1. 1

2. Brick
Stable?

3. Warm
Cold
Cold
Warm

4. Warm
Cold

5. Warm
Cold

6.  inversion layer, stable?
Q: Why does the temperature increase with height in the stratosphere?
 contains ozone layer  peak concentrations are at about 20-30 km
 Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation (UV)
 The ozone then reemits this energy in the form of heat into the
stratosphere, warming it up in the mid-upper parts of the layer
 97% of atmospheric ozone is in the stratosphere
Ozone maximum

7. Bounded by the stratopause from below and the mesopause from above
99.9 % of air is below this level

8.  The layer above the mesosphere
 Temperature increases with height

10. NYC daily Weather
Temperature
dew point temperature
Relative humidity
Wind
Rain
Weather Elements

11. Climate is the
long-term average
of weather
“Climate is what you
expect, weather is what you
get.”
– Robert Heinlein

12. Is Weather or Climate ?
Ice Age?  Climate
Today’s Temperature in NYC?  Weather
Tornado?  Weather
Winter temperature?  Climate
Annual variability of precipitation in NYC?  Climate

13. Climate change usually refers to
temperature change

14. Temperature

15. Energy
is defined as the ability to do work
=
1
mv
2
m
m ass
v
velo city
2
 kinetic energy is the energy of motion
 kinetic energy is large when velocity is large

16. m = mass
1
e1
1
2
i
2
2
1 1
mv
1
e2
2
m2v
2
2
1
ei
2
v = velocity
2
m i vi
e
1
mv
2
2
kin etic en erg y
1
k BT
1
2
2
1 1
mv
1
m2v
2
mv
2
2
2
kB is the Boltzmann constant
2
2
1
2
m3v
2
3
...
1
2
N
miv
2
i
...
1
2
2
m N vN

17. Temperature and Heat
Absolute temperature 
is proportional to the average kinetic energy of
its constitute atoms and molecules
Heat  energy exchange from one object to another
What is difference between temperature and heat?

18. Object 1
Object 2
Heat = an exchange of kinetic energy
Equilibrium = Both objects have the same temperature

19. Heat
 Latent Heat
energy required for a substance (i. e. water) to change
from one state to another at constant temperature
 Sensible Heat
heat added or taken from a gas, liquid or solid that
causes a change in temperature

20. Need energy
Need energy
release energy
release energy
Lecture 4- 20

21. scale
melting
point of ice
boiling point
of water
Fahrenheit
(oF)
32
212
Celsius
(oC)
0
100
Kelvin
(K)
273
373
• Relative size of a degree F vs. a degree C--compare
the number of degrees between freezing and boiling:
100oC = 180oF
1oC = 1.8oF

22. Temperature Scales:
Fahrenheit and Celsius
(oC x 1.8) + 32 = oF
(oF - 32) / 1.8 = oC

23. Why Kelvin temperature is also
called absolute temperature?
Third Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible to cool a body to
absolute zero by any finite
process.
Although one can approach absolute
zero as closely as one desires, one
cannot actually reach this limit.

24. There are three ways of heat transfer in the atmosphere

25. Heat Transfer
 Conduction
 from warm to cold
 from molecular motions
Air is a poor conductor of heat
 Basically insignificant

26.  Convection
transfer energy through mass movement of a substance
Q: what are examples of atmospheric convection?
consider a hot parcel of air near the ground
what is the parcel going to do?
Thermals
It’s going to rise, why?
a thermal is formed
Q: By which mechanism is the
heat transferred from ground to
the air adjacent to the ground?
Lecture 4- 26