IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps or complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
consists of three pathways: 1. alternative
2. classical
3. lectin pathway
"Complement" describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors. The principal actors in this system are 11 proteins designated C1 through C9, B, and D,
All these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood as well as among the proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue spaces.
The enzyme precursors are normally inactive, but they can be activated mainly by the so-called classic pathway.
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
This is the research article that I had presented in my class. It describes all aspect of health benefits offered by volatile organic compounds in the forests.
This file contains the epidemiology, diagnostic tecnhiques, prevention methods and control strategies of dengue fever in context of developing countries like Nepal.
(Welcome to collaborate to write book, book chapter or review papers)
Nepal is a beautiful country. I have prepared this for the foreigners who want to know briefly about Nepal. I have written about the geography, history, culture, festivals, flora and fauna. If you need detailed information, you can check in internet.
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. History of Tolerance
Burnet postulated that antigens encountered while
the immune system was immature can tolerize the
relevant lymphocytes.
Medewar subsequently investigated the effects of
transferring hemopoietic cells from
histoincompatible mice at different times after
birth. He found that if the cells were transferred in
the first few days of life (but not later) the recipient
mouse acquired lifelong tolerance to the antigens
of the donor.
Note: Recent experiments have shown that adults
can also be tolerated under certain circumstances
and that neonates can make effective immune
responses if the antigen is presented in sufficiently
immunogenic form.
4. Introduction
Immunological tolerance refers to the specific
immunological non-reactivity (unresponsiveness)
to an antigen due to a previous exposure to the same
antigen.
While the most important form of tolerance is non-
reactivity to self antigens, it is possible to induce
tolerance to non-self antigens. When an antigen
induces tolerance, it is termed as Tolerogens.
Tolerance is different from non-specific
immunosuppression and immunodeficiency. It is an
active antigen-dependent process in response to the
antigen.
5. Like immune response, tolerance is specific and like
immunological memory, it can exist in T-cells, B cells
or both and like immunological memory, tolerance at
the T cell level is longer lasting than tolerance at the B
cell level.
Tolerance to tissue and cell antigens can be induced by
injection of hemopoietic (stem) cells in neonatal or
severely immunocompromised animals.
Grafting of allogeneic bone marrow or thymus in early
life results in tolerance to the donor type cells and
tissues. Such animals are known as chimeras.
6. Induction of tolerance in T cells is easier and requires
relatively smaller amounts of tolerogen than
tolerance in B cells.
Maintenance of immunological tolerance requires
persistence of antigen.
Tolerance can be broken naturally (as in
autoimmune diseases) or artificially (by x-
irradiation, certain drug treatments and by exposure
to cross reactive antigens).
Low-dose cyclophosphamide or gemcitabine therapy
can selectively deplete T regulatory cells (Treg).
9. Ignorance
It can be shown that there are T cells and B cells specific
for auto-antigens present in circulation.
These cells are quite capable of making a response but are
unaware of the presence of their auto-antigen. This arises
for 2 reasons.
The first is that the antigen may simply be present in too
low concentration. Since all lymphocytes have a
threshold for receptor occupancy which is required to
trigger a response then very low concentrations of
antigen (in the case of T cells these are very low) will not
be sensed.
10. Ignorance
The second possibility is a more interesting one.
Some antigens are sequestered from the immune
system in locations which are not freely exposed to
surveillance.
These are termed immunologically privileged
sites. Examples of such sites are the eye, CNS and
testis.
Pathologically mediated disruption of these
privileged sites may expose the sequestered
antigens leading to an autoimmune response.
13. Mechanisms of tolerance induction
1. Clonal deletion:
Functionally immature cells of a clone encountering
antigen undergo a programmed cell death, as auto-
reactive T-cells are eliminated in the thymus following
interaction with self antigen during their differentiation
(negative selection).
Likewise, differentiating early B cells become tolerant
when they encounter cell-associated or soluble self
antigen.
Clonal deletion has been shown to occur also in the
periphery.
15. 2. Clonal anergy:
Auto-reactive T cells, when exposed to antigenic peptides
which do not possess co-stimulatory molecules, become
anergic to the antigen.
B cells when exposed to large amounts of soluble antigen
down regulate their surface IgM and become anergic.
B cells also up-regulate the Fas molecules on their surface.
An interaction of these B cells with Fas-ligand-bearing
cells results in their death via apoptosis.
16. 3. Receptor editing:
B cells which encounter large amounts of soluble antigen, and
bind to this antigen with very low affinity become activated to re-
express their RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes. These genes cause them to
undergo DNA recombination and change their antigen specificity.
The BCRs of self reactive B cells are given an opportunity to
rearrange their conformation via the continued expression of the
Recombination Activation Gene (RAG). Through the help of RAG,
receptor editing involves light chain gene rearrangement of the B
cell receptor.
If receptor editing fails to produce a BCR that is less autoreactive,
apoptosis will occur. Note that defects in the RAG-1 and RAG-2
genes are implicated in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
(SCID). The inability to recombine and generate new receptors
lead to failure of maturity for both B cells and T cells.
17. 1. Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, Kuby
Immunology, sixth edition, WH Freeman and
Company, New York.
2. Romagnani S, “Immunological tolerance and
autoimmunity”, Department of Internal Medicine,
Excellence Centre Denothe, University of Florence,
Florence, Italy.
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov