers to the tracking of how much energy is flowing into and out of the Earth's climate, where the energy is going, and if the energy coming in balances with the energy going out. The Earth receives energy from the Sun, and it also reflects and radiates energy back into space. All of the energy that warms the atmosphere, oceans and land must be radiated back into space in order to maintain our current climate. If the amount of energy radiating back into space is decreased by even a very small amount, it can lead to warming. It is believed that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has a 'greenhouse effect' of reducing the amount of energy radiated into space.
Aircraft Noise and Child Development: An Environmental Health Risk AssessmentLouise Miller Frost
Group Presentation for the National Short Course in Environmental Health (cinducted by flinders University, but this session done as part of my MPH at Adelaide University). This presentation was the winning presentation for the year.
Presentation at the Carbon Management Council's June 5, 2008 webinar, Corporate Action: Designing Practical Sustainability Programs. Presentation by Tim McGraw, Director of Corporate Environment and Safety, Northwest Airlines.
The presentation is about how to achieve the perfect flight with the most eco-friendly aircraft. How an aircraft can be optimized to make it eco-friendly.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.1 LOCAL ENERGY BU...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.1 Local Energy Budgets, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
Hello I am presenting before you a presentation on global warming which includes the mechanism of it and even the detailed information about how they occur due to different GHG. Hope it will be helpful to the students in understanding the global warming.
Thank You,
Tirthankar Majumder
MTech
Dept. of earth and environmental science
NIT- Durgapur
http://www.ces.fau.edu/nasa/mod
ule-2/how-greenhouse-effect-
works.php
This figure shows the blackbody spectra of Earth and sun. The incoming radiation from
the sun is much more intense (Y-axis) than that of outgoing radiation from the Earth
because the energy emitted from a blackbody is proportionate to its temperature to the
fourth (σT4) – i.e. the sun emits a far greater amount of energy than the Earth. Incoming
solar radiation is shortwave (X-axis, wavelength in microns) and in the wavelength range
of ultraviolet and visible radiation (shown as the rainbow spectrum of colors). Outgoing
Earth’s radiation is long wave and and is in the range of infrared radiation (shown in red).
Below the blackbody spectra, molecules in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases,
interfere with incoming and outgoing radiation. For instance, ozone (O3) in the
stratosphere absorbs some of incoming radiation and is known as the ozone layer. That
said, greenhouse gases (N2O, O3, CO2, and H2O) mainly interfere with outgoing radiation.
Let’s talk about the molecular motion of these greenhouse gases to understand the
greenhouse effect.
Molecular Motions and the Greenhouse Gases H2O and CO2
2349cm-1 667cm-1
Here are the physical causes (molecular motion) of the greenhouse effect. But first… it
may be a bit chunky, so sit back, take a deep breath!
Gas molecules can absorb or emit radiation in the infrared range in two different
ways. One way is by changing the rate at which the molecules rotate. The theory of
quantum mechanics describes the behavior of matter on a microscopic scale – that is,
the size of molecules and smaller. According to this theory, molecules can rotate only
at certain discrete frequencies as if vibrations of a piano string in that they tend to be
at specific “ringing” frequencies. (The rotation frequency is the number of revolutions
that a molecule completes per second.) The molecule can absorb incident wave
(energy), if this incident wave has just the right frequency.
This frequency of the radiation that can be absorbed or emitted depends on the
molecule’s structure. The H2O molecule is constructed in such a manner that it
absorbs infrared radiation of wavelengths of about 12 micrometers and longer. This
interaction gives rise to a very strong absorption feature in Earth’s atmosphere called
the H2O rotation band. As shown in the previous slide, virtually 100 % of infrared
radiation longer than 12 micrometers is absorbed with a combination of CO2 and H2O.
(By the way, the H2O rotation band extends all the way into the microwave region of
the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. above a wavelength of 1000 micrometer, which is
why a microwave oven is able to heat up anything that contains water.)
Molecular Motions and the Greenhouse Gases H2O and CO2
2349cm-1 667cm-1
The second way in which molecules can absorb or emit infrared radiation is by changing
the amplitude at which they vibrate. Molecules ...
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
The ten lost tribes of israel hollow earthMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
Hollow earth & life in universe – a vedic viewMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
6. KIRCHHOFF’S LAW: Emissivity T ) = Absorptivity Illustrative example: Kirchhoff’s law allows determination of the emission spectrum of any object solely from knowledge of its absorption spectrum and temperature For any object: … very useful!
8. TERRESTRIAL RADIATION SPECTRUM FROM SPACE: composite of blackbody radiation spectra for different T Scene over Niger valley, N Africa
9.
10. RADIATIVE EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE EARTH Solar radiation flux intercepted by Earth = solar constant F S = 1370 W m -2 Radiative balance effective temperature of the Earth: where A is the albedo (reflectivity) of the Earth = 255 K
11.
12. NORMAL VIBRATIONAL MODES OF CO 2 forbidden allowed allowed IR spectrum of CO 2 bend asymmetric stretch
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16. RADIATIVE AND CONVECTIVE INFLUENCES ON ATMOSPHERIC THERMAL STRUCTURE In a purely radiative equilibrium atmosphere T decreases exponentially with z , resulting in unstable conditions in the lower atmosphere; convection then redistributes heat vertically following the adiabatic lapse rate
18. TERRESTRIAL RADIATION SPECTRUM FROM SPACE: composite of blackbody radiation spectra emitted from different altitudes at different temperatures
19. HOW DOES ADDITION OF A GREENHOUSE GAS WARM THE EARTH? 1. 1. Initial state 2. 2. Add to atmosphere a GG absorbing at 11 m; emission at 11 m decreases (we don’t see the surface anymore at that but the atmosphere) 3. At new steady state, total emission integrated over all ’s must be conserved Emission at other ’s must increase The Earth must heat! 3. Example of a GG absorbing at 11 m
20. EFFICIENCY OF GREENHOUSE GASES FOR GLOBAL WARMING The efficient GGs are the ones that absorb in the “atmospheric window” (8-13 m). Gases that absorb in the already-saturated regions of the spectrum are not efficient GGs.
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22. CLIMATE CHANGE FORCINGS, FEEDBACKS, RESPONSE Positive feedback from water vapor causes rough doubling of
23. CLIMATE FEEDBACK FROM HIGH vs. LOW CLOUDS convection T o T cloud ≈ T o Clouds reflect solar radiation ( A > 0) cooling; … but also absorb IR radiation ( f > 0) warming WHAT IS THE NET EFFECT? T o 4 T cloud 4 ≈ T o 4 LOW CLOUD: COOLING T cloud 4 < T o 4 T o 4 HIGH CLOUD: WARMING
26. TERRESTRIAL RADIATION SPECTRUM FROM SPACE: composite of blackbody radiation spectra emitted from different altitudes at different temperatures
27. ORIGIN OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL Soil dust Sea salt Aerosol: dispersed condensed matter suspended in a gas Size range: 0.001 m (molecular cluster) to 100 m (small raindrop) Environmental importance: health (respiration), visibility, radiative balance, cloud formation, heterogeneous reactions, delivery of nutrients…
28.
29. EVIDENCE OF AEROSOL EFFECTS ON CLIMATE: Observations NASA/GISS general circulation model Temperature decrease following large volcanic eruptions Mt. Pinatubo eruption 1991 1992 1993 1994 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 +0.2 Temperature Change ( o C)
30. SCATTERING vs. ABSORBING AEROSOLS Scattering sulfate and organic aerosol over Massachusetts Partly absorbing dust aerosol downwind of Sahara Absorbing aerosols (black carbon, dust) warm the climate by absorbing solar radiation
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32. EVIDENCE OF INDIRECT EFFECT: SHIP TRACKS Particles emitted by ships increase concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) Increased CCN increase concentration of cloud droplets and reduce their avg. size Increased concentration and smaller particles reduce production of drizzle Liquid water content increases because loss of drizzle particles is suppressed Clouds are optically thicker and brighter along ship track N ~ 100 cm -3 W ~ 0.75 g m -3 r e ~ 10.5 µm N ~ 40 cm -3 W ~ 0.30 g m -3 r e ~ 11.2 µm from D. Rosenfeld
33. SATELLITE IMAGES OF SHIP TRACKS AVHRR, 27. Sept. 1987, 22:45 GMT US-west coast NASA, 2002 Atlantic, France, Spain
Need to supplement with one of those diagrams…indicating that total radiation flux at the ground includes a lot of longwave.
Question: How many watts/m 2 radiated to space on a clear night in the Niger with the surface still at 320K? (200 cm -1 x 150x10 -3 W/m 2 ) x 2 = 6 x (30+20) = 300 Wm -2 . [ + 200x100x10 -3 ?] Question: What would be the emission rate if T=280 instead of 320 (a cool clear winter night)? Estimate that it goes at T 4 : (7/8) 4 = .58 => 100 Wm -2 . How much does that cool the air? Assume snow cover (perfect insulator), effect through 100 m depth of air. Heat capacity of air = 1005 J/kg/K. In 1 hour each sq. meter loses 36 KJ. 7000m of air = 10,000 kg/m 2 , so 200m is 300 kg. DelT= 360KJ/300/1.005 = 1.2 K/hr. In a night, 12 hr, 14K; 16 hr, 19K T decline!
At the root of any climate change must be a perturbation of the rad eq of the Earth, a perturbation that we call radiative forcing. The concept of radiative forcing is central to research and policy on climate change, and it is not a difficult concept to understand. The Earth is a thermal engine. A stable climate reflects a close balance between the absorption of solar radiation, indicated here by Fin, and the blackbody emission of IR terrestrial radiation, indicated here by Fout. Aerosols and clouds reflect solar radiation, reducing Fin; greenhouse gases with IR absorption features absorb the terrestrial radiation and reemit it at lower temperatures, decreasing Fout. Perturbations to the levels of aerosols or greenhouse gases thus produces a radiative imbalance which we call radiative forcing. Greenhouse gases, absorbing aerosols result in a positive radiation forcing and the Earth warms; scattering aerosols result in negative radiative forcing and the Earth cools. Eventually, on a time scale of decades limited by the thermal inertia of the ocean, the Earth adjusts to a new radiative equilibrium. For example, the warming resulting from a positive radiative forcing increases the IR terrestrial emission and hence Fout. Many complications and feedbacks are involved in this climate adjustment, involving in particular the effect on the hydrological cycle. Calculations of climate response to a radiative forcing are done by GCMs, which are first-principles physical models for the Earth’s climate. The climate sensitivity factor lambda, defined as the global chance in surface air temperature in response to a unit radiative forcing, varies by a factor of 4 between GCMs, reflecting the uncertainty in climate change calculations. However, for a given GCM, it is found that lambda is relatively insensitive to the type or magnitude of the forcing. Because the radiative forcing can be calculated with much better reliability than the ultimate climate response, it is a widespread metric for use in science and policy.
“ official chart”
Question: How many watts/m 2 radiated to space on a clear night in the Niger with the surface still at 320K? (200 cm -1 x 150x10 -3 W/m 2 ) x 2 = 6 x (30+20) = 300 Wm -2 . [ + 200x100x10 -3 ?] Question: What would be the emission rate if T=280 instead of 320 (a cool clear winter night)? Estimate that it goes at T 4 : (7/8) 4 = .58 => 100 Wm -2 . How much does that cool the air? Assume snow cover (perfect insulator), effect through 100 m depth of air. Heat capacity of air = 1005 J/kg/K. In 1 hour each sq. meter loses 36 KJ. 7000m of air = 10,000 kg/m 2 , so 200m is 300 kg. DelT= 360KJ/300/1.005 = 1.2 K/hr. In a night, 12 hr, 14K; 16 hr, 19K T decline!
Accumulation mode—happens to be in visible range; also repirable!. Growth rate is proportional to 1/r.
Highest when particle r = wavelength (pi*d)—surface wave, diffraction. Rayleigh=inefficient
Absorbing (right panel) ; Jfk jr; particle size and composition.