2. How are variables measured?
Office desk
Demographic data
Absenteeism (decision making when who is to be
fired?)
Blood pressure, height, weight.
Perception, feelings and attitude (subjective)
3. Operational Definition or Operationalizing
the Concept
Way of measuring abstract things to observable
characteristics and behaviour.
Concept: Thirsty
Drink plenty of fluids
To determine the thirst levels of each individuals by
measuring the quantity of fluid they consume to
quench their thirst
4. Mc Cleland’s theory
Need of Achievement
Need of Power
Need of Affiliation
Need of Achievement
Measure?
5. What behavioral dimension is observed
within people driven by high motivation?
1. Work round the clock or driven by work.
2. Unwillingness to relax
3. Work on their own
4. Challenging job but not too challenging where
probability of success is low
5. Progress by getting feedback
6. Dimension 1: Work round the clock
Working all the time( number of hours worker in a
day)
Persevere even in face of some setbacks
( nos. of setbacks experienced in task)
Reluctance to take time off ( how frequently time off
and for what reasons)
7. Dimension 2: Unwillingness to relax
How often you think about work when you are away
from workplace?
What are your hobbies?
How do you spend your time when you are away from
the workplace?
Continuum of who relax very well to who relax very
little
8. Dimension 3: Work on their own
No patience with ineffective people and are reluctant
to work with others
Impatience with ineffectiveness
9. Dimension 4: Challenging job but not
too challenging
Routine or stereotyped job description and other calling
for gradations of challenge built into them
Those to opt for medium degree of challenge would
have high achievement orientation then lower or
higher ones
10. Dimension 5: Progress by getting
feedback
Like feedback from superiors and even subordinates
Appreciate both positive and negative
by keeping a track on how often individuals seek
feedback from other during a certain period of time-
say a month or more.
Continuum of extensive feedback to no feedback
11. 1. To what extent you push yourself to get the work done?
2. How difficult do you find it to continue in face of failures or discouraging
results?
3. How often do you neglect personal matters because you are preoccupied
by your job?
4. How frequently you think about ur job when away?
5. To what extent you engage in hobbies?
6. How disappointed you feel on not reaching goals you had set for yourself?
7. How much do you concentrate on job?
8. How annoyed you get when you make mistakes?
9. To what extent u refer to work with a friendly but incompetent to one
who’s competent?
10. To what extent u prefer to work yourself?
11. To what extent you prefer a job that is difficult but challenging than easy
to routine?
12. To what degree you prefer extremely difficult assignment to easy one?
13. During 3 months, how often have you sought for feedback from superiors?
14. During 3 months, how often have you sought for feedback from
coworkers?
15. How often within 3 months you have checked with your subordinates that
what you are doing in not getting in their way of efficient performance/
16. To what extent would it frustrate you if people did not give you feedback
on how you are progressing?
12. What is operational definition is not
Not reasons, antecedents, consequences and
correlates
It describes observable characteristics
Exercise:
Operationalize concept of Learning and Stress
13. Scaling
the process or result of
observing an event or object
in order to determine its extent or quantity
by comparison with a known unit and
then assigning numbers or any other symbols to
characteristic or feature
according to some prespecified formal rules.
14. There are four primary scales of
measurement are
Nominal (or categorical) scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
15. Nominal Scale
does not express any values or relationships
between variables
the only mathematical or statistical operation
that can be performed on nominal scales is a
frequency run or count
most of the demographic information collected is
in the form of nominal scales
categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
17. Exercise
Suggest two variables that would be natural
candidates for nominal scales and set up mutually
exclusive or collectively exhaustive categories for
each.
18. Ordinal Scale
categories have a logical or ordered relationship to
each other (rank-orders the categories in a
meaningful way)
permit the measurement of degrees of difference, but
not the specific amount of difference.
only possible to determine whether an object or
individual has more or less or equal amount of
characteristic in comparison to any other – but NOT
what amount of this characteristic
19. Example
Example - Let there be 3 students A, B and C
who respectively received 10, 12 and 20 marks in a
test.
The ranks would be – A – 1st B – 2nd
C – 3rd
The quantitative (numerical) difference between 1
and 2 is the same as that between 2 and 3.
But the difference between the ranks, 1st and 2nd
is NOT the same as that between 2nd and 3rd.
21. Interval Scale
numbers are used to rate and assess objects so
that numerically equal distances on the scale
represent equal distances in the characteristic
being measured
distance between adjacent points on the scale is
equal
It helps to compute mean and standard
deviation
no true zero in this scale
22. Example
Let there be 4 students A, B, C and D who respectively
received 4, 10, 16 and 20 marks in a test.
Is D doubly brilliant than B?
Is A’s brilliance a quarter that of C’s?
The quantitative (numerical) difference between A’s marks
and B’s is the same as that between B’s and C’s
The quantitative (numerical) difference between C’s marks
and D’s is thrice that between B’s and C’s.
24. Ratio Scale
This scale consists not only of equidistant points but
also has a meaningful zero point
most sophisticated of scales, since it incorporates all
the properties of nominal, ordinal and interval scales
25. Example
(1) Temperature measured in degrees Kelvin is a ratio scale.
because absolute zero = meaningful zero point
0° K on the Kelvin scale = – 273.15 °C on the Celsius scale
(2) If we ask 2 respondents their ages,
difference between any two years would always be the same
‘zero’ would signify the absence of age or birth
Hence, a 100-year old person is indeed twice as old as a 50-
year old one.
Sales figures, quantities purchased and market share are all
expressed on a ratio scale.
(4) most commonly when respondents are asked for their
age, income, years of participation, etc.
26. Exercise
Mention one variable for each of the four scales in the
context of a market survey and explain how or why it
would fit into the scale.
27. Rating Scales
Dichotomous scale
Elicits a Yes or No answer (nominal)
Category scale
Multiple items to elicit a single response (nominal)
Likert Scale Strong subjects on 5 pt scale
SD 1 D2 N3 A4 SA5
28. Semantic Differential
Bipolar attributes identified at extremes of the
scale(interval)
Responsive__ __ __ __ __ __ __Unresponsive
Numerical 5pt or 7pt scale
Extremely pleased 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Extremly Displeased
Itemized rating scale : 5 or 7 pt scale. Balanced scale
with a neutral point
( unlikely & likely)
29. Fixed or constant sum scale
Choosing the Toilet soap:
1. Fragrance __
2. Color __
3. Shape __
4. Size __
5. Texture of Lather __
_____________________
Total Points 100
_____________________
30. Stapel Scale: Simultaneously measures direction
and intensity (interval)
Supervisor attribute
The picture of Sony TV is clear
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 clear +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Graphic Rating Scale
How would you rate Sony TV on the following
scale?(ordinal)
Type I: Extremely bad_________________________Excellent
33. Paired comparison
the respondent is asked to select Aiwa Akai LG Sams Sony
u
one of two items as the n
preferred or less preferred one g
according to some criteria.
Example – For each pair of TV Aiwa ---
indicate which one would you
Akai ---
choose for your home viewing
LG ---
Sams ---
u
n
g
Sony ---
34. Forced Choice
Example – Rank the following brands of TV as per
your preference for home viewing (1 as the best and 5
as the worst).
Aiwa _____
Akai _____
LG ____
Samsung _____
Sony ______
35. Comparative Scale
deals with direct comparison of objects or individuals
data collected is interpreted in relative terms
data have only ordinal or ‘rank’ characteristics
More Useful About same Less Useful
1 2 3 4 5
36. Many changes continue to occur in the healthcare industry. Because of increased
competition for patients among providers and the need to determine how providers can
better serve their clientele, hospital administrators sometimes mail a quality satisfaction
survey to their patients after patient is released. The following types of questions are
sometimes asked on such a survey. The questions will result in what level of data
measurement?
1. How long ago you were released from the hospital?
2. Which type of unit were you in for most of your stay?
_Coronary Care
_Intensive Care
_Maternity Care
3. In choosing hospital, how important was the hospital’s location?
Very Important, somewhat important, not very Important, not at all important
4. How serious was your condition when you were first admitted to the hospital?
_critical _serious _Moderate _minor
5. Rate skill of the doctor:
_excellent _very good _good _fair _poor
6. Rate one to seven on nursing care
poor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 excellent
37. Goodness of Measures
Accurately measure
Without redundancy
Differentiate relevant and irrelevant things
1. Reliability
2. Validity
38. Reliability
Measures without bias, consistent across time and
various items in instrument
Test-retest reliability (across time)
Parallel-reliability( changes in wordings and
sequence)
Interitem Consistency Reliability (Cronbach’s
Coefficient)
Split-half reliability
