The document discusses various operators in C++ including assignment operators, increment and decrement operators, logical operators, and the common mistake of confusing the equality operator (==) and the assignment operator (=).
It provides examples of how to use assignment operator abbreviations, preincrement and postincrement operators, logical operators like AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!) in conditions. It also demonstrates the different repetition structures like while, for, and do-while loops. Finally, it cautions about accidentally using the assignment operator instead of equality operator in conditions.
Q. Write a function two digit inverse() that reverse the digits of a two-digit integer.
Q. WAP for class account which contains two private data elements, an integer account no and a floating point account balance, and three member function.
Q. Program for Inline functions concept.
Q. WAP for area of circle square and rectangle.
Q. WAP to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius.
Q. WAP that will convert fraction into a mixed number.your function is required in decimal.
Q. WAP to show the use of friend class concept.
Q. WAP to show the concept of Friend Function
Q. WAP to use the concept of constructors and destructors.
Q. Use of default constructor without argument.
Q. Write a function two digit inverse() that reverse the digits of a two-digit integer.
Q. WAP for class account which contains two private data elements, an integer account no and a floating point account balance, and three member function.
Q. Program for Inline functions concept.
Q. WAP for area of circle square and rectangle.
Q. WAP to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius.
Q. WAP that will convert fraction into a mixed number.your function is required in decimal.
Q. WAP to show the use of friend class concept.
Q. WAP to show the concept of Friend Function
Q. WAP to use the concept of constructors and destructors.
Q. Use of default constructor without argument.
Polymer & the web components revolution 6:25:14mattsmcnulty
Polymer & the Web Components Revolution from Google I/O on 6/25/14 by Matthew McNulty. An overview of Web Components, Polymer, and the ecosystem and tools being created surrounding them.
Downtown & Infill Tax Increment Districts: Strategies for SuccessVierbicher
Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is the #1 local funding source for revitalization of downtowns and urban areas. Such areas face far different challenges than industrial parks or mixed-use neighborhoods when it comes to formulation and implementation of TIF plans. When used successfully in urban areas and downtowns, TIF can not only grow jobs and property tax base, but also serve as a tool for remediating environmental contamination, integrating green design into infrastructure and the built environment, reestablishing a community’s commercial core, improving bikeability, and retrofitting a suburban-style development pattern into walkable urban streets.
Appraisal and Performance Management in Schools - A practical approachMark S. Steed
This presentation discusses the rationale and methodology that lies behind the Berkhamsted Schools Group appraisal structure. The approach is loosely based on an industry model that considers ‘Attitudes and Behaviours’ as well as ‘Performance outcomes’. The senior team have developed a structure using a suite of appraisal grids for each of the key roles within the organisation: teacher, teaching assistant, Head of Department and Senior Leaders. The teacher appraisal structure applies from Early Years through to Sixth Form.
The presentation was given by Mark S. Steed, Principal of Berkhamsted Schools Group at TLAB15 on Saturday 21st March, 2015 hosted at Berkhamsted School.
/***********************************************************
Program Name: Simple Math Calculator
Program Author: Kyle NoCompile
Date Created: 9/28/14
Program Description:
This program performs simple arithmetic calculations.
The user enters numbers and the math operation to
perform on those numbers. The program will then display
the result of the operation. The program allows the
user to continue entering a math operation and an
integer to calculate off of the previous calculation
result.
Modified Date:
Modified Description:
***********************************************************/
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function prototypes:
void showWelcome(void);
int getUserIntegerInput();
char getMathChoice()
int getInteger(bool);
bool validateMathChoice(char choice)
int doAddition(int int1, int int2);
int doSubtraction(int, int);
int doMath(int firstInt, int secondInt, char mathFunc);
void showResult(int)
float keepCalculating();
// This is the main function (where the program begins)
int main(void)
{
// Variables to hold local data
int runningTotal; nextValue;
int mathChoice();
bool keepGoing;
// Call the showWelcome() function
showWelcome(void);
// Call the getInteger() function (for the first integer)
// and store the result in the "runningTotal" variable
runningTotal = GetInteger(true);
// Loop after each calculation to see if the user wants to keep going
do
{
// Call the getMathChoice() function and store result in "mathChoice" variable
mathChoice = getMathChoice(42);
// Call validateMathChoice() function, passing it the user's math choice
// and using the return value to decide what to do next
if (validateMathChoice())
{
// Call the getInteger() function (for the second and subsequent integers)
// and store the result in the "nextValue" variable
nextValue = getInteger(false);
// Call the doMath() function and pass it all of the user input
// and store the return value in the "runningTotal" variable (overwrite
// previous "runningTotal" variable value. This will allow for us to
// update the running total of all calculations up to this point.
runningTotal = doMath(runningTotal nextValue mathChoice);
// Call the showResult() function to show the result
showResult(runningTotal);
}
else
{
// If the user chose an invalid math function...
cout<<Not a valid math choice. Try again<<endl;
}
}
// Call the keepCalculating() function and use the return value
// to decide whether to continue looping
while (keepCalculating);
return 0;
}
// This function shows a nice welcome message
void showWelcome()
{
cout<<"******************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"Welcome to the simple calculator program!"<<endl;
cout<<"This program will do simple addition and"<<endl
cout<<"subtraction. Math is fun, so enjoy!"<<endl;
cout<<"**.
C++ code only(Retrieve of Malik D., 2015, p. 742) Programming Exer.pdfandreaplotner1
C++ code only
(Retrieve of Malik D., 2015, p. 742) Programming Exercises 24., Chapter 10.
Consider the integer 6203851479017652638. Some of the operations that can be performed on
this integer are:
(5) Determine whether the number is prime.
(6) Find the prime factorization of the number.
Write the definitions of the member functions of the class integerManipulation .
class integerManipulation {
public:
void setNum(long long n);
//Function to set num.
//Postcondition: num = n;
long long getNum();
//Function to return num.
//Postcondition: The value of num is returned.
void reverseNum();
//Function to reverse the digits of num.
//Postcondition: revNum is set to num with digits in
//in the reverse order.
void classifyDigits();
//Function to count the even, odd, and zero digits of
num.
//Postcondition: evenCount = the number of even digits
// in num.
// oddCount = the number of odd digits in num.
int getEvensCount();
//Function to return the number of even digits in num.
//Postcondition: The value of evensCount is returned.
int getOddsCount();
//Function to return the number of odd digits in num.
//Postcondition: The value of oddscount is returned.
int getZerosCount();
//Function to return the number of zeros in num.
//Postcondition: The value of zerosCount is returned.
int sumDigits();
//Function to return the sum of the digits of num.
//Postcondition: The sum of the digits is returned.
integerManipulation(long long n = 0);
//Constructor with a default parameter.
//The instance variable num is set accordingto the
//parameter, and other instance variables are
//set to zero.
//The default value of num is 0;
//Postcondition: num = n; revNum = 0; evenscount = 0;
//oddsCount = 0; zerosCount = 0;
private:
long long num;
long long revNum;
int evenCcount;
int oddsCount;
int zerosCount;
};
void integerManipulation::setNum(long long n) {
num = n;
}
long long integerManipulation::getNum() {
return num;
}
void integerManipulation::reverseNum() {
cout << "Programming Exercise" << endl;
}
void integerManipulation::classifyDigits() {
long long temp;
temp = abs(num);
int digit;
while (temp != 0) {
digit = temp - (temp / 10) * 10; temp = temp / 10;
if (digit % 2 == 0) {
evensCount++;
if (digit == 0)
zerosCount++;
}
else
oddsCount++;
}
}
integerManipulation::getEvensCount() {
return evensCount;
}
int integerManipulation::getOddsCount() {
return oddsCount;
}
int integerManipulation::getZerosCount() {
return zerosCount;
}
int integerManipulation::sumDigits() {
cout << "Programming Exercise " << endl;
return 0;
}
integerManipulation::integerManipulation(long long n) {
num = n;
revNum = 0;
evensCount = 0;
oddsCount = 0;
zerosCount = 0;
}
#include
#include "integerManipulation.h"
using namespace std;
int main(){
integerManipulation number;
long long num;
cout << "Enter an integer: ";
cin >> num;
cout << endl;
number.setNum(num);
number.classifyDigits();
cout << "The number of even digits: "
<< number.getEvensCount() << endl
<< "The number of zeros: "
<< number.getZero.
#define ENABLE_COMMANDER
#define ENABLE_REPORTER
#include <cctype> // for toupper()
#include <cstdlib> // for EXIT_SUCCESS and EXIT_FAILURE
#include <cstring> // for strerror()
#include <cerrno> // for errno
#include <deque> // for deque (used for ready and blocked queues)
#include <fstream> // for ifstream (used for reading simulated process programs)
#include <iostream> // for cout, endl, and cin
#include <sstream> // for stringstream (for parsing simulated process programs)
#include <sys/wait.h> // for wait()
#include <unistd.h> // for pipe(), read(), write(), close(), fork(), and _exit()
#include <vector> // for vector (used for PCB table)
using namespace std;
class Instruction {
public:
char operation;
int intArg;
string stringArg;
};
class Cpu {
public:
vector<Instruction> *pProgram;
int programCounter;
int value;
int timeSlice;
int timeSliceUsed;
};
enum State {
STATE_READY,
STATE_RUNNING,
STATE_BLOCKED,
STATE_END
};
class PcbEntry {
public:
int processId;
int parentProcessId;
vector<Instruction> program;
unsigned int programCounter;
int value;
unsigned int priority;
State state;
unsigned int startTime;
unsigned int timeUsed;
};
// The number of valid priorities.
#define NUM_PRIORITIES 4
// An array that maps priorities to their allotted time slices.
static const unsigned int PRIORITY_TIME_SLICES[NUM_PRIORITIES] = {
1,
2,
4,
8
};
unsigned int timestamp = 0;
Cpu cpu;
// For the states below, -1 indicates empty (since it is an invalid index).
int runningState = -1; // The index of the running process in the PCB table.
// readyStates is an array of queues. Each queue holds PCB indices for ready processes
// of a particular priority.
deque<int> readyStates[NUM_PRIORITIES];
deque<int> blockedState; // A queue fo PCB indices for blocked processes.
deque<int> deadState;
// In this implementation, we'll never explicitly clear PCB entries and the
// index in the table will always be the process ID. These choices waste memory,
// but since this program is just a simulation it the easiest approach.
// Additionally, debugging is simpler since table slots and process IDs are
// never re-used.
vector<PcbEntry *> pcbTable;
double cumulativeTimeDiff = 0;
int numTerminatedProcesses = 0;
// Sadly, C++ has no built-in way to trim strings:
string &trim(string &argument)
{
string whitespace(" \t\n\v\f\r");
size_t found = argument.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
if (found != string::npos) {
argument.erase(found + 1);
argument.erase(0, argument.find_first_not_of(whitespace));
} else {
argument.clear(); // all whitespace
}
return argument;
}
bool createProgram(const string &filename, vector<Instruction> &program)
{
ifstream file;
int lineNum = 0;
program.clear();
file.open(filename.c_str());
if (!file.is_open()) {
cout << "Error opening file " << filename << ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Lecture#5 Operators in C++
1. Computer System & Programming
Instructor: Jahan Zeb
Department of Computer Engineering (DCE)
College of E&ME
NUST
2. Assignment Operators
Assignment expression abbreviations
– Addition assignment operator
c = c + 3; abbreviated to
c += 3;
Statements of the form
variable = variable operator expression;
can be rewritten as
variable operator= expression;
Other assignment operators
d -= 4 (d = d - 4)
e *= 5 (e = e * 5)
f /= 3 (f = f / 3)
g %= 9 (g = g % 9)
3. Increment and Decrement Operators
Increment operator (++)
– Increment variable by one
– c++
• Same as c += 1
Decrement operator (--) similar
– Decrement variable by one
– c--
• Same as c -= 1
4. Increment and Decrement Operators
Preincrement
– Variable changed before used in expression
• Operator before variable (++c or --c)
Postincrement
– Incremented changed after expression
• Operator after variable (c++, c--)
5. Increment and Decrement Operators
If c = 5, then
– cout << ++c;
• c is changed to 6, then printed out
– cout << c++;
• Prints out 5 (cout is executed before the increment.
• c then becomes 6
6. Increment and Decrement Operators
When variable not in expression
– Preincrementing and postincrementing have same effect
++c;
cout << c;
and
c++;
cout << c;
are the same
7. 1 // Fig. 2.14: fig02_14.cpp
2 // Preincrementing and postincrementing.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 int c; // declare variable
12
13 // demonstrate postincrement
14 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
15 cout << c << endl; // print 5
16 cout << c++ << endl; // print 5 then postincrement
17 cout << c << endl << endl; // print 6
18
19 // demonstrate preincrement
20 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
21 cout << c << endl; // print 5
22 cout << ++c << endl; // preincrement then print 6
23 cout << c << endl; // print 6
8. 24
25 return 0; // indicate successful termination
26
27 } // end function main
5
5
6
5
6
6
9. Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition
Counter-controlled repetition requires
– Name of control variable/loop counter
– Initial value of control variable
– Condition to test for final value
– Increment/decrement to modify control variable when
looping
10. 1 // Fig. 2.16: fig02_16.cpp
2 // Counter-controlled repetition.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 int counter = 1; // initialization
12
13 while ( counter <= 10 ) { // repetition condition
14 cout << counter << endl; // display counter
15 ++counter; // increment
16
17 } // end while
18
19 return 0; // indicate successful termination
20
21 } // end function main
12. for Repetition Structure
General format when using for loops
for ( initialization; LoopContinuationTest;
increment )
statement
Example
for( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
cout << counter << endl;
– Prints integers from one to ten
No
semicolon
after last
statement
13. 1 // Fig. 2.17: fig02_17.cpp
2 // Counter-controlled repetition with the for structure.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 // Initialization, repetition condition and incrementing
12 // are all included in the for structure header.
13
14 for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
15 cout << counter << endl;
16
17 return 0; // indicate successful termination
18
19 } // end function main
15. for Repetition Structure
for loops can usually be rewritten as while loops
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationTest){
statement
increment;
}
Initialization and increment
– For multiple variables, use comma-separated lists
for (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
cout << j + i << endl;
16. 1 // Fig. 2.20: fig02_20.cpp
2 // Summation with for.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 int sum = 0; // initialize sum
12
13 // sum even integers from 2 through 100
14 for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
15 sum += number; // add number to sum
16
17 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // output sum
18 return 0; // successful termination
19
20 } // end function main
Sum is 2550
17. Examples Using the for Structure
Program to calculate compound interest
A person invests Rs1000.00 in a savings account yielding 5 percent
interest. Assuming that all interest is left on deposit in the account,
calculate and print the amount of money in the account at the end of
each year for 10 years. Use the following formula for determining
these amounts:
a = p(1+r)
p is the original amount invested (i.e., the principal),
r is the annual interest rate,
n is the number of years and
a is the amount on deposit at the end of the nth year
n
18. 1 // Fig. 2.21: fig02_21.cpp
2 // Calculating compound interest.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7 using std::ios;
8
9
10 #include <iomanip>
11
12 using std::setw;
13 using std::setprecision;
14
15 #include <cmath> // enables program to use function pow
16
17 // function main begins program execution
18 int main()
19 {
20 double amount; // amount on deposit
21 double principal = 1000.0; // starting principal
22 double rate = .05; // interest rate
23
<cmath> header needed for
the pow function (program
will not compile without it).
19. 24 // output table column heads
25 cout << "Year" << setw( 21 ) << "Amount on deposit" << endl;
26
27 // set floating-point number format
28 cout << setprecision( 2 );
29
30 // calculate amount on deposit for each of ten years
31 for ( int year = 1; year <= 10; year++ ) {
32
33 // calculate new amount for specified year
34 amount = principal * pow( 1.0 + rate, year );
35
36 // output one table row
37 cout << setw( 4 ) << year
38 << setw( 21 ) << amount << endl;
39
40 } // end for
41
42 return 0; // indicate successful termination
43
44 } // end function main
pow(x,y) = x raised to the
yth power.
Sets the field width to 21
characters, right-justified.
20. Year Amount on deposit
1 1050.00
2 1102.50
3 1157.63
4 1215.51
5 1276.28
6 1340.10
7 1407.10
8 1477.46
9 1551.33
10 1628.89
Numbers are right-justified
due to setw statements (at
positions 4 and 21).
21. do/while Repetition Structure
Similar to while structure
– Makes loop continuation test at end, not beginning
– Loop body executes at least once
Format
do {
statement
} while ( condition );
true
false
action(s)
condition
22. 1 // Fig. 2.24: fig02_24.cpp
2 // Using the do/while repetition structure.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 int main()
10 {
11 int counter = 1; // initialize counter
12
13 do {
14 cout << counter << " "; // display counter
15 } while ( ++counter <= 10 ); // end do/while
16
17 cout << endl;
18
19 return 0; // indicate successful termination
20
21 } // end function main
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23. Logical Operators
Used as conditions in loops, if statements
&& (logical AND)
– true if both conditions are true
if ( student == 1 && marks >= 70 )
++goodstudents;
|| (logical OR)
– true if either of condition is true
if ( semesterAverage >= 90 || finalExam >= 90 )
cout << "Student grade is A" << endl;
24. Logical Operators
! (logical NOT, logical negation)
– Returns true when its condition is false, & vice versa
if ( !( grade == sentinelValue ) )
cout << "The next grade is " << grade << endl;
Alternative:
if ( grade != sentinelValue )
cout << "The next grade is " << grade << endl;
25. Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)
Operators
Common error
– Does not typically cause syntax errors
Aspects of problem
– Expressions that have a value can be used for decision
• Zero = false, nonzero = true
– Assignment statements produce a value (the value to be
assigned)
26. Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)
Operators
Example
if ( payCode == 4 )
cout << "You get a bonus!" << endl;
– If paycode is 4, bonus given
If == was replaced with =
if ( payCode = 4 )
cout << "You get a bonus!" << endl;
– Paycode set to 4 (no matter what it was before)
– Statement is true (since 4 is non-zero)
– Bonus given in every case