Water consists of an oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms by two covalent bonds. Within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar, with oxygen being partially negative and hydrogen being partially positive. This polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules or between water and other charged molecules, giving water its cohesive and adhesive properties.

1. 1

7. If the two charges have the
same sign, the electrostatic
force between them is
repulsive
Water consists of an oxygen atom
bound to two hydrogen atoms by
two single covalent bonds.

8. 8

9. 9

10. Covalent bond
Within a water molecule the
bonds between oxygen and
hydrogen are highly polar.
- oxygen is partially negative
- hydrogen is partially positive
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonds can form
between water molecules or
between water and another
charged molecule.
10

11. Hydrogen bond
between water molecules
Hydrogen bond
between water and another charged molecule.
11

12. cohesion: water molecules stick to other
water molecules by hydrogen bonding
Why they move
together?

14. adhesion: water molecules stick to other
polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

15. Figure 3.3
Adhesion
Two types of
water-conducting
cells
Cohesion
Direction
of water
movement
300 m

19. The formation of ice in
freshwater: