Chapter 4 - The Critical Literature Review Research Methods for Business A Skill-Building Approach - By Uma Sekaran, Roger Bougie

1. Chapter 4
The Critical Literature Review

2. Introduction (p.51)
We explained that a first review of the academic
literature will help you to:
• narrow down the broad problem.
• develop a clear and specific problem statement.
The process of critical literature review:
• identification of published and unpublished work
from secondary data sources.
• evaluation of this work in relation to the problem.
• documentation of this work.
➢There are two pitfalls you have to be aware of
when you document the literature review:
misrepresenting others and plagiarism.
‫االك‬ ‫لألدبيات‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫المراجعة‬ ‫ان‬ ً‫ا‬‫سابق‬ ‫اوضحنا‬‫اديمية‬
‫في‬ ‫ستساعدك‬:
•‫المشكلة‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫تضيق‬.
•‫مشكلة‬ ‫بيان‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫وتوضيح‬ ‫تطوير‬.
‫السابقة‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫تتضمن‬:
•‫الثانوية‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫تحديد‬(‫وال‬ ‫المنشورة‬‫غير‬
‫منشورة‬)
•‫بالمشكلة‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االدبيات‬ ‫تقييم‬.
•‫السابقة‬ ‫االدبيات‬ ‫توثيق‬.
•‫مخاطر‬ ‫هناك‬‫عند‬ ‫بها‬ ‫دراية‬ ‫على‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬
‫األدبيات‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫توثيق‬:‫عمل‬ ‫تحريف‬‫اآلخرين‬
‫واالنتحال‬

3. Introduction (p.51)
• A literature review:
" the selection of available documents (both
published and unpublished) on the topic, which
contain information, ideas, data and evidence
written from a particular standpoint to fulfill
certain aims or express certain views on the
nature of the topic and how it is to be
investigated, and the effective evaluation of these
documents in relation to the research being
proposed“.
• a literature review ensures that:
1. The research effort is positioned relative to
existing knowledge and builds on this knowledge.
2. You can look at a problem from a specific angle
it shapes your thinking and sparks useful insights
on the topic of your research.
•‫هي‬ ‫االدبيات‬ ‫اجعة‬‫ر‬‫م‬:
“‫المتاحة‬ ‫الوثائق‬ ‫اختيار‬(‫المنشور‬ ‫الغير‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫المنشو‬‫ة‬)‫حول‬
‫أفك‬‫و‬ ،‫معلومات‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫الذي‬‫و‬ ، ‫البحث‬ ‫ع‬‫موضو‬،‫ار‬
‫لتحقي‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫وجهة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مكتوبة‬ ‫ادلة‬‫و‬ ‫وبيانات‬‫اهداف‬ ‫ق‬
‫طبيع‬ ‫حول‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫وجهات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫التعبير‬ ‫او‬ ‫محددة‬‫ة‬
‫يتم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫وكيف‬ ‫ع‬‫الموضو‬‫التحقيق‬‫التقييم‬‫و‬‫لهذه‬ ‫الفعال‬
‫ح‬‫المقتر‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫يتعلق‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫الوثائق‬."
•‫يلي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫تضمن‬:
1.‫القا‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫على‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫الجهود‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫يتم‬‫ئمة‬
(ً‫ا‬‫مسبق‬ ‫الموجودة‬)‫عليها‬ ‫والبناء‬.
2.‫تش‬ ‫فهي‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫من‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫يمكنك‬‫كل‬
‫بحثك‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫حول‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫رؤى‬ ‫وتثير‬ ‫تفكيرك‬.

4. Introduction (p.52)
3. You do not run the risk of "reinventing
the wheel", that is, wasting effort on
trying to rediscover something that is
already known.
4. You are able to introduce relevant
terminology and to define key terms used
in your writing.
5. You obtain useful insights of the
research methods that others have used
to provide an answer to similar research
questions.
6. The research effort can be
contextualized in a wider academic
debate.
3.‫موجود‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫إعادة‬ ‫لمحاولة‬ ‫الجهد‬ ‫إهدار‬ ‫عدم‬
ً‫ا‬‫مسبق‬.
4.‫الصلة‬ ‫وذات‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫المصطلحات‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫يمكنك‬
‫البحث‬ ‫بموضوع‬.
5.‫ا‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫لطريقة‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫رؤى‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫يمكنك‬‫لتي‬
‫ألبح‬ ‫أسئلة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بإجابات‬ ‫لتزويدك‬ ‫االخرون‬ ‫استخدمها‬‫اث‬
‫مشابهة‬.
6.‫ن‬ ‫بربط‬ ‫نقوم‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫أوسع‬ ‫سياق‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫يصبح‬‫تائج‬
‫االخرين‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اليها‬ ‫التوصل‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫البحث‬.

6. Resources
of
literature
Review
(Data)
Textbooks
Journals
Theses
Conference
Proceeding
Unpublished
Manuscripts
Reports
News
papers
The
internet
Data Sources
Searching for
literature
Evaluating the
literature
Documenting the
literature review
The process of critical literature review:

7. How To Approach The Literature Review (p.54)
Data Source
▪ Textbooks (‫الدراسية‬ ‫الكتب‬)
are a useful source of theory in a specific area.
advantage:
• cover a broad range of topics.
• cover a topic much more thoroughly than
articles can.
➢textbooks offer a good starting point from
which to find more detailed sources.
A downside:
they tend to be less up to date than journals.
‫مفيد‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫تعتبر‬‫معين‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫للنظرية‬.
‫اإليجابيات‬:
•‫من‬ ‫واسعة‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫تغطي‬‫المواضيع‬.
•‫المقاالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫دقة‬ ‫أكثر‬.
➢‫الكتب‬ ‫توفر‬‫الدراسية‬‫م‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫جيدة‬ ‫انطالق‬ ‫نقطة‬‫ن‬
‫أكثر‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫على‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫خاللها‬ً‫ال‬‫تفصي‬.
‫السلبي‬ ‫الجانب‬:
‫المجالت‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫تحديث‬ ‫اقل‬ ‫انها‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تميل‬.

8. ▪ Journals (p.54) ‫العلمية‬ ‫المجالت‬
• both academic and professional journals are
important source of up- to-date information.
➢peer- reviewed: this means that the articles have
been subject to the scrutiny of experts in the same
field before being accepted for publication.
• Review articles (that may or may not contain a
meta-analysis: a type of data analysis in which the
results of several studies are combined and
analyzed as if they were the results of one large
study)
• summarize previous research findings to inform
the reader of the state of existing research.
• Review articles are very useful become they
provide an overview of all the important research
in a specific area.
•ً‫م‬‫ها‬ ‫ا‬ً‫مصدر‬ ‫والمهنية‬ ‫األكاديمية‬ ‫المجالت‬ ‫تعتبر‬‫ا‬
‫الحديثة‬ ‫للمعلومات‬
➢‫الخبراء‬ ‫مراجعة‬(‫النظراء‬:)‫خضعت‬ ‫المقاالت‬ ‫أن‬
‫ل‬ ‫قبولها‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫نفسه‬ ‫المجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫الخبراء‬ ‫لتدقيق‬‫لنشر‬.
•‫المقاالت‬ ‫مراجعة‬:(‫ع‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫قد‬ ‫التي‬‫لى‬
‫تحليل‬–‫ميتا‬:‫ف‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوع‬‫جمع‬ ‫يه‬
‫كانت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫وتحليل‬‫نتائج‬
‫واحدة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫دراسة‬)
•‫مراجعة‬‫المقاالت‬‫ع‬ ‫نظرة‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫للغاية‬ ‫مفيدة‬‫امة‬
‫معين‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫الهامة‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫على‬.

9. Journals ‫العلمية‬ ‫المجالت‬
• Research article are reports of empirical
research, describing one or a few related
studies. The concept background section of a
research article provides a compact overview
of relevant literature. research article also
provide a detailed description of the purpose
of the study, the method(s) used, and the
results of the study.
• articles in professional journals are valuable
source of recent developments in the field and
of facts and figures. what's more, they may
provide you with a feel for the practical
relevance of a problem.
•‫المقال‬‫البحثية‬:، ‫تجريبية‬ ‫أبحاث‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تقارير‬ ‫هي‬‫تصف‬
‫الدراسة‬ ‫بموضوع‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫بضع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واحدة‬.
‫الخلفية‬ ‫قسم‬‫المفاهيمية‬‫في‬‫ت‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫المقاالت‬‫مرجع‬ ‫وفر‬
‫مفصال‬ ‫وصفا‬ ‫وتقدم‬ ،‫الصلة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ادبيات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫شامل‬
‫والطريقة‬ ، ‫الدراسة‬ ‫من‬ ‫للغرض‬/، ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫الطرق‬
‫الدراسة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ونتائج‬.
•‫مقاالت‬‫المجالت‬‫المهنية‬‫للتطورات‬ ‫قيم‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫هي‬
‫في‬ ‫األخيرة‬‫المجال‬‫واألرقام‬ ‫والحقائق‬.‫قد‬‫لك‬ ‫توفر‬
‫ما‬ ‫لمشكلة‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫باألهمية‬ ‫الشعور‬.

10. Theses
• PhD theses often contain an exhaustive review
of the literature in a specific area. Most PhD
theses include several empirical chapters. These
chapters often have the same structure and
characteristics as academic journal articles.
• Note that not every empirical chapter of a thesis
is eventually published in an academic journal.
Conference proceedings
• can be useful in providing the latest research, or
research that has not (yet) been published.
• very up to date, and for this reason this
information source is quite valuable if you are
working in a relatively new area.
• Not every manuscript presented at a conference
is eventually published in an academic journal;
hence you must critically assess the quality of
this information source.
‫االطروحات‬
•‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫غال‬‫مراجعة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدكتوراه‬ ‫أطروحات‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫ما‬
‫معين‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫لألدب‬ ‫شاملة‬.‫أطروحات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫تشمل‬
‫تجريبية‬ ‫فصول‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫الدكتوراه‬.‫غال‬ ‫الفصول‬ ‫هذه‬‫ما‬ ‫با‬
‫مثل‬ ‫والخصائص‬ ‫الهيكل‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫لها‬ ‫يكون‬‫مقاالت‬
‫األكاديمية‬ ‫المجالت‬.
•‫الحظ‬‫األطر‬ ‫من‬ ‫تجريبي‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫كل‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أنه‬‫وحة‬
‫أكاديمية‬ ‫مجلة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المطاف‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫في‬.
‫المؤتمرات‬ ‫وقائع‬
•‫التي‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫األبحاث‬ ‫أحدث‬ ‫توفير‬ ‫في‬ ‫مفيدة‬‫يتم‬ ‫لم‬
‫بعد‬ ‫نشرها‬.
•ً‫ا‬‫قيم‬ ً‫ا‬‫مصدر‬ ‫يعد‬ ‫السبب‬ ‫ولهذا‬ ،‫باستمرار‬ ‫تحدث‬‫إذا‬
‫جديد‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫كنت‬.
•‫ف‬ ‫المؤتمر‬ ‫في‬ ‫عرضها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫مخطوطة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ال‬‫ي‬
‫مصد‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫من‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫عليك‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫لذلك‬ ،‫علمية‬ ‫مجلة‬‫ر‬
‫المقدمة‬ ‫المعلومات‬.

11. Unpublished manuscripts ‫منشورة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫المخطوطات‬
• The APA defines an unpublished
manuscript as any information source
that is not "officially" released by an
individual, publishing house, or other
company.
• Examples of unpublished manuscripts
may include papers accepted for
publication but still 'in press," data from
an unpublished study, letters ,
manuscripts in preparation, personal
communications (including e-mails).
Unpublished manuscripts are often very
up to date.
•‫نظ‬ ‫وجهة‬ ‫من‬ ‫منشورة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫المخطوطات‬ ‫تعريف‬‫ر‬
‫االمريكية‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫علماء‬ ‫جمعية‬:‫أي‬‫مصدر‬
‫غير‬ ‫معلومات‬"‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫رسم‬"‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫إصداره‬ ‫تم‬‫اف‬‫راد‬
‫أو‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫دار‬ ‫أو‬‫شركة‬.
•‫المنش‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المخطوطات‬ ‫على‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫قد‬‫ورة‬
‫تزال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ولكنها‬ ‫للنشر‬ ‫المقبولة‬ ‫األوراق‬"‫مطب‬‫عية‬"،
، ‫ورسائل‬ ، ‫منشورة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫من‬ ‫وبيانات‬
‫قيد‬ ‫ومخطوطات‬،‫اإلعداد‬‫شخصية‬ ‫واتصاالت‬(‫ب‬‫ما‬
‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫البريد‬ ‫رسائل‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬)‫وغالب‬ ،‫ما‬ ً‫ا‬
‫المخطوطات‬ ‫تكون‬‫الغير‬‫للغ‬ ‫حديثة‬ ‫المنشورة‬‫اية‬.

12. Reports
• Government departments and corporations
commission or carry out a large amount of
research. their published findings provide a
useful source of specific market, industry
or, company information.
‫التقارير‬
‫كبير‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫بإجراء‬ ‫والشركات‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫الجهات‬ ‫تقوم‬‫من‬
‫األبحاث‬.‫لم‬ ‫مفيدا‬ ‫مصدرا‬ ‫المنشورة‬ ‫نتائجها‬ ‫توفر‬‫علومات‬
‫الشركة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الصناعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السوق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫محددة‬.
Newspapers
• provide up-to-date business information.
They are useful source of specific market,
industry, or company information.
• Note that opinions in newspapers are not
always unbiased.
‫الصحف‬
•‫باستمرار‬ ‫محدثة‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫توفر‬.‫مفي‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫وهي‬‫د‬
‫الشركة‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الصناعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫محدد‬ ‫لسوق‬.
•‫متح‬ ‫غير‬ ‫دائما‬ ‫ليست‬ ‫الصحف‬ ‫في‬ ‫اآلراء‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬‫يزة‬.

13. The Internet ‫االنترنت‬
• The amount of information that can be found on the
internet is enormous.
• you can search for (the details of) books, journals
and journal articles, and conference proceedings, as
well as for specialized data such as company
publications and reports.
• note that the internet is unregulated and
unmonitored.
• developing an Internet page is easy and cheap.
• For this reason, the Internet provides exceptional
challenges in determining the usefulness and
reliability of information. A source that may help you
to assess the quality of online information is Cooke
(2001).
• You can also find useful information on the Internet.
Search engines such as Google and Yahoo! can help
you to find relevant information.
•‫كمية‬‫اإل‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫على‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المعلومات‬‫نترنت‬
‫العالمية‬‫هائلة‬.
•‫يمكنك‬‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬(‫تفاصيل‬)‫والمقاال‬ ‫والمجالت‬ ‫الكتب‬‫ت‬
‫والمؤتمرات‬ ،‫الصحفية‬‫المتخ‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ ،‫صصة‬
‫وتقاريرها‬ ‫الشركة‬ ‫منشورات‬ ‫مثل‬.
•‫غير‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬‫غير‬ ‫منظم‬‫خاضع‬‫للرقابة‬
•‫ورخيص‬ ‫سهل‬ ‫أمر‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫صفحة‬ ‫تطوير‬.
•‫في‬ ‫استثنائية‬ ‫تحديات‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫تقدم‬ ، ‫السبب‬ ‫لهذا‬‫مدى‬ ‫تحديد‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫وموثوقية‬ ‫فائدة‬.‫عل‬ ‫يساعدك‬ ‫قد‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المصدر‬‫ى‬
‫عبر‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫تقييم‬‫هو‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬Cooke (2001).
•‫شبكة‬ ‫على‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫على‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫يمكنك‬‫اإل‬‫نترنت‬.
‫ومحركات‬‫وياهو‬ ‫جوجل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫البحث‬!‫على‬ ‫تساعدك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫الصلة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫على‬ ‫العثور‬.

14. Searching for literature (p.56)
• Previously, one had to manually go through several bibliographical
indexes that are compiled periodically listing the journals, books,
and other sources in which published work in the area of interest
could be found.
• With modern technology, locating sources where the topics of
interest have been published has become much easier. Almost every
library today has computer online systems to locate published
information.
• Computerized databases provide a number of advantages:
1. they save enormous amounts of time.
2. they are comprehensive in their listing and review of references.
3. gaining access to them is relatively inexpensive.
• Most libraries have the following electronic resources at their
disposal:
▪ Electronic journals: Your library is probably subscribed to journals
that are published or made available online
▪ full-text databases: provide the full text of the article.
▪ Bibliographic databases: display only the bibliographic citations.
▪ Abstract databases: also provide an abstract or summary of articles.
•‫في‬‫الفهارس‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫يدو‬ ‫يراجع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المرء‬ ‫على‬ ‫كان‬ ، ‫السابق‬
‫الببليوجرافية‬(‫المصادر‬ ‫قائمة‬)‫التي‬‫و‬ ،‫دوري‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫تجميعها‬ ‫يتم‬‫تدرج‬ ‫التي‬
‫أع‬ ‫على‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫العثور‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المصادر‬ ‫من‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫والكتب‬ ‫المجالت‬‫مال‬
‫االهتمام‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫منشورة‬.
•‫مع‬‫الحديثة‬ ‫التكنولوجيا‬‫مو‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫تم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المصادر‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫أصبح‬ ،‫اضيع‬
‫سهولة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫بها‬ ‫االهتمام‬.‫أنظمة‬ ‫لديها‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫مكتبة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تقريبا‬‫لتحد‬‫يد‬
‫المعلومات‬‫المنشورة‬
•‫من‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫عد‬ ‫المحوسبة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫توفر‬‫المزايا‬:
.1‫الوقت‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكثير‬ ‫توفر‬.
.2‫قوائمها‬ ‫في‬ ‫شاملة‬‫المراجع‬ ‫ومراجعة‬.
.3ً‫ا‬‫نسبي‬ ‫مكلف‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المحوسبة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫قواعد‬ ‫الى‬ ‫الوصول‬.
•‫الموارد‬ ‫المكتبات‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫تمتلك‬‫اإللكترونية‬(‫بيانات‬ ‫قواعد‬)‫التالية‬:
▪‫الكترونية‬ ‫مجالت‬:‫ي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المجالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫مشتركة‬ ‫مكتبتك‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫ربما‬‫نشرها‬ ‫تم‬
‫على‬ ‫إتاحتها‬ ‫أو‬‫اإلنترنت‬.
▪‫بيانات‬ ‫قواعد‬‫النص‬‫الكامل‬:‫للمقال‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫النص‬ ‫توفر‬.
▪‫البيانات‬ ‫قواعد‬‫الببليوغرافية‬:‫تعرض‬‫الببل‬ ‫االقتباسات‬ ‫فقط‬‫يوغرافية‬
▪‫قواعد‬‫البيانات‬‫المختصرة‬:‫مختصرا‬ ‫توفر‬‫للمقاالت‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ص‬‫ملخ‬ ‫أو‬.

15. Evaluating the literature (p.57)
To assess the quality of recent research (indeed, in this
case you cannot use the number of citations as an indicator
of the quality of an article) you could ask the following
questions:
1. Is the main research question or problem statement
presented in a clear and analytical way?
2. Is the relevance of the research question made
transparent?
3. Does this study build directly upon previous research?
4. Will the study make a contribution to the field?
5. Is there a theory that guides the research?
6. Is the theory described relevant and is it explained in an
understandable, structured, and convincing manner?
7. Are the methods used in the study explained in a clear
manner (description of methods)?
8. Is the choice of certain methods motivated in a
convincing way (Justification of methods)?
•‫الحديثة‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫جودة‬ ‫لتقييم‬(‫في‬‫يمك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫هذه‬‫نك‬
‫عدد‬ ‫استخدام‬‫االستشهادات‬‫مقالة‬ ‫لجودة‬ ‫كمؤشر‬)‫يمكنك‬
‫األسئلة‬ ‫طرح‬‫التالية‬:
.1‫ب‬ ‫مقدم‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫بيان‬ ‫او‬ ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫هل‬‫طريقة‬
‫وتحليلية؟‬ ‫واضحة‬
.2‫بالشفافي‬ ‫تتصف‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أسئلة‬ ‫هل‬‫ة؟‬
.3‫سابقة؟‬ ‫أبحاث‬ ‫على‬ ‫بنيت‬ ‫الدراسة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫هل‬
.4‫المجال؟‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدراسة‬ ‫ستساهم‬ ‫هل‬
.5‫البحث؟‬ ‫توجه‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫هل‬
.6‫النظرية‬ ‫هل‬‫ثيقة‬‫وهل‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫بموضوع‬ ‫الصلة‬‫تم‬
‫ومقنعة؟‬ ‫مة‬ّ‫ومنظ‬ ‫مفهومة‬ ‫بطريقة‬ ‫شرحها‬
.7‫هل‬‫المنهجية‬‫في‬ ‫المستخدمة‬‫شرحتك‬ ‫الدراسة‬‫بطري‬‫قة‬
‫واضحة‬(‫وصف‬‫المنهجية‬)‫؟‬
.8‫مقن‬ ‫بطريقة‬ ‫ُعمت‬‫د‬ ‫تحديدها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المنهجية‬ ‫هل‬‫عة‬
(‫المنهجية‬ ‫تبرير‬)‫؟‬

16. Evaluating the literature
9. Is the sample appropriate?
10. Are the research design and/or the questionnaire appropriate for
this study?
11. Are the measures of the variables valid and reliable?
12. Has the author used the appropriate quantitative and or qualitative
techniques?
13. Do the conclusions result from the findings of the study ?
14. Do the conclusions give a clear answer to the main research
question?
15. Has the author considered the limitations of the study?
16. Has the author presented the limitations in the article?
❖ The quality of the journal (peer-reviewed)
❖ the impact factor of the journal (the average number of citations)
❖ some criteria for assessing the value of articles or books are: the
relevance of the issues that are addressed in the article or book, the
importance of a book or article in terms of citations, the year of
publication of the article or book, and the overall quality of the article or
book
.9‫مناسبة؟‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫هل‬
.10‫و‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫هل‬/‫الدراسة‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫االستبيان‬ ‫أو‬‫؟‬
.11‫وموثوقة‬ ‫صحيحة‬ ‫المتغيرات‬ ‫مقاييس‬ ‫هل‬‫؟‬
.12‫و‬ ‫الكمية‬ ‫األساليب‬ ‫المؤلف‬ ‫استخدم‬ ‫هل‬/‫المناس‬ ‫النوعية‬ ‫أو‬‫بة‬‫؟‬
.13‫االستنتاجات‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫هل‬‫نتائج‬ ‫من‬‫الدراسة‬‫؟‬
.14‫البحث‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫على‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫إجابة‬ ‫االستنتاجات‬ ‫تعطي‬ ‫هل‬
‫الرئيسي‬‫؟‬
.15‫الدراسة‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫في‬ ‫المؤلف‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫هل‬‫؟‬
.16‫المقالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫المؤلف‬ ‫قدم‬ ‫هل‬‫؟‬
❖‫المجلة‬ ‫جودة‬
❖‫تأثير‬ ‫عامل‬‫المجلة‬
❖‫هي‬ ‫الكتب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المقاالت‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫لتقييم‬ ‫المعايير‬ ‫بعض‬:‫ا‬ ‫أهمية‬‫لقضايا‬
‫م‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كتاب‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫الكتاب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المقالة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تناولها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬‫من‬ ‫قالة‬
‫حيث‬‫االستشهادات‬‫الجود‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫الكتاب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المقالة‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫ة‬
‫الكتاب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫للمادة‬ ‫الشاملة‬

17. Documenting the literature review (p.57-58) ‫مراجعة‬ ‫توثيق‬‫األدبيات‬
• Documenting the literature review is
important to convince the reader that the
researcher is knowledgeable about the
problem area and has done the
preliminary homework that is necessary
to conduct the research.
• A literature review is intended to
synthesize (and not necessarily to
summarize) relevant research on your
topic. To synthesize is to combine two or
more elements to form a new whole.
•‫بأ‬ ‫القارئ‬ ‫إلقناع‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫أمر‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫توثيق‬ ‫إن‬‫ن‬
‫ا‬ ‫بالواجبات‬ ‫وقام‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫بمجال‬ ‫دراية‬ ‫على‬ ‫الباحث‬‫ألولية‬
‫البحث‬ ‫إلجراء‬ ‫الضرورية‬.
•‫تجميع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫األدبيات‬ ‫مراجعة‬ ‫تهدف‬(‫بالضرو‬ ‫وليس‬‫رة‬
‫تلخيص‬)‫موضوعك‬ ‫حول‬ ‫الصلة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫األبحاث‬.‫الجمع‬
‫جديد‬ ‫كل‬ ‫لتشكيل‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫او‬ ‫عنصرين‬ ‫دمج‬ ‫هو‬.

18. ETHICAL ISSUES (p.59)
there are two important pitfalls that you have to beware
of:
1. Purposely misrepresenting the work of other authors
that is, their viewpoints, ideas, models, findings,
conclusions, interpretations, and so on.
2. Plagiarism the use of another's original words,
arguments, or ideas as though they were your own,
even if this is done in good faith, out of carelessness, or
out of ignorance.
➢Two other reasons to take plagiarism very seriously are
provided by (Jzermans and Van Schaaijk (2007)). They
point out that:
1. Plagiarism makes it is difficult for the reader to verify
whether your claims about other authors and sources
are accurate.
2. You are participating in a scientific debate. You need to
make your position in this debate clear by designating
the authors whose work you are building on or whose
ideas you are challenging
•‫منها‬ ‫نحذر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الهامة‬ ‫المخاطر‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوعان‬ ‫هناك‬:
.1‫اآلخرين‬ ‫المؤلفين‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫تحريف‬‫قصد‬ ‫عن‬-‫وجهات‬ ‫أي‬
‫واستنتاجاتهم‬ ‫ونتائجهم‬ ‫ونماذجهم‬ ‫وأفكارهم‬ ‫نظرهم‬
‫ذلك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وما‬ ‫وتفسيراتهم‬.
.2‫االنتحال‬‫األص‬ ‫األفكار‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الحجج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الكلمات‬ ‫استخدام‬‫لية‬
‫ي‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫كان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫حتى‬ ، ‫بك‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫األخرى‬‫تم‬
‫الجهل‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫اإلهمال‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫نية‬ ‫بحسن‬.
➢‫جدي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫االنتحال‬ ‫مسألة‬ ‫ألخذ‬ ‫آخران‬ ‫سببان‬ ‫هناك‬:
1.‫إ‬ ‫مما‬ ‫التحقق‬ ‫القارئ‬ ‫على‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫من‬ ‫يجعل‬ ‫االنتحال‬‫ذا‬
‫ومصادرهم‬ ‫اآلخرين‬ ‫المؤلفين‬ ‫حول‬ ‫ادعاءاتك‬ ‫كانت‬
‫دقيقة‬.
2.‫علمية‬ ‫مناقشة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تشارك‬ ‫أنت‬.‫موقف‬ ‫جعل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تحتاج‬‫في‬ ‫ك‬
‫الذي‬ ‫المؤلفين‬ ‫تعيين‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ح‬‫واض‬ ‫النقاش‬ ‫هذا‬‫ن‬
‫أفكارهم‬ ‫تتحدى‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تبنيهم‬