The document discusses the architecture of the Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1526 CE. It describes the five dynasties that ruled: Mamluk, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi. Important structures from the Mamluk dynasty included Qutub Minar, Balban's tomb, and Sultan Ghari tomb. Qutub Minar is the world's tallest brick minaret located in Mehrauli. Balban's tomb was the first to use arches in Indian architecture. Sultan Ghari was the first Islamic mausoleum built in 1231 CE. The document provides details on the architectural features and historical significance of these monuments from the Delhi Sultan
The Qutb Minar also spelled as Qutub Minar and Qutab Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of New Delhi, India.[3][4] The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks. The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak.
It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps.
Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is fluted with "superb stalactite bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general, minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTED WHEN QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK THE SLAVE OF MUHAMMAD GHORI WHO CAME TO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN 1206.BEFORE THIS HE WAS JUST THE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN) TO THE YAMUNA AND GANGES PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOUR YEARS WHEN HE DIED IN AN ACCIDENT IN 1210.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Lecture 02: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
The Qutb Minar also spelled as Qutub Minar and Qutab Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of New Delhi, India.[3][4] The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks. The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak.
It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps.
Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is fluted with "superb stalactite bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general, minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTED WHEN QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK THE SLAVE OF MUHAMMAD GHORI WHO CAME TO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN 1206.BEFORE THIS HE WAS JUST THE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN) TO THE YAMUNA AND GANGES PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOUR YEARS WHEN HE DIED IN AN ACCIDENT IN 1210.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Lecture 02: Islamic Architecture in India_Slave DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Slave Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
Deccan architecture is derived from sultans of Delhi and Persian architecture.
Delhi influence was brought by Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in 1340 when he shifted his capital to Daulatabad.
Artisans were brought from Delhi.
Rulers arrived from Persian gulf to west of India giving ready access to Bahamani kingdom.
First independent ruler Ala-Ud-Din Hassan Bahaman Shah was an Persian adventurer from court of Tuglaq
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. 2
Outcome:
Students will be able to understand Delhi Sultanate and its
origin, rule in India and the architectural expansion done by
the sultanate in the country..
5. The Delhi Sultanate was a Delhi-based Muslim kingdom
that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for
320 years (1206–1526).
Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the
first four of which were of Turkic origin and the last was the
Afghan Lodi.
The Lodi dynasty was replaced by the Mughal dynasty.
INTRODUCTI
ON
6. The five dynasties were :
Mamluk dynasty (1206–90);
Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414)
Sayyid dynasty (1414–51)
Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).
7. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori, was the
first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty conquered large areas of
northern India.
Delhi sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repel
an attack from the Mongol Empire.
Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach,
during the Tughlaq dynasty, covering most of Indian subcontinent.
The Delhi Sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-
Muslim wars.
8. The Sultanate caused destruction and desecration of ancient
temples of South Asia, as well as led to the emergence of Indo-
Islamic architecture.
The Delhi Sultanate is the era that enthroned one of the few
female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana from 1236 to
1240.
In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate fell and was replaced by the
Mughal Empire.
9. Chronological Summary
AD 986 Mahmud of Ghazni’s accession to the throne
1030 Death of Mahmud of Ghazni
1175-76 Invasion of Muhammad Gauri
1206 Death of Muhammad Gauri
1206-90 The dynasty of the Slave Kings at Delhi, founded by
Qutab-ud-din Aibak
(Use of materials from old Hindu temples for constr-uction of
mosques. No Islamic architecture as such )
10. 1290-1320 The Khilji Dynasty
(Development of Islamic architecture in India. Use of the true arch).
1320 The Tughlaq Dynasty begins.
(Building activity continues, especially during the later period. But the
structures now are plainer due to economic stringency- virile rather than
elegant ).
1398 Incursions of Timur and the sack of Delhi.
(Cessation of building activity and the bringing of craftsmen from
outside the country ).
1414-51 The Sayyid Dynasty
(Building activity very restricted due to lack of funds following the
Timurid raids ).
1451-1526 The Lodhi period. End of the Delhi Sultanate.
11. Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty)
Political aspect of the Mamluk Dynasties.
Important Leaders
Muhammad of Ghor conquered parts of the Indian Sub-Continent
in the late 12th century which later became the territory of the
Mamluk dynasty.
1206-1210 AD: Qutub-ud-din-aybak, former slave of Muhammad
of Ghor, declared independence of India after the death of
Muhammad of Ghor, and began the Mamluk Dynasty in 1206 AD.
He was not militant and focused on the development of his
current territories rather than spreading to other countries.
12. • 1211-1236 AD: Iltutmish was by
far the most militant Mamluk
sultan, he succeeded in spreading
his territories in all directions.
At the time of his death his eldest
son had been killed and his other
sons were incompetent so he
named his daughter as his
successor.
13. 1236-1240 AD: Raziya Sultana, daughter of Iltutmish, did not
succeed immediately to the throne because the noble did not
want a girl as a leader so they put in place one of Iltutmish’s son
who’s reign only lasted a few months before they had him
assassinated.
Raziya is famous for being the first female ruler of India.
She was the first Muslim ruler to have complete control over a
territory.
15. Balban’s Tomb
Constructed as a tomb for Ghiyas ud din Balban.
First example of arches being used in Indian architecture.
It lies within the Mehrauli Archaeological
Park in Delhi, adjacent to which stands
the tomb of his son Khan Shahid and wall
mosque.
The domes of both the tombs have
collapsed and the structures now are
ruins.
16. Built as a tomb for Iltutmish’s eldest son
It is the first Islamic mausoleum to be built in 1231 AD
Sultan Ghari
Location: Malakpur Village, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
18. Architecture of Sultan Ghari Tomb
Constructed in the manner of a fortress which is armed with a
courtyard-like area which is very rare among tomb structures.
It is based over a raised platform built of rubble masonry work.
The tomb is octagonal in shape.
it possesses four corner towers erected over a cave.
It has a double structure of an underground room for the crypt.
The grave is octagonal.
19. Its underground chambers are held together by four columns
supported on two pillars.
Lime and concrete have been employed to create the terrace
of the grave chamber.
Beautiful Afghan and Turkish patterns adorn the marble
'mihrab' of the western prayer hall.
Corbel arch construction pattern is witnessed in the tomb.
21. Qutub Minar
Worlds tallest brick minaret.
Started by Aybak and finished by Iltutmish.
Built in Mehrauli, India.
MATERIALS:
The first three stories are made of sandstone.
The next two of marble and sandstone.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq added marble to the top storey.
22. PLAN OF QUTUB COMPLEX
QUTUB
MINAR
ALAI MINAR
IRON
PILLAR
ALAI
DARWAZA
MOSQUE
ILTUTMISH TOMBSCREEN
23. HISTORY
The Qutub complex was built by Qutub Ud-Din Aybak in Delhi in
1192.
It is located within the citadel of Qila Rai Pithora where Qutb Ud-
Din had also set his administrative quarters and residence.
It was created with the dismantling and reassembling of the 27
existing Hindu and Jain temples on the site.
THE COMPLEX
Qutub complex consists of a mosque and two minarets
enclosed within a series of cloistered precincts.
This rectangular complex measures about 235 m (north-
south) by 155 m (east-west) along the exterior.
24.
25. The entrance was via four monumental gates along the north,
east and south walls, of which only the southern gate (Alai
Darwaza) remains.
The mosque, known as the Qutb Mosque, occupies the
southwest corner of the complex.
Qutb Minar (minaret) stands in the southeastern part of this
enclosure.
The unfinished Alai Minar (minaret) stands in the
northeastern part of the complex.
26. A tall screen wall with pointed archways runs along the
western edge of the precinct, creating a qibla wall for the prayer
spaces.
At the base, the diameter of the minaret is a little over fourteen
meters and it tapers towards the top, where it is only slightly
under 3 meters wide.
It has a circular stairway made of three-hundred-seventy-nine
steps to reach the top for a spectacular view.
In addition to these elements, the complex also contains
several smaller buildings: the Tomb of Iltutmish, Ala al-Din
Khalji's madrasa, and the Imam Zamin Mosque.
27. QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM
MASJID
To mark victory over Rai Pithora, Qutub-ud-Din Aibak built
the Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid in 1192 which was completed in
1198.
It is the earliest mosque in India, having a rectangular court.
The court is enclosed by cloisters which were erected with
carved columns and other architectural members from the 27
Hindu and Jain temples, which were later demolished.
Brahmanical motifs like the
kalasa and lotus on pillars
The walls and pillars are
having intrinsic Hindu
architectural motifs.
Pillars of the mosque
28. IRON
PILLARThe Iron Pillar dates back to the 4th century BC.
It is a 7 m (23 ft) column in theQutb complex, notable for the
rust-free composition of the metals used in its construction.
It is said to have been
brought to Delhi by the
Tomar king Anangpal,
somewhere in the 11th
century from Udaygiri.
The pillar was cast in its present form not forged.
Length 7.2m of which 93 cm is underground.
Diameter - 0.41 m.
Garuda idol at top missing.
Inscription on pillar
29. ILTUTMISH TOMB
It is located in the northwest to the Iron Pillar.
It is made of red sand stone, situated northwest
of the minaret.
It is a landmark in Indo-Islamic architecture.
It is believed to have had a dome which was later damaged.
There are 3 entrances on all 3 sides, but the west, which was for
the mihrabs.
It is a simple square chamber, covered originally by a circular
dome that was carried on a form of squinch arch.
Inside is decorated and elaborated with Quranic verses.
Marble is used in mehrab and cenotaph.
Interior of illtutmush’s tomb
Exterior of tomb
30. Conclusion
The Delhi Sultanate was a Delhi-based Muslim kingdom that stretched
over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).
Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of
which were of Turkic origin and the last was the Afghan Lodi.
Delhi sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repel an
attack from the Mongol Empire.
The Delhi Sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-Muslim
wars.
Raziya is famous for being the first female ruler of India.
Balban tomb is the first example of arches being used in Indian
architecture.
31. Sultan Giri is the first Islamic mausoleum to be built in 1231 AD.
Qutub Minar is the Worlds tallest brick minaret which was started by
Aybak and finished by Iltutmish. It has a circular stairway made of three-
hundred-seventy-nine steps to reach the top for a spectacular view.
Its first three stories are made of sandstone, next two of marble and
sandstone and Firoz Shah Tughlaq added marble to the top storey.
In addition to these elements, the complex also contains several smaller
buildings: the Tomb of Iltutmish, Ala al-Din Khalji's madrasa, and the
Imam Zamin Mosque.
32. “A people without the knowledge of their past
history, origin and culture is like a tree without
roots.”
Marcus Garvey
33. Assignment
1. Describe in detail with appropriate sketches the layout of
Qutub Complex.
2. What would be the reasons that led to the rise of Delhi
Sultanate in northern part of India.
Editor's Notes
Sultanate : the territory or a country ruled by a sultan.
The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.Originating in the steppesof Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia.
The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan, whom a council proclaimed ruler of all the Mongols in 1206
Mihrab : a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, towards which the congregation faces to pray.
A corbel arch) is an arch-like construction method that uses the technique of corbelling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge.
Minaret: a slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Minar :Manar or manara, the Arabic words meaning either "place of fire"
Minaret is one of the popular symbols of Islam both politically and spiritually.
It is the oldest form in Islamic architecture according to Muslim tradition, the call to prayer was invented.
The Minar comprises of several superimposed flanged and cylindrical shafts separated by balconies.
All the storeys have a balcony that circles the Minar with stone brackets for support. The Minar is decorated throughout with floral motifs and arabesque. Also it bears inscriptions that are verses from the Koran and messages from the Sultans.
cloisters:is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth.
It bears inscriptions that dedicate it as a flagstaff to honor the Hindu god Vishnu and in memory of Gupta king Chandragupta II (375-413 AD). The pillar is a symbol of the progress of
It is made of 98 percent wrought iron and has survived 1,600 years without rusting.
metallurgy in ancient India.
Iltutmish died in 1236, but had his tomb built a year earlier in 1235.
A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to ... courses, by filling the corner with a vise placed diagonally, or by building an arch or a number of corbelled arches diagonally across the corner.