2-Energy.ppt
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The document discusses various methods of heat transfer in the atmosphere, including conduction, convection, temperature advection, latent heating, adiabatic cooling and warming, and radiative heat transfer. It also covers topics like the sun and seasons, the radiative properties of the atmosphere, the global energy budget, and how temperature is defined. Key concepts covered are the greenhouse effect, factors influencing Earth's temperature, contributions of different gases to the greenhouse effect, and the annual average energy balance of Earth.
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global-warming-ppt.pptx
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This document discusses photochemical smog, which is air pollution caused by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. It focuses on Los Angeles as a case study, noting that the stable atmosphere, plenty of sunlight, and high traffic volume provide ideal conditions for photochemical smog formation. The chemical reactions that produce smog are described, and it is noted that weather conditions like high pressure systems can cause air stagnation and exacerbate smog levels. Emission control strategies California has implemented like catalytic converters and carpool lanes are also summarized.
Global Warming.ppt
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane that are released by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The average global temperature has already risen by 1°C in the past century and is projected to increase by over 1°C in the next 100 years if emissions continue rising. Some effects of climate change include rising sea levels from melting ice caps, more extreme weather, droughts, and loss of habitats. Individual actions like reducing waste, using less plastic, and buying locally grown food can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming.
ACID BASES AND SALTS.ppt
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It explains that acids contain hydrogen ions and bases contain hydroxide ions. When an acid and base react, they form water and a salt through a neutralization reaction. Salts are formed when hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal ions. There are different types of salts including normal salts, acid salts, and basic salts depending on the reaction that forms them. Salts have various uses such as in fertilizers, drying agents, medicines, and gunpowder.
Solutions ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of solutions and solubility. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, concentration, saturation, and factors that affect solubility. It also discusses quantitative concepts such as molarity, percent by mass, and how to use stoichiometry to calculate amounts in solutions. Specifically, it explains how to calculate amounts of solutes and solvents needed using molarity, percent by mass, and mole ratios from balanced chemical equations.
More from PapuKumarNaik1 (20)
Ch 14 short version directly from 14th New Edition saved 14 Feb 2012 and 15 A...
Ch 14 short version directly from 14th New Edition saved 14 Feb 2012 and 15 A...
Recently uploaded
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Presentation made for the Webinar Series on Biomimicry for sustainability on 1st June 2024 organized by Green Building Council Sri Lanka
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR)-2023.pptx
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR-2023).
Recently uploaded (16)
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR)-2023.pptx
Environment Conservation Rules 2023 (ECR)-2023.pptx
2-Energy.ppt
- 1. The Energy Cycle (Reading AK Chapter-2) Transferring Energy in the Atmosphere Conduction: Requires Touching Convection: Hot Air Rises Temperature Advection: Horizontal Movement of Air Latent Heating: Changing the Phase of Water Adiabatic Cooling and Warming: Expanding and Compressing Air Diabatic Cooling and Warming: Adding and Subtracting Heat Radiative Heat Transfer: Exchanging Energy with Space Sun and Seasons Radiative Properties of the Atmosphere Global Energy Budget
- 2. Simple C to F conversion: F = ( TempC + TempC ) –10% +32 Example: 30deg C 86 F = (30degC + 30DegC ) – 6 + 32 C = 5 / 9 * (F – 32 ) F = (9 / 5 * C) + 32 K = 273.16 + C No Atmosphere Facing the Sun (121degC) ((250F) No Atmosphere Shadow and darkness (-157degC) (-250F) Mars 218K Venus 457o C (855o F) Temperature --Definition – A measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles within a sample. HEAT – Energy produced by motions of molecules and is the total kinetic energy of a sample.
- 3. Energy Transfer The transfer of energy between two objects due to a difference in temperature is called HEAT energy. Methods of Heat transfer include Conduction, Convection, Advection, and Radiation Adiabatic heating/cooling are constant entropy processes and have no transfer of heat
- 4. Transferring Energy in the Atmosphere -Conduction Requires Touching (land/ sea - air) -Convection Vertical Movement--Hot Air Rises -Temperature Advection Horizontal Movement -Latent Heating Phase Change of Water (Diabatic) -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) Expanding - Compressing -Radiative Heat Transfer With Space
- 5. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer
- 6. Surface and Air Temperature D. L. Walters Cook an egg on sidewalk
- 7. Hot Enough to Fry an Egg Need a surface air temperature (2m) warmer than 35º C ~ 95 º F • Egg white begins to coagulate at 62°C (144°F) while yolk begins to coagulate at 65°C (149°F). Note: This will take a few minutes
- 8. Midday Air Temperature-Desert D. L. Walters 15 min
- 9. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer 1km Vis at 1 min interval from GOES-8 7204vis.avi http://www.shodor.org/metweb/
- 10. Measured Versus Calculated Variables TEMPERATURE ADVECTION 5 10 15 COLD WARM CO LD AD V WA RM AD V 500 mb 1000 mb
- 11. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer
- 12. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer 0 C
- 13. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer Parcel does not exchange heat with its surroundings Latent Heat release Expansion cooling Compression warming Atm Avg Lapse rate ~6.5 °C/km
- 14. -Conduction -Convection -Temperature Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer I-80
- 15. The Sun Solar Constant 1368 W/m2 Radiation – The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Does not involve the movement of matter
- 16. -Conduction -Convection -Temp Advection -Latent Heating -Adiabatic (heating-cooling) -Radiative Heat Transfer IR VIS E ~5.7x10-8 x T**4 Emax ~ 2900/T Stefan-Boltzman Law (Sun 160,000 more E than Earth) Weins Law emitted emitted λ Fade
- 17. Absorption of Radiation by Atmosphere
- 18. Greenhouse Effect Venus to Hot(450C) 97%C02, 90x Sfc Pres of Earth , Mars to Cold (-53C)95% CO2, ~1% Sfc Pres Earth, and Earth 0.04% CO2…Just Right (15C) • Recycles energy and makes the planet suitable for life as we know it. • Some Trace Gases Absorb and Emit Heat (H2Ovapor,CO2,CH4,Ozone) • Albedo also has important influence on Earth’s Temperature • Without Greenhouse effect Earth would be about -18C • Water Vapor most important Greenhouse Gas (Absorbs at different wavelengths and abundant in Atmosphere) • Rough Approximation of contributions to Greenhouse effect by trace gases: -60% water vapor -20% Carbon dioxide -20% the rest to others (Ozone, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and other species) UCAR 2006 Other Planets
- 20. Annual Average Energy Balance of Earth 342 W/m2 from Earth to Space 342 W/m2 from Space to Earth In Space Solar Constant is ~1368 W/m2 (half due to night and half again due to solar zenith angle) Earth Albedo ~ 30% (107W) Aprox 50% solar energy reaches earth (AK)
- 21. Solar Zenith Angle (AK) Tropic of Capricorn ~23.5 deg S Tropic of Cancer ~23.5 deg N SUN- EARTH min/max 146-152 million km 1 complete orbit every 365.25 days
- 22. Daylight Length http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight Tilt of the Earth’s axis defines length of daylight for a given latitude Earth Rotation .25 deg / min Hours Daylight
- 23. Net radiation = net short-wave radiation + net long-wave radiation.
- 25. Image from Andy Armstrong/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration "There is considerable uncertainty in future model projections. The more important message from models is that all but a few outliers predict enormous sea ice retreat this century," Oceanographer of the Navy Rear Adm. Titley July 2009