The document outlines various elements of research design including sampling design, observational design, statistical design, operational design, and discusses concepts like the purpose of a study, type of investigation, extent of researcher interference, study setting, unit of analysis, and time horizon. It provides examples of exploratory, descriptive, case study, and hypothesis testing research designs and discusses factors like the unit of analysis, study setting, and time horizon.

1. Research Design

2. Elements of Research Design
• Sampling Design
• Observational Design
• Statistical Design
• Operational Design

3. Concepts
• Purpose of study
• Type of investigation
• Extent of researcher interference
• The study setting
• Unit of analysis
• Time horizon

4. Purpose of Study
• Exploratory
• Descriptive
• Case study analysis
• Hypothesis testing

5. Exploratory Research Design
• More of Discovery
Technique
• Survey of concerning literature
• Experience survey
• Analysis of insight stimulating examples
Ex: A manager wants to learn about work
ethic in communist ruled state

6. Descriptive or Diagnostic Research
Design
• description of state of affairs as it exists
• researcher has NO control over the variables
• reports what has happened or what is happening
Ex: Study in a class in terms of percentage of members in
terms of gender, age groupings, number of semester, job
status, educational level etc

7. Hypothesis testing Research
design
• Usually explains the nature of certain
relationship, or establish the differences among
groups and independence of two or more factors
• Ex: if advertising is increased, then sales will
also go up
• More men are whistleblowers
• Working the night shift is related to whether one
is married or not

8. Type of investigation
casual/correlational
Casual: is done to establish definitive cause
effect relationship
Does smoking cause cancer?
Correlational :Mere identification of
important factor associated
Are smoking and cancer related?

9. Extent of Researcher Interference
• Casual ( high)
• Correlational (low)
Nurses and Stress and emotional support
MINIMAL
MODERATE
EXCESSIVE

10. Unit of Analysis
• Individuals
• Dyads
• Groups
• Organizations
• Cultures

11. Study setting
contrived/ noncontrived
• Field study
• Field experiment
• Lab experiment

12. Time horizon
• Cross sectional
• longitudinal

13. Exercise
• Scenario A
Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small business (boutique) has
invited a consultant to tell her how her business is different from
similar small business within 60 mile radius w.r.t. use of the modern
computer technology, sales volume, profit margin, and staff training.
• Scenario B
Mr. Paul Hodge owner of several restaurants on the east cost, is
concerned about the wide differences in their profit margins. He
would like to try some incentive plan for increasing the efficiency
levels of the restaurant those lag behind. But before he actually
does this, he would like to be assured that the idea would work. He
asks a researcher to help him on this issue.
• Scenario C
A manager is intrigued why some people derive joy fro work and get
energized by it, while others find it troublesome and frustrating.

14. War on cancer
• Dr. Larry Norton of Sloan cancer care
predicts that cancer treatment will underga
major changes. Several drugs are being
developed to battle cancer without
harming healthy tissues. It is a question of
discovering which of these drug does the
job best.

16. Experiment
• A pro-life group wanted to test the effectiveness
of an abortion commercial. Two random
samples , each of 250 respondents were
recruited in Atlanta. One group was shown the
antiabortion commercial. Attitudes towards
abortion was measured for respondents in both
groups.
• Identify the dependent and independent
variables
• What type of design was used?
• What are the potential threats to internal and
external validity in this experiment?