Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The Qutb Minar also spelled as Qutub Minar and Qutab Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of New Delhi, India.[3][4] The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks. The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak.
It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps.
Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is fluted with "superb stalactite bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general, minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.
Lecture 07: Islamic Architecture in India_Tughlaq DynastyKowshik Roy
This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture.
Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV
Architecture Discipline,
Khulna University, Khulna
The Qutb Minar also spelled as Qutub Minar and Qutab Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of the Qutb complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of New Delhi, India.[3][4] The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks. The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak.
It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps.
Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is fluted with "superb stalactite bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general, minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTED WHEN QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK THE SLAVE OF MUHAMMAD GHORI WHO CAME TO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN 1206.BEFORE THIS HE WAS JUST THE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN) TO THE YAMUNA AND GANGES PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOUR YEARS WHEN HE DIED IN AN ACCIDENT IN 1210.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Qutb Minar (Urdu: قطب مینار), also spelled Qutub or Qutab, is the tallest minar (73 metres) in India originally an ancient Islamic Monument, inscribed with Arabic inscriptions, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Located in Delhi, the Qutb Minar is made of red sandstone and marble. The stairs of the tower has 379 steps, is 72.5 metres (237.8 ft) high, and has a base diameter of 14.3 metres, which narrows to 2.7 metres at the top. Construction was started in 1192 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and was carried on by his successor, Iltutmish. In 1368, Firoz Shah Tughlak constructed the fifth and the last storey. It is surrounded by several other ancient and medieval structures and ruins, collectively known as the Qutb complex.
RISE OF ISLAM IN INDIA STARTED WHEN QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBUK THE SLAVE OF MUHAMMAD GHORI WHO CAME TO POWER AFTER HIS MASTERS’ DEATH IN 1206.BEFORE THIS HE WAS JUST THE MIILITARY COMMANDER OF HIS BOSS.HIS EMPIRE EXTENDED FROM LAHORE(PAKISTAN) TO THE YAMUNA AND GANGES PLAINS IN NORTH INDIA. HE RULED FOR FOUR YEARS WHEN HE DIED IN AN ACCIDENT IN 1210.
Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India.
Originally called Masjid-i-Jahanuma, or "mosque commanding view of the world“.
It was based on the plan and design of Ostad Khalil .
It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.
It is one of the finest mosque in the world.
It is a congregational mosque.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
Qutb Minar (Urdu: قطب مینار), also spelled Qutub or Qutab, is the tallest minar (73 metres) in India originally an ancient Islamic Monument, inscribed with Arabic inscriptions, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Located in Delhi, the Qutb Minar is made of red sandstone and marble. The stairs of the tower has 379 steps, is 72.5 metres (237.8 ft) high, and has a base diameter of 14.3 metres, which narrows to 2.7 metres at the top. Construction was started in 1192 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and was carried on by his successor, Iltutmish. In 1368, Firoz Shah Tughlak constructed the fifth and the last storey. It is surrounded by several other ancient and medieval structures and ruins, collectively known as the Qutb complex.
What is Taj Mahal? Find details of Taj Mahal along with interesting trivia & facts. Plan your tour packages, book hotels in Agra with leading tour operators in India
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 defines an ‘ Ancient Monument ’ as follows:-
Ancient Monument means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than 100 years and includes—
#1 Remains of an ancient monument,
#2 Site of an ancient monument,
#3 Such portion of land adjoining the site of an ancient monument as
may be required for fencing or covering in or otherwise preserving such monument, a
#4 The means of access to, and convenient inspection of, an ancient monument;
A new style of architecture was flourished in India; called the Indo-Islamic architecture which is an amalgamation of Islamic and Hindu Style. As per Islamic philosophy, the worship is performed as congregational prayer in mosques and construction of tomb was followed for burial purpose; the fort and palaces were also part of this style of architecture. Islamic architecture focuses architectural elements, decoration, spiritual foundations, and construction materials.
Islamic architecture captivates people for several reasons:
Intricate Design: Islamic architecture is renowned for its intricate and elaborate designs, characterized by geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy. These designs often adorn mosques, palaces, and other structures, creating visually stunning environments.
Spiritual Significance: Many are drawn to the spiritual symbolism embedded in Islamic architecture, especially in mosques. The grandeur of these buildings often evokes a sense of awe and reverence, providing a space for worship and reflection.
Cultural Heritage: Islamic architecture reflects the rich cultural heritage of various regions across the Islamic world, spanning from Spain to Southeast Asia. Its diversity showcases the amalgamation of different architectural styles, influenced by local traditions and historical contexts.
Innovation and Engineering: Islamic architects have been pioneers in various architectural innovations, including the development of geometric principles and advanced construction techniques. The soaring domes, intricate arches, and towering minarets demonstrate their mastery of engineering and design.
Timelessness: Islamic architecture has stood the test of time, with many structures dating back centuries yet still retaining their beauty and functionality. This timelessness speaks to the enduring appeal and significance of Islamic architectural principles.
Overall, Islamic architecture continues to fascinate people worldwide, serving as a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and cultural richness of the Islamic civilization.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Manar or manara, the Arabic words meaning either
"place of fire" (nar or “place of light“ nur. Minaret is one
of the popular symbols of Islam both politically and
spiritually.
Although the minaret is one of the most distinctive
architectural features of a mosque, philologists noted that
many mosques, including many in North Africa, were built
without minarets at all; furthermore, in contrast to the
mihrab or minbar, the minaret is rarely mentioned in
Arabic literature.
It is the oldest form in Islamic architecture according to
Muslim tradition, the call to prayer was invented, in
reaction to the Jewish use of the HORN and the Christian
use of the WOODEN CLACKER to summon worshippers.
5. The Qutub complex was built by Qutub
UdDin Aybak (reg. 1206 1211) who
established the first Islamic sultanate in
the Indian subcontinent in Delhi in 1192.
It is located within the citadel of Qal'ae
Rai Pithora (Qila Rai Pithora) where Qutb
UdDin also set up his administrative
quarters and residence. Also known as
Quwwat ul Islam, meaning the 'might of
Islam,' the Qutub complex was created
with the dismantling and reassembling of
the 27 existing Hindu and Jain temples
on the site.
6.
7. Qutub minar is situated in southern part of Delhi, in Mehrauli.
QUTUB
MINAR
8. FEATURES:
At the base, the diameter of the
minaret is a little over fourteen
meters and it tapers towards the
top, where it is only slightly under 3
meters wide. It has a circular
stairway made of threehundred
seventynine steps to reach the top
for a spectacular view. The Minar
comprises of several superimposed
flanged and cylindrical shafts
separated by balconies.
All the storeys have a balcony that
circles the Minar with stone brackets
for support. The Minar is decorated
throughout with floral motifs and
arabesque. Also it bears inscriptions
that are verses from the Koran and
messages from the Sultans.
9. QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM MASJID
To mark his victory over Rai
Pithora, QutubudDin Aibak
built the QuwwatulIslam
Masjid (Might of Islam) in 1192
which was completed in 1198. It
is the earliest extant mosque in
India, having a rectangular
court. The court is enclosed by
cloisters which were erected
with carved columns and other
architectural members from the
27 Hindu and Jain temples,
which were later demolished
10.
11. The walls and pillars are having
intrinsic Hindu architectural motifs.
12. Pillars of the mosque: “as a whole, a confused and somewhat incongruous
improvisation”. (Percy Brown)
13. It is said to have been brought to
Delhi by the Tomar king
Anangpal, somewhere in the 11th
century from Udaygiri. There are
no other relics from the same
period in this site.
The Iron Pillar dates back
to the 4th century BC. It
bears inscriptions that
dedicate it as a flagstaff to
honor the Hindu god
Vishnu and in memory of
Gupta king Chandragupta
II (375-413 AD). The pillar
is a symbol of the progress
of metallurgy in ancient
India. It is made of 98
percent wrought iron and
has survived 1,600 years
without rusting.
14. The pillar was cast in its
present form not forged.
Length 7.2m of which 93
cm is underground.
Diameter - 0.41 m.
Garuda idol at top missing.
15. It is located in the complex Tomb,
northwest to the Iron Pillar. Iltutmish died
in 1236, but had his tomb built a year
earlier in 1235. It is made of red sand
stone, situated northwest of the minaret.
It is a landmark in Indo-Islamic
architecture. It is believed to have had a
dome which was later damaged.
There are 3 entrances on all 3 sides, but
the west, which was for the mihrabs. It is
a simple square chamber, covered
originally by a circular dome that was
carried on a form of squinch arch. Dome
was constructed using concentric rings,
but Hindu artisans couldn’t make it last
long. Inside is decorated and elaborated
with Quranic verses. Marble is used in
mehrab and cenotaph.
16.
17.
18. It has intricate carvings in red
sandstone and marble. It has red
stone jali screens.
It is the southern gateway of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, and is a gem
of Islamic architecture in India. It was built by Alla-ud-din Khilji in 1311. It
is 17.2m square and pierced by ached openings that echo the contours
of the covering dome. The arch to the north is semicircular while the
others are of pointed horse shoe shape.
22. Ala-ud-Din wanted to build a
second tower of victory twice as
high as Qutab Minar but when he
died the tower had reached only
24.5 meters and later no one was
willing to continue his over
ambitious project. It stands to the
north of the Qutab Minar and the
mosque.
It was to have ramps instead of
stairs. Windows are at regular
quadrant heights, for a gradual
ramp to be made.
24. ALAUDDIN’S MADRASSA
It is located in south west of the
mosque. It is built around a
quadrangular court entered on the
North through a triple gateway.
Alauddin constructed this madrassa,
but few historians say that it was
Iltutmush who made it.
ALAUDDIN’S TOMB
It is on the south side of the court. It is a square structure
with no dome now. There are only remains of a boldly
projecting portico. It was combined to the madrassa,
probably a Saljuqian tradition-being its first appearance in
India.
25. This tomb was made in the memory of
Mohammad Ali, imam zamin.
Its on the east of alai darwaza. Its 7.3m square.
It is surmounted by a sandstone dome rising from
an octagonal drum, the lodhi style.
It is decorated with double row of kangooras and
marble panelling above the chajja.The tomb has
no integral connection with the Qutub group.
But it still stands there without any damage and
that’s worth praise.
27. Built In : 1193 (started)
Built By ; Qutub-ud-din Aibak
Spearing its way proudly into the sky, Qutab Minar with a
length of 238 feet, commands a panoramic view of the green
fields extending into a sprawling city of Delhi. Started in 1192
by the slave king, Qutab-UD-Din Aibak, the tower was built in
three stages. Qutab-ud-Din completed the first storey while
the other three were built by Iltutmish in 1230.
Projected balconies supported by stone brackets surround
each of the storeys. The stone brackets are decorated with
honeycomb design, more conspicuously in the first storey. The
tower is further decorated with floral motif and arabesque.
Firoz Shah renovated the top floor and added marble to the
building
28. The purpose for building this beautiful monument has been
speculated upon, apart from the usual role of a minaret - that
of calling people for prayer in a mosque- in this case the
Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. Other reasons ascribed to its
construction are as a tower of victory, a monument signifying
the might of Islam, or a watch tower for defense.
Controversy also surrounds the origins for the name of the
tower. Many historians believe that the Qutub Minar was
named after the first Turkish sultan, Qutub-ud-din Aibak but
others contend that it was named in honour of
Khwaja Qutb-ud-din Bakhtiar Kaki, a saint from Baghdad who
came to live in India who was greatly venerated by Akbar.
29. MATERIALS:
The first three stories are made of
sandstone and the next two of marble
and sandstone. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
added marble to the top storey. The
Minar is in fact believed to have been
built to aid the Muezzin of the mosque
for prayer calls.
35. Qutab Minar, the first monument of Muslim rule in India,
heralded the beginning of a new style of art and architecture
that came to be known as the Indo-Islamic style.
Indo-Islamic style is neither a local variant of Islamic art, nor a
modification of Hindu art; it is an assimilation of both the
styles, though not always in an equal degree. This
amalgamation of exotic and indigenous architectural styles was
possible due to a variety or factors-the Muslim rulers had to
use, in most cases, Indian craftsmen and sculptors who were
schooled in their own art traditions. Another factor that
inadvertently contributed to this fusion of style was that during
the early Muslim invasions, mosques were often built out of
materials from Hindu and Jain temples and sometimes temples
themselves were modified into mosques.
BIRTH OF INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
36. Qutub Minar has survived a series of lightning bolts and
earthquakes till date. The minar is unharmed except for a
slight tilt, some two feet off the perpendicular. The 1st
lightning struck in 1368 AD and knocked off the top
storey.
Later in 19th
century an earthquake destroyed Toothless
cupola. Major Smith replaced it with a bengal style chhatri
which was removed by Lord Hardinge as it sat ill with the
architecture style of Qutub Minar. Its kept on the ground
to the left of the entry path and is known as the Smiths
folly.
37. On 1st
August 1803, the old
cupola was thown down due to
Earthquake. After 2 years, repairing
of the structure began and completed in
1828 by Major Smith. His work on the
doorway has been criticized because of
being gothic and different from the minar.
The materials used are proper.
TODAY: Restoration work is carried out
during the nights also, when needed.
After a series of accidents in the early
1980’s, visitors are no longer allowed to
climb the Qutub minar.
38. “Surging crowds at Qutub Minar has ASI worried…….”
SUNDAY TIMES OF INDIA, NEW DELHI
APRIL 20, 2008
Archeological Survey of India(ASI) is planning to built separate entry and
exit points for the monument.
5000 visitors daily. Sanitation is on stake. Conservation complexed.
ASI is working on the redevelopement plan of Qutub complex since 2 yrs
Unlike other monuments, Qutub minar is visited by all categories of
Visitors.