The document discusses variables, theoretical frameworks, and hypotheses in research. It defines different types of variables like dependent, independent, moderating, and intervening variables. It provides examples of each and how they relate in theoretical frameworks. The last section discusses how to develop hypotheses for testing relationships between variables. Hypotheses can be directional or non-directional and involve statements of expected relationships between variables. The document outlines the process of hypothesis testing including determining appropriate statistical tests and analyzing results.

1. Variables, Theoretical
framework and
Hypotheses

2. value varies with respect to time,
person and object
Production unit may yield different units
with different workers
Absenteeism: Value may vary in different
departments
Motivation levels: very high to very low
Variables

3. Dependent variable (criterion variable)
Independent variable (predictor variable)
Moderating variable
Intervening variable
Types of variables

4.  Primary interest to the researcher
 To understand and predict
Example:
A manager is concerned that the sales of a new product
introduced after test marketing it do not meet his
expectations
Exercise:
A researcher is interested in investigating the debt-to-
equity ratio of manufacturing companies in India
An applies researcher wants to increase the
performance of organizational members in a
particular bank
Dependent

5.  It influences the dependent variable in either positive
or negative way
Example:
Success of a new product will increase the stock value
of the firm
Exercise:
A manager believes that good supervision and training
would increase the production level of workers
A consultant is of the opinion that much benefit would
accrue by buying and selling at the appropriate times
in a financial environment where stocks are volatile.
Independent

6. It has a strong contingent effect on the
independent-dependent variable relationship
Example:
It has been found that there is a relationship
between availability of reference manuals
that manufacturing companies have success
to , and to project rejects. That is, when
workers follow the procedures laid down the
manual, they are able to manufacture the
product which are flawless.
Moderating

7. Availability of
# nos of rejects
Reference Manual
DV
IV
Interest &
Inclination
Diagram of Relationships
MV

8. A research study indicates that the better the quality
of the training programs in an organization and
greater need of the growth needs of the
employees(the need to develop and grow on the job
is strong), greater is their willingness to learn new
ways of doing things
 Another study indicates that the willingness of the
employees to learn new ways of doing things is not
influenced by the quality of training programs offered
by the organizations to all people without any
distinction. Only those with high growth needs seem
to have the yearning to learn to do new things
through specialized training.
Distinction between moderate
and independent variable

9. Exercise:
A visitor to a factory observes that the workers in the
packing department have to interact with one another to
get the work done. The more they interact the more they
tend to stay after hours and go to the local pub together
for a drink. However, the women packers , even though
they interact with other as the men, do not stay late, nor
do they visit pub after the work hours.
Exercise:
A manager find that off-the job classroom training has a
great impact on the productivity of the employees in her
department. However she also observes that the
employees over 60 years of age do not seem to derive
much benefit and do not improve with such training.
Exercise:
label variables

10. This variable is on that surfaces between the
time the independent variables start operating to
influence the dependent variable and time their
impact is felt on it.
Independent variable workforce diversity
influences the dependent variable organizational
effectiveness, the intervening that surfaces as a
function of the diversity of the workforce that is
the creative synergy. Creative energy surface in
time t2 as a function of workforce diversity in t1
and bring about organizational effectiveness in
t3.
Intervening variable
Workforce Creative Organizational
Diversity (t1) Synergy(t2) Effectiveness(t3)

11. Failure to follow accounting principles
cause immense confusion, which in turn
creates a number of problems for the
organization. Those with vast experience
in bookkeeping, however, are able to
avert the problems by taking timely
corrective action.
List the variables, explain relationships and
diagram these
Exercise

12. The manager of Haines company observes that the
morale of employees in her company is low. She
thinks that if their working conditions are improves,
pay scales are revised, and the vacations and benefits
are made attractive, the morale will be boosted. She
doubts, however, if an increase in pay scales would
raise their morale of all the employees. Her
conjecture is that those who have supplemental
incomes will not just be “turned on” by higher pay,
and only those without side incomes will be happy
with increased pay with resultant boost of morale.
List the variables, explain relationships and diagram
these and also define the problem.

13. Make up three situation where motivation
to work would be an independent variable,
intervening variable, and a moderating
variable.

14. Foundation
Identifiesvarious types of variables
Nature and direction
Elaborate the network of association
Interviews, literature survey and
observations
Experience and intuition also guides
Theoretical Framework

15. With airline deregulation, there were price wars
among the various airlines that cut costs in
different ways. According to the reports, Delta
airlines faces charges of air-safety violation when
there were several near collisions in the mid air
and once accident resulted in 137 deaths in
1987. Four important factors that seem to have
influenced these are poor communication among
the cockpit crew members themselves, poor
coordination between ground staff and cock pit
crew, minimal training given to cockpit crew, and
the management philosophy that encouraged a
decentralized structure. It would be nice to know
if these factors did indeed contribute to the
safety violations, and if so, to what extent.
Delta Airlines

16. Variables labeled
Relationships discussed
Logical relationships are discussed
Schematic diagram
Training
Communication
among Cockpit crew
Communication between Air safety
ground control and cockpit violation
Decentralization

17. Logically conjectured relationship between
two or more variables
If pilots are given adequate training to
handle midair crowded situation, air safety
violation would be reduced
Hypotheses- testing of these
relationships

18. IF- Then statements
If employees are more healthy will take sick
leave less frequently
Directional & Non Directional Hypotheses (positive,
negative, more than, less than and like)
 Greater the stress experienced in job, lower the
job satisfaction of employees
 Women are more motivated than men
 There is a relationship between age and job
satisfaction
 There is difference between the work ethic values
of American and Asian employees
Statements of Hypotheses
Formats

19. Null hypothesis: it is a proposition that
states definitive, exact relationship
between two variables
No significant relationship or no significant
difference
Rejection of null hypothesis accepts
alternate hypothesis

20. State null or alternate hypothesis
Choose appropriate statistical parametric
or non parametric test
Determine level if significance
See the output, look for critical values as
it demarcates the region of rejection from
that acceptance of the null hypothesis
Resultant value larger than critical value,
null hypothesis rejected and if resultant
value is less, then null accepted, alternate
rejected
Steps in Hypothesis testing

21. Management of Scotty’s Inc., a popular hardware dealer
wanted to know about the overall image among known
customers within the Atlanta metropolitan market. The
initial question was “What marketing strategies need to
be either developed or modified to increase satisfaction
among our current and future segments?”
It thus became imperative to know if the present
‘satisfaction level’ of Scotty’s among its customers.
The logic was simple - if the ‘satisfaction level’ which
was 3.9 the previous year, shows any improvement this
year, then Scotty’s would adopt the same marketing
strategies as it done for the last few months!

22. H0 Null Hypothesis µ = 3.9
H1 Alternative Hypothesis µ > 3.9
Develop five different hypotheses for Haines company

23. Z ~ N(0,1)
α = .05
0
z
I0.91
Accept H0 1.6449 Reject H0
Ζcalculated Ζ critical
Zcalculated < Zcritical ⇒ Accept H0: µ = 3.9

24. STATE OF NATURE
NULL TRUE NULL FALSE
FAIL TO
REJECT NULL
CORRECT DECISION TYPE II ERROR
ACTION
REJECT TYPE I ERROR
NULL CORRECT DECISION

25. Develop five different hypotheses for
Haines company
Exercise