theory building is an important tool in research comprehension. explaining the concepts, abstracts, inductive and deductive research by finding through the stages in research
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
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Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
,
theory
,
business research methods theory building
,
a ladder/steps of abstraction for concepts
,
scientific method
,
abstract level
,
deductive reasoning/logic
,
inductive reasoning
,
the scientific method: an overview
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
Six steps to help you select your research topicSets India
Are you one of the rare souls interested in research? Do you like the idea of planning an entire study and then sharing your findings with the whole world? Well, if you are a researcher, then you must know that planning and executing a study is not child’s play.
And the first and most time-consuming step of conducting research is selecting a research topic. Without a research question to answer, there will be no research, but finding a research question that you and a larger population would want an answer to is by far the most taxing task a researcher might come across.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
,
theory
,
business research methods theory building
,
a ladder/steps of abstraction for concepts
,
scientific method
,
abstract level
,
deductive reasoning/logic
,
inductive reasoning
,
the scientific method: an overview
This PPT slide presentation deals with the Meaning of hypothesis, Types of hypothesis, Parameters of a good hypothesis, Importance of hypothesis, Source of hypothesis, Format of hypotheis & Formulation of testable hypothesis.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
Six steps to help you select your research topicSets India
Are you one of the rare souls interested in research? Do you like the idea of planning an entire study and then sharing your findings with the whole world? Well, if you are a researcher, then you must know that planning and executing a study is not child’s play.
And the first and most time-consuming step of conducting research is selecting a research topic. Without a research question to answer, there will be no research, but finding a research question that you and a larger population would want an answer to is by far the most taxing task a researcher might come across.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Strict Standards Only variables should be passed by reference.docxflorriezhamphrey3065
Strict Standards: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home/socialresearch/public_html
/kb/introval.php on line 3
Home » Foundations » Philosophy of Research »
Introduction to Validity
Validity:
the best available approximation to the truth of a given
proposition, inference, or conclusion
The first thing we have to ask is: "validity of what?" When we think about validity in
research, most of us think about research components. We might say that a measure
is a valid one, or that a valid sample was drawn, or that the design had strong
validity. But all of those statements are technically incorrect. Measures, samples and
designs don't 'have' validity -- only propositions can be said to be valid. Technically,
we should say that a measure leads to valid conclusions or that a sample enables
valid inferences, and so on. It is a proposition, inference or conclusion that can 'have'
validity.
We make lots of different inferences or conclusions while conducting research.
Many of these are related to the process of doing research and are not the major
hypotheses of the study. Nevertheless, like the bricks that go into building a wall,
these intermediate process and methodological propositions provide the foundation
for the substantive conclusions that we wish to address. For instance, virtually all
social research involves measurement or observation. And, whenever we measure or
observe we are concerned with whether we are measuring what we intend to
measure or with how our observations are influenced by the circumstances in which
they are made. We reach conclusions about the quality of our measures --
conclusions that will play an important role in addressing the broader substantive
issues of our study. When we talk about the validity of research, we are often
referring to these to the many conclusions we reach about the quality of different
parts of our research methodology.
We subdivide validity into four types. Each type addresses a specific methodological
question. In order to understand the types of validity, you have to know something
about how we investigate a research question. Because all four validity types are
really only operative when studying causal questions, we will use a causal study to set
the context.
Introduction to Validity http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/introval.php
1 of 4 12/15/2016 12:25 AM
The figure shows that there are really two realms that are involved in research. The
first, on the top, is the land of theory. It is what goes on inside our heads as
researchers. It is where we keep our theories about how the world operates. The
second, on the bottom, is the land of observations. It is the real world into which we
translate our ideas -- our programs, treatments, measures and observations. When
we conduct research, we are continually flitting back and forth between these two
realms, between what we think about the world and what is going on in it. When we
are investigating a cause-effect relatio.
Theory: Meaning and elements, Importance of theory, Development of theories, Theory development process, Functions of a Theory, Evaluation of a Theory, Concepts, Abstraction, Propositions, Hypotheses
MidTerm Exam 1Subject Differential EquationNote This e.docxARIV4
MidTerm Exam 1
Subject: Differential Equation
Note: This exam contains 10 questions, please resolve the differential
Equations carefully!
Please answer this Exam in separate file contains your names and ID.
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUA
THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
COURSE OUTLINE
I. Theory,Philosophical Bases and Logic
II. Deductive Methods of Theory Development
III. Inductive Methods of Theory Development
IV. Theory Development Versus Theory Verification
Course Requirements: Workshop Outputs
LECTURE I: Theory and Philosophical Bases
1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among phenomena.
2. THEORY: is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling the phenomena.
DEFINITIONS
A Theory is a statement that explains why things happen as they do. There are three forms of a theory:
1. The "set-of-laws" form defines theory as a set of well-supported empirical generalizations, or "laws." Here, theory is thought of as "things we feel very certain about." This is the inductive form.
2. The "axiomatic" form defines theory as a set of interrelated propositions and definitions derived from axioms (i.e., things we feel certain about). This is the deductive form of a theory.
3. The "causal" form defines theory as a set of descriptions of causal processes. Here, theory "tells us how things work."
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
a. EXPLANATION: provides an answer to the question "why is the fact what it is?" that is intellectually satisfying. Formal explanation: subsuming a proposition under a broader proposition which needs no explanation. It consists of a universal generalization that is assumed to be true, a particular set of circumstances, and a conclusion which asserts that an event had to occur because it was deducible from the logic of the propositions of the theory. Such explanations are deterministic/causal/nomic. Law: (x) <If Px then Qx>; Antecedent Condition: Px; Conclusion: Qx.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY:
b. PREDICTION: proposing the occurrence of a future event given some awareness of a past or present relationship which may or may not be understood (e.g., astronomy). One can predict without explanation, but the reverse is not true. Thus explanation, rather than prediction, is the end of science.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
c. CONTROL: ability to intervene in a particular case or to alter the case of a particular relationship. In the pure case it implies complete understanding of elements and their relationships as well as a closed system. Less purely, it implies knowledge of the principles along which the phenomena vary.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
ABSTRACTNESS
Abstract concepts are independent of a specific time and place. Because scientifi ...
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUATHEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELO.docxbriancrawford30935
PROFESSOR ROBERTO N. PADUA
THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
COURSE OUTLINE
I. Theory,Philosophical Bases and Logic
II. Deductive Methods of Theory Development
III. Inductive Methods of Theory Development
IV. Theory Development Versus Theory Verification
Course Requirements: Workshop Outputs
LECTURE I: Theory and Philosophical Bases
1. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relationships among phenomena.
2. THEORY: is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining, predicting, and controlling the phenomena.
DEFINITIONS
A Theory is a statement that explains why things happen as they do. There are three forms of a theory:
1. The "set-of-laws" form defines theory as a set of well-supported empirical generalizations, or "laws." Here, theory is thought of as "things we feel very certain about." This is the inductive form.
2. The "axiomatic" form defines theory as a set of interrelated propositions and definitions derived from axioms (i.e., things we feel certain about). This is the deductive form of a theory.
3. The "causal" form defines theory as a set of descriptions of causal processes. Here, theory "tells us how things work."
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
a. EXPLANATION: provides an answer to the question "why is the fact what it is?" that is intellectually satisfying. Formal explanation: subsuming a proposition under a broader proposition which needs no explanation. It consists of a universal generalization that is assumed to be true, a particular set of circumstances, and a conclusion which asserts that an event had to occur because it was deducible from the logic of the propositions of the theory. Such explanations are deterministic/causal/nomic. Law: (x) <If Px then Qx>; Antecedent Condition: Px; Conclusion: Qx.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY:
b. PREDICTION: proposing the occurrence of a future event given some awareness of a past or present relationship which may or may not be understood (e.g., astronomy). One can predict without explanation, but the reverse is not true. Thus explanation, rather than prediction, is the end of science.
FUNCTIONS OF THEORY
c. CONTROL: ability to intervene in a particular case or to alter the case of a particular relationship. In the pure case it implies complete understanding of elements and their relationships as well as a closed system. Less purely, it implies knowledge of the principles along which the phenomena vary.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
ABSTRACTNESS
Abstract concepts are independent of a specific time and place. Because scientific statements must predict future events, they cannot be specific to past events. Scientists prefer theories that are as general as possible to time and place.
Abstract concepts are independent of specific circumst.
time value of money, future value with exercises, present value exercises. annuity, annuity due exercises, mixed flows, rule of 72 with exercise, unknown interest rate and time period with exercises. present value and future value with discounting monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, annually etc
What is your financial plan for your entrepreneurial activity?The Importance of a Financial Plan. Operating and Capital Budgets. Pro Forma Income Statements. Statement of Cash Flows: The Indirect Method
developing a business model. business model innovation. types of business model. How Business Models Emerge. Components of a Business Model. core strategy, strategic resources
Marketing plan and its steps. Selecting a Market and Establishing a Position in the Market. The Process of Selecting a Target Market and Positioning Strategy. branding. marketing mix. launch of product
The Importance of Getting Financing or Funding, Sources of Personal Financing, Examples of Bootstrapping Methods, Alternatives for Raising Money for a New Venture, Preparing to Raise Debt or Equity Financing, Sources of Equity Funding
industry, Industry Analysis, Why is Industry Analysis Important? How Industry and Firm-Level Factors Affect Performance, Techniques Available to Assess Industry Attractiveness, Studying Industry Trends
What Is a Business Plan? What's right time to develop the Business Plan?. Reasons of Developing a Business Plan. Guidelines for Writing a Business Plan. How long and detailed should it be?. Types of Business Plans. Guidelines for Writing a Business Plan. Outline of Business Plan
Feasibility Analysis
Feasibility analysis is the process of determining whether a business idea is viable.
It is the preliminary evaluation of a business idea, conducted for the purpose of determining whether the idea is worth pursuing.
Feasibility analysis takes the guesswork (to a certain degree) out of a business launch, and provides an entrepreneur with a more secure notion that a business idea is feasible or viable.
Comprehensive Feasibility Analysis, Product/Service Desirability
basic financial analysis, framework for ratio analysis, types of ratio analysis, liquidity ratios, debt ratios, equity ratios, activity ratios, profit ratio, index analysis, common size financial statements
Basic terms review
Capital budgeting introduction
Capital budgeting technique
Sensitivity analysis
Scenario analysis
present value
potential difficulties and strength of capital budgeting
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. An Economist investigation
What produces inflation
If org structure influences leadership style
◦ Both want to able to
Understand predict
3. What is then they want to
say
“If we do such and such
then so and so will happen”
Understand predict
4. What Theories then
“Help to better understand reality”
“General proposition to explain the relationship among the general
phenomena”
Play role in understanding practical res
6. What Theories then
“if facts conflict with a theory,
either the theory must be
changed or the fact”
7. Theories
Theories are nets cast to catch what we call “the world”: to
rationalize, to explain, and to master it. We endeavor to make the mesh
ever finer and finer.
Karl R. Popper
8. Theory
A coherent set of general propositions used as principles of explanation
of the apparent relationships of certain observed phenomena.
Previous studies and finding theories
14. Theory building steps
“categorization”
Researcher categorize the phenomena on the basis of attributes
Frame work is developed
◦ E-g will consumer rely on objective attributes of product or on other factors
in product development
15. Theory building steps
“defining relationship”
Researcher explore the interrelationship in classified attribute
Model is developed
◦ Several statistical techniques are available
17. ConceptGeneralized idea about a class of:
◦ Object
◦ Attribute
◦ Occurrences
◦ Processes
You would categorize empirical events or real things into concept
Concept is basic unit of theory development
That has been given a name
GNP, INTEREST RATE etc
Example:
Behavior of teacher
18. Concepts; examples
Concept are building blocks:
◦ E-g leadership, productivity, moral
In finance:
◦ GNP, risk aversion, interest rate, inflation
Accounting:
◦ Assets, liabilities, depreciation
Marketing
◦ Customer satis, market share, cus loyalty
concept Abstract reality
19. Concept (or Construct)
A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or
processes that has been given a name
Building blocks that abstract reality
“leadership,” “productivity,” and “morale”
“gross national product,” “asset,” and “inflation”
21. Researcher operates at
two level
Abstract or proposition level
◦ Knowledge and concepts
Empirical level
◦ We experience reality-that is, we observe, measure or manipulate the
objects or event
23. Latent construct
A concept that is not directly observable or measurable but can be
measure through proxy measure
24. Abstract statements
Older workers prefer different reward than younger worker
Treat employees better, get more loyal employees
Inflation in the increase as corruption increase
25. Research proposition and
hypotheses
Proposition is:
Statement explaining the logical linkage among certain concepts by
asserting a universal connection between concepts
◦ Treat employees better will make them more loyal .
26. Research proposition and
hypotheses
Hypothesis is:
Formal statement that explain the outcome
Empirically testable: Simply a guess
◦ More knowledge of product will bring more sales revenue.
◦ Consumer attitude change will decrease the revenue (examining res hypo
against reality by using data).
Should be written as true or false
29. Definitions
Abstract level -In theory development, the level of knowledge
expressing a concept that exists only as an idea or a quality apart from
an object.
Empirical level -Level of knowledge reflecting that which is verifiable by
experience or observation.
30. Theory Building A Process Of
Increasing Abstraction
TheoriesTheories
PropositionsPropositions
ConceptsConcepts
Observation of objectsObservation of objects
and events (reality )and events (reality )
Increasinglymoreabstract
32. Scientific Method
The use of a set of prescribed procedures for establishing and
connecting theoretical statements about events and for predicting
events yet unknown.
34. Always makes
four sales calls
a day
Dollar bonus for
sales volume
over quota
Concept B
(Habits)
Hypothesis at Empirical Level
Concept A
(Reinforcement)
Proposition at Abstract Level
35. A hypothesis is a proposition that is empirically testable. It is an
empirical statement concerned with the relationship among variables.
A variable is anything that may assume different numerical values.
36. Theory and Song
A fact without a theory
Is like a ship without a sail,
Is like a boat without a rudder,
Is like a kite without a tail.
A fact without a figure is a tragic final act,
But one thing worse in this universe
Is a theory without a fact.
37. Deductive Reasoning
The logical process of deriving a conclusion from a known premise or
something known to be true.
◦ We know that all managers are human beings.
◦ If we also know that John Smith is a manager,
◦ then we can deduce that John Smith is a human being.
38. Inductive Reasoning
The logical process of establishing a general proposition on the basis
of observation of particular facts.
◦ All managers that have ever been seen are human beings;
◦ therefore all managers are human beings.
